Briti kirjanduse portfoolio (4)

Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens was the foremost English novelist of the Victorian era, as well as a vigorous social campaigner. Considered one of the English language 's greatest writers , he was acclaimed for his rich storytelling and memorable characters, and achieved massive worldwide popularity in his lifetime .
Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Portsmouth in Hampshire, the second of eight children to John Dickens n 7 February 1812 .
The 12- year -old Dickens began working ten hour days in a Warren 's boot-blacking factory. In May 1827, Dickens began work in the office of Ellis and Blackmore as a law clerk . At the age of seventeen, he became a court stenographer and, in 1830, met his first love, Maria Beadnell. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and effectively ended the relationship when they sent her to school in Paris .
In 1834, Dickens became a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and traveling across Britain by stagecoach to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronice.
His journalism, in the form of sketches which appeared in periodicals from 1833, formed his first collection of pieces Sketches by Boz which were published in 1836 and led to the serialization of his first novel , The Pickwick Papers, in March 1836. On 2 April 1836, he married Catherine Thompson Hogarth (1816 – 1879), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronice. After a brief honeymoon in Chalk, Kent , they set up home in Bloomsbury, where they had ten children.
On 9 June 1865, while returning from France with Ternan, Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash in which the first seven carriages of the train plunged off a cast iron bridge that was being repaired.Because of that he died.( 9 June1870)
Oliver Twist ( 1837 -39), Nicholas Nickleby (1838-39), The Old Curiosity Shop and, Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty as part of the Master Humphrey's Clock series (1840-41), A Christmas Carol written in 1843.
Hard Times - For These Times. is a novel by Charles Dickens, first published in 1854. The book is a state-of-the- nation novel, which aimed to highlight the social and economic pressures that some people were experiencing. Unlike other such writings at the time, the novel is unusual in that it is not set in London.
A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost Story of Christmas ( commonly known as A Christmas Carol) is a novella by Charles Dickens first published on December 19, 1843 with illustrations by John Leech . The story was an instant success, selling over six thousand copies in one week, and the tale has become one of the most popular and enduring Christmas stories of all time.
William Makepeace Thackeray
William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works , particularly Vanity Fair , a panoramic portrait of English society.
Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta, India, where his father , Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 – 13 September 1815), held the high rank of secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company.
William had been sent to England earlier, at the age of five , with a short stopover at St. Helena where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him. He was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick and then at Charterhouse School, where he was a close friend of John Leech. He disliked Charterhouse, parodying it in his later fiction as "Slaughterhouse." Illness in his last year there ( during which he reportedly grew to his full height of 6'3") postponed his matriculation at Trinity College, Cambridge , until February 1829. Never too keen on academic studies , he left the University in 1830. Thackeray's years of semi-idleness ended after he met and, on 20 August 1836, married Isabella Gethin Shawe (1816-1893),
He primarily worked for Fraser's Magazine ,
In the early 1840s, Thackeray had some success with two travel books, The Paris Sketch Book and The Irish Sketch Book. He remained "at the top of the tree", as he put it, for the remaining decade and a half of his life, producing several large novels, notably Pendennes, The Newcomes, and The History of Henry Esmond.
In 1860, Thackeray became editor of the newly established Cornhill Magazine, but was never comfortable as an editor, preferring to contribute to the magazine as a columnist, producing his Roundabout Papers for it.
His health worsened during the 1850s and he was plagued by the recurring stricture of the urethra that laid him up for days at a time. On 23 December 1863, after returning from dining out and before dressing for bed, Thackeray suffered a stroke and was found dead on his bed in the morning
Thackeray began as a satirist and parodist, with a sneaking fondness for roguish upstarts like Becky Sharp in Vanity Fair, Barry Lyndon in The Luck of Barry Lyndon and Catherine in Catherine.
