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Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid
adjectivepreposition  
omadussõna  + eessõna 
proud of, good at,  married to
adverb particle  
Some  verbs  are followed by adverb particlesExamples  are: put on, take off, give  away , bring up, 
call  in. 
Sometimes the particle is detached from the  verb and put after the  object .
•He  took  his boots off.
•They called the  doctor  in.
apposition 
a grammatical  construction in which two usually  adjacent  nouns   having the  same  referent  stand in 
the same syntactical relation to the  rest  of a sentence (as the  poet  and  Burns  in “a biography of the 
poet Burns”) 
back - reference  
In grammatical  analysis , the  term  reference is often used to state a  relationship  of identity  which 
exists  between grammatical  units , e.g. a  pronoun 'refers' to a  noun or noun phrase . When the 
reference is to an earlier  part  of the  discourse , it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora);  
collective noun 
Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to  them  as one entity. 
A crew of sailors.
A flock of birds .
A range of mountains .
conjunction 
any  member  of a small  class  of  words  distinguished in manylanguages by their  function  as connecto
rs between words,  phrases , clauses , or sentences, as and, because, but,  however .
content words 
Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which 
are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs  are usually content words. Auxiliary 
verbs, pronouns , articles , and prepositions are usually grammatical words.
Example
‘We  flew  over the mountains at dawn'.
countable nouns 
Countable nouns are  easy  to recognize. They are things that we can count . For example: "pen". We 
can count  pens . We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here  are some more countable nouns:
•dog, cat,  animal , man,  person
•bottle, box, litre
•coin, note , dollar
•cup, plate, fork
•table, chair, suitcase, bag
Countable nouns can be  singular or plural :
•My dog is  playing .
•My  dogs  are hungry.
We can use the  indefinite  article a/an with countable nouns:
•A dog is an animal.
When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:
•I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
•Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)
When a countable noun is plural, we can use it  alone :
•I like oranges.
•Bottles can break.
We can use some and any with countable nouns:
•I've got some dollars.
•Have you got any pens?
We can use a few and many with countable nouns:
•I've got a few dollars.
•I haven 't got many pens.
definite article 
The definite article the is the most  frequent  word in  English .
We use the definite article in front  of a noun when we believe the hearer/reader knows exactly what 
we are referring to.
• because  there  is only one:
The Pope is visiting  Russia .
The  moon  is very  bright  tonight.
The Shah of Iran  was deposed in 1979.
This is why we use the definite article with a superlative adjective:
He is the tallest boy in the class.
It is the oldest  building  in the town.
• because there is only one in that  place  or in those surroundings:
 
 
We  live  in a small  village  next to the  church .
 (the church in our village)
Dad, can I borrow the car?
= (the car that belongs to our family)
When we stayed at my grandmother’s house we  went  to the    (the  beach near my grandmother’s
beach every day.
= house)
 
Look  at the boy in the  blue   shirt  over there.
(the boy I am pointing at)
 