Charlotte Brontë
Charlotte Brontë was a British novelist, the eldest of the three famous Brontë sisters whose novels have become standards of English literature . Charlotte Brontë is best known for Jane Eyre , one of the most famous of British novels.
Charlotte Brontë was born in Thornton, Yorkshire , England, the third of six children.
In August 1824, Charlotte was sent with three of her sisters; Emily , Maria and Elizabeth , to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire (which she would describe as Lowood School in Jane Eyre). At home in Haworth Parsonage, Charlotte and the other surviving children — Branwell, Emily and Anne — began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of their imaginary kingdoms. Charlotte and Branwell wrote stories about their country — Angria — and Emily and Anne wrote articles and poems about theirs — Gondal. Charlotte continued her education at Roe Head, Mirfield, from 1831 to 1832 , where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents, Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor. During this period (1833), she wrote her novella The Green Dwarf under the name of Wellesley. In May 1846, Charlotte, Emily and Anne published a joint collection of poetry under the assumed names of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell.
In June 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father's curate, and became pregnant very soon thereafter. Her health declined rapidly during this time, and according to Gaskell, her earliest biographer, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness." Charlotte and her unborn child died March 31, 1855.
 Jane Eyre, published 1847
 Shirley, published 1849
 Villette, published 1853
 The Professor , written before Jane Eyre and rejected by many publishing houses , was published posthumously in 1857.
Thomas Hardy
Thomas Hardy was an English novelist, short story writer , and poet of the naturalist movement , though he saw himself as a poet and wrote novels mainly for financial gain only. The bulk of his work, set mainly in the semi-imaginary county of Wessex, delineates characters struggling against their passions and circumstances. Hardy's poetry, first published in his fifties, has come to be as well regarded as his novels, especially after The Movement of the 1950s and 1960s .
Thomas Hardy was born at Higher Bockhampton, a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England.
In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford, whom he married in 1874 . Although he later became estranged from his wife , her death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him. He made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912-13 explore his grief. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Dugdale, 40 years his junior, whom he had met in 1905. However , Hardy remained preoccupied with Emma's sudden death, and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry.
Hardy fell ill with pleurisy in December 1927 and died in January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed.
Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady , finished by 1867
Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)
In 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes
Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1886 )
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854 – November 30, 1900) was an Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and author of short stories. Known for his barbed wit, he was one of the most successful playwrights of late Victorian London, and one of the greatest celebrities of his day. As the result of a famous trial , he suffered a dramatic downfall and was imprisoned for two years of hard labour after being convicted of the offence of "gross indecency."
Oscar Wilde was the second son born into an Anglo-Irish family, at 21 Westland Row, Dublin , to Sir William Wilde and his wife Jane Francesca Wilde
Wilde studied classics at Trinity College, Dublin, from 1871 to 1874. He was an outstanding student , and won the Berkeley Gold Medal , the highest award available to classics students at Trinity. After graduating from Oxford, Wilde returned to Dublin, where he met and fell in love with Florence Balcombe. She in turn became engaged to Bram Stoker . On hearing of her engagement, Wilde wrote to her stating his intention to leave Ireland permanently. He left in 1878 and was to return to his native country only twice, for brief visits.
In London, he met Constance Lloyd, daughter of wealthy Queen 's Counsel Horace Lloyd. She was visiting Dublin in 1884, when Oscar was in the city to give lectures at the Gaiety Theatre . He proposed to her and they married on May 29, 1884 in Paddington, London.
Wilde died of cerebral meningitis on November 30, 1900. Different opinions are given as to the cause of the meningitis