 
• because we have  already  mentioned it:
woman  who fell  10 metres from High Peak  was lifted to  safety  by a helicopter. The womanfell 
while   climbing .
The rescue is the latest in a series of incidents on High Peak. In January  last  year two men walking  
on the peak were  killed  in a fall. 
We also use the definite article:
• to say  something about all the things referred to by a noun:
The  wolf is not  really  a dangerous animal (= Wolves are not really dangerous  animals )
The kangaroo is  found only in  Australia  (= Kangaroos are found only in Australia)
The  heart  pumps  blood around the  body . (= Hearts  pump blood around bodies)
We use the definite article in this way to talk  about  musical  instruments:
Joe  plays  the  piano  really well.(= Joe can play any piano)
She is  learning the guitar.(= She is learning to play any guitar)
• to refer to a system or  service :
How long does it take on the  train ?
I heard it on the  radio .
You should tell  the  police .
• With adjectives like  rich , poor , elderly, unemployed to talk about groups of people:
Life can be very  hard for the poor.
I think the rich should pay more  taxes .
She  works  for a group to help the disabled.
The definite article with names :
We do not normally use the definite article with names:
William Shakespeare wrote  Hamlet .
Paris  is the capital of France.
Iran is in  Asia .
But we do use the definite article with:
• countries  whose  names  include  words like kingdom states  or republic:
the United Kingdom; the Kingdom of Nepal; the United States; the People’s Republic of China .
• countries which have plural nouns as their names:
the  Netherlands ; the  Philippines
• geographical  features , such  as  mountain   ranges , groups of islands, rivers , seas, oceans and canals:
the  Himalayas ; the Canaries; the  Atlantic ; the Atlantic  Ocean ; the  Amazon ; the  Panama  Canal.
•  newspapers :
The  Times ; The Washington Post
• well  known  buildings or works of art:
the  Empire  State Building; the Taj  Mahal ; the  Mona  Lisa; the Sunflowers
• organisations:
the United Nations; the Seamen’s Union
• hotels, pubs and restaurants*:
the  Ritz ; the Ritz  Hotel ; the  King ’s Head; the Déjà Vu
*Note: We do not use the definite article if the name of the hotel or restaurant  is the name of the 
owner , e.g., Brown ’s; Brown’s Hotel; Morel’s; Morel’s Restaurant, etc.
•  families :
the Obamas; the Jacksons
demonstrative determiner 
There are  four  demonstrative determiners in English and they are: this, that,  these  and those
Note that demonstrative determiners can also be used as demonstrative pronouns. When they are 
used as determiners they are followed by the nouns they  modifyCompare :
This is my  camera . (Demonstrative used as a pronoun, subject  of the verb is
This camera is mine. (Demonstrative used as a determiner modifying the noun camera.
demonstrative pronoun 
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific   within a sentence. 
These pronouns can indicate  items  in space  or time, and they can be either singular or plural. 
The food you’re cooking  smells  delicious. --> That smells delicious.
• The pretzel-like  yoga   move  we’re doing really  hurts . --> This really hurts.
• What is the  strange , polka-dotted, Sasquatch-like creature  coming   toward us? --> What is 
that?
determiner 
General and specific determiners
Determiners are words which come  at the  beginning of the noun phrase.
They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general.
Determiners are either specific or general
Specific determiners:
The specific determiners are:
•the definite article: the
•possessives: myyourhisheritsourtheirwhose
•demonstratives: thisthatthesethose
•interrogatives: which
We use a specific determiner when we believe the listener/reader knows exactly what we are 
referring to:
Can you  pass  me the  salt  please?
Look at those lovely flowers.
Thank you very much for your  letter .
Whose coat is this?
General determiners:
The general determiners are:
a; an; any;  another ; other ; what
When we are  talking about things in general and the listener/reader does not  know  exactly what we 
are referring to, we can use an uncount noun or a plural noun with no determiner:
Milk  is very good for you. (= uncount noun)
Health and education are very  important . (= 2 uncount nouns)
Girls  normally do better in school  than  boys. (= plural nouns with no determiner)
… or you can use a singular noun with the indefinite article a or an:
A woman was lifted to safety by a helicopter.
A man climbing nearby saw the  accident .
We use the general determiner any with a singular noun or an uncount noun when we are talking 
about all of those people or things:
It’s very easy. Any  child  can do it. (= All  children can do it)
With a  full  licence you are  allowed to  drive  any car.
I like beef, lamb, pork - any  meat .
We use the general determiner another to talk about an additional person or thing :
Would you like another  glass  of wine?
The plural form of another is other:
I spoke  to John, Helen  and a few other  friends .
distributive 
Distributives: each, every, either, neither, another, other. We use a distributive determiner to refer to 
each element or individual  of a group or class, and not to a group or class collectively.
 
Each and every
These two words have about the same meaning. We use each when we think of people or things 
seen as separate individuals, and every when we  mean  every one that together make up the group.
•She wears a ring on each finger except the thumbs.
•Police arrested every member of the  armed gang for robbery.
We can use each and every only  before  a singular countable noun.
•Police questioned each/every member of the family for possible involvement in the  murder
We can use each and every to mean more than two.
•Each /every member at the  meeting   received  a  copy  of the  report .
We can use each to mean two and every to mean three or more.
•Each  player  in the singles  final  has a  different  style of play. (= two players)
•There were cars parked along the  sides  of every  street  in town. (= all the streets)
We can use every with uncountable nouns.
•He  gave  me every  advice  before I went  for the  climb .
 
Either and neither
As determiner, either is used to mean one or the other of two people or things, 
while neither indicates not the one nor the other of two people or things.
•Either parent is  going to look for their son’s bully.
•He received injuries  on either side of his head from a  fight .
•Neither  boxer  was  able  to knock the other out.
•Neither one would give in  until  the other apologized.
 
Another and other
•The tribal chief has  five  wives already, and now he wants another one.
•They defused a  bomb but didn’t know there’s another one nearby going to explode .
•There are other  ways  of eliminating rats  besides  drowning them.
•It’s no use having only one shoe. I don’t know where the other one is.
function/ grammar  words 
In English grammar, a function word is a word that expresses a grammatical or structural 
relationship with other words in a sentence.
In contrast  to a content word, a function word has  little  or no meaningful content. Function words 
are also known as grammatical words, grammatical functors, grammatical morphemes, function 
morphemes, form words
, and empty words.
Function words include determiners (for example, the, that), conjunctions (and, 
but
), prepositions (in, of), pronouns (she, they), auxiliary verbs (be, have),  modals  (may,  could ), 
and quantifiers (some, both ).
generic reference 
We can refer to something in a generic way by using any of the three articles. We can do the same 
thing  by omitting the article altogether.
•A  beagle   makes  a great hunting dog and family companion.
•An airedale is sometimes a  rather skittish animal.
•The  golden  retriever is a marvelous pet for children.
•Irish setters are not the  highly  intelligent animals they used to be.
The  difference  between the generic indefinite pronoun and the normal indefinite pronoun is that the 
latter  refers to any of that class ("I want to buy a beagle, and any old beagle will do.") whereas the 
former  (see beagle sentence) refers to all  members  of that class.
gerund 
Every gerund, without  exception, ends in ing. Gerunds are not, however, all that easy to identify. 
The problem is that all  present  participles also end in ing. What is the difference?
Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be  subjects , subject complements,  direct  
objects,  indirect  objects, and objects of prepositions.
Present participles, on the other handcomplete  progressive verbs or act as modifiers.
Read these examples of gerunds:
Since   Francisco was five  years  old,  swimming  has been his  passion .
Swimming = subject of the verb has been.
Francisco's  first  love is swimming.
Swimming = subject complement of the verb is.
Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with his girlfriend Diana .
Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys.
Francisco gives swimming all of his energy and time.
Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives.
When Francisco wore dive  fins  to class, everyone knew that he was devoted to swimming.
Swimming = object of the preposition to.
indefinite article 
In English, the two indefinite articles are a and an. Like other articles, indefinite articles are 
invariable. You use one or the other, depending on the first letter of the word following  the article, 
for pronunciation   reasons . Use a when the next word starts with a consonant, or before words 
starting in u and eu when they  sound like you. Use an when the next word starts with a 
vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or with a  mute  h
The indefinite article is used to refer to something for the first time or to refer to a  particular  
member of a group or class. 
movement  verb 
position verb 
possessive determiner 
In English grammar, a possessive determiner is a type of function word used in front of a noun to 
express  possession or belonging (as in "my  phone "). 
The possessive determiners in English are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.
As Lobeck and Denham point out, there's some overlap between possessive determiners 
and possessive pronouns. The  basic  difference, they say, "is that pronouns  replace  full noun phrases.
Possessive determiners, on the other hand