• Ravenna (1878)
  
• Poems (1881)
  
• The Sphinx (1894)
  

 Vera ; or, The Nihilists (1880)
 The Duchess of Padua (1883)
 The Canterville Ghost (1887)
 The Happy Prince and Other Stories (1888, fairy tales )
 The Decay Of Lying (First published in 1889, republished in Intentions 1891)
 Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories
Edward Morgan Forster
Edward Morgan Forster (1 January 1879–7 June 1970), was an English novelist, short story writer, and essayist. He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th -century British society. Forster's humanistic impulse toward understanding and sympathy may be aptly summed up in the epigraph to his 1910 novel Howards End: "Only connect".
Forster was homosexual, but this fact was not widely made public during his lifetime. His posthumously-published novel Maurie tells of the coming of age of an explicitly homosexual male character.
Forster was born at 6 Melcombe Place , Dorset Square , London. He attended Tonbridge School in Kent as a day boy. The theatre at the school is named after him. King 's College, Cambridge between 1897 and 1901, he became a member of the Apostles.
After leaving university he travelled on the continent with his mother . He visited Egypt , Germany and India with the classicist Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson in 1914. Forster spent a second spell in India in the early 1920s as the private secretary to the Maharajah of Dewas. The Hill of Devi is his non-fictional account of this trip. While living at the court, Forster has the first ongoing sexual relationship of his life, with Kanaya, a young boy who serves him also as barber.
Forster had a happy personal relationship, beginning in the early 1930s, with Bob Buckingham , a constable in the London Metropolitan Police .
After the death of his mother, Forster accepted an honorary fellowship at King's College, Cambridge and lived for the most part in the college, doing relatively little . In 1969 he was made a member of the Order of Merit. Forster died in Coventry the following year at the age of 91, at the home of the Buckinghams.
 Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905)
 The Longest Journey (1907)
 A Room with a View (1908)
 Howards End (1910)
 A Passage to India (1924)
 The Celestial Omnibus (and other stories) (1911)
 The Eternal Moment and other stories (1928)
 Collected Short Stories (1947) (a combination of the above two titles, containing:

• "The Story of A Panic"
  
• "The Other Side Of The Hedge "
  

Thomas Stearns Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot, (26 September 1888–4 January1965), was a poet, dramatist, and literary critic. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948. He wrote the poems The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrok, The Waste Land , The Hollow Men, Ash Wednesday , and Four Quartes; the plays Murder in the Cathedral and The Cocktail Party ; and the essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent." Eliot was born in the United States, moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 (at age 25), and became a British subject in 1927 at the age of 39.
Eliot was born into the prominent Eliot family of St. Louis, Missouri . From 1898 to 1905, Eliot was a day student at Smith Academy , a preparatory school for Washington University. Upon graduation, he could have gone to Harvard University, but his parents sent him to Milton Academy for a preparatory year. He studied at Harvard from 1906 to 1909. Returning to Harvard in 1911 as a doctoral student in philosophy , Eliot studied the writings of F. H. Bradley, Buddhism and Indic philology.
Instead, on 26 June 1915, he married Vivienne in a register office.
After leaving Merton, Eliot worked as a schoolteacher, most notably at Highgate School where he taught the young John Betjeman, and later at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe. On June 29 he converted to Anglicanism and in November he dropped his American citizenship and became a British subject.
Eliot's second marriage was happy but short. On January 10, 1957, he married Esmé Valerie Fletcher, to whom he was introduced by Collin Brooks . In sharp contrast to his first marriage, Eliot knew Miss Fletcher well, as she had been his secretary at Faber and Faber since August 1949.
Eliot died of emphysema in London on January 4, 1965. For many years, he had health problems owing to the combination of London air and his heavy smoking, often being laid low with bronchitis or tachycardia.

• Prufrock and Other Observations (1917)
  
  • The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
    
• Poems (1920)
  
  • Gerontion
    
  • Sweeney Among the Nightingales
    
• The Waste Land (1922)
  
• The Hollow Men (1925)
  
• Ariel Poems (1927-1954)
  
  • The Journey of the Mai(1927)
    
• Ash Wednesday (1930)
  
• Coriolan (1931)
  
• Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats (1939)
  
• Four Quartets (1945)
  

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish expatriate writer, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its highly controversial successor Finnegans Wake (1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners (1914) and the semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916).
Although he spent most of his adult life outside Ireland, Joyce's psychological and fictional universe is firmly rooted in his native Dublin, the city which provides the settings and much of the subject matter for all his fiction. In particular, his tempestuous early relationship with the Irish Roman Catholic Church is reflected through a similar inner conflict in his recurrent alter ego Stephen Dedalus. As the result of his minute attentiveness to a personal locale and his self-imposed exile and influence throughout Europe , (notably in Paris, France), Joyce became paradoxically one of the most cosmopolitan yet one of the most regionally- focused of all the English language writers of his time.

• Stephen Hero (written 1904 –6, published 1944)
  
• Chamber Music (1907 poems)
  
• Giacomo Joyce (written 1907, published 1968)
  
• Dubliners (1914)
  
• A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
  
• Exiles (1918 play)
  
• Ulysses (1922)
  
• Pomes Penyeach (1927 poems)
  
• Collected Poems(1936 poems)
  
• Finnegans Wake (1939)
  
• Giacomo Joyce (1968 poems)
  
• James Joyce’s Letters to Sylvia Beach, 1921-1940 (1987)
  

Joseph Rudyard Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865–January 18, 1936) was an English author and poet, born in Bombay, British India, and best known for his works The Jungle Book (1894), The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ), Just So Stories ( 1902 ), and Puck of Pook's Hill (1906); his novel, Kim (1901); his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), "If—" (1910) and "Ulster 1912" (1912); and his many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888) and the collections Life's Handicap (1891), The Day's Work (1898), and Plain Tales from the Hills (1888). He is regarded as a major "innovator in the art of the short story"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best work speaks to a versatile and luminous narrative gift .Kipling was one of the most popular writers in English, in both prose and verse , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The author Henry James famously said of him: "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius (as distinct from fine intelligence) that I have ever known." In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the first English language writer to receive the prize, and he remains its youngest-ever recipient . Among other honours, he was sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on several occasions for a knighthood, all of which he rejected.
However, later in life Kipling also came to be seen (in George Orwell 's words) as a "prophet of British imperialism ." Many saw prejudice and militarism in his works, and the resulting controversy about him continued for much of the 20th century. According to critic Douglas Kerr: "He is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognized as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced . That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with."

• The Story of the Gadsbys (1888)
  
• Plain Tales from the Hills (1888)
  
• The Phantom Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales (1888)
  
• The Light That Failed (1890)
  
• Mandalay (1890) (poetry)
  
• Gunga Din (1890) (poetry)
  
• The Jungle Book (1894) (short stories)
  
• The Second Jungle Book (1895) (short stories)
  
• If— (1895) (poetry)
  
• Captains Courageous (1897)
  
• The Day's Work (1898)
  
• Stalky & Co. (1899)
  
• Kim (1901)
  
• Just So Stories (1902)
  
• Puck of Pook's Hill (1906)
  
• Life's Handicap (1915) (short stories)
  

If
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you
But make allowance for their doubting too,
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don't deal in lies,
Or being hated, don't give way to hating,
And yet don't look too good , nor talk too wise :
If you can dream --and not make dreams your master,
If you can think--and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same ;
If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools ,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build 'em up with worn-out tools :
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it all on one turn of pitch-and- toss ,
And lose , and start again at your beginnings
And never breath a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them : "Hold on!"
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue ,
Or walk with kings--nor lose the common touch,
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with you, but none too much,
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds ' worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
And--which is more--you'll be a Man, my son!
Virginia Woolf
(Adeline) Virginia Woolf (25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English novelist and essayist regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.
During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
Born Adeline Virginia Stephen in London to Sir Leslie Stephen, considered the father of the Bloomsbury Group, and Julia Prinsep Stephen (born Jackson ) (1846–1895), she was educated by her parents in their literate and well-connected household at 22 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington.
Virginia Stephen married writer Leonard Woolf in 1912.
On 28 March 1941, rather than having another nervous breakdown, Woolf drowned herself by weighing her pockets with stones and walking into the River Ouse near her home. Her body was not found until April 18. Her husband buried her remains under a tree in the garden of their house in Rodmell, Sussex.

• The Voyage Out (1915)
  
• Night and Day (1919)
  
• Jacob's Room (1922)
  
• Mrs Dalloway (1925)
  
• To the Lighthouse (1927)
  
• The Waves (1931)
  
• The Years (1937)
  
• Between the Acts (1941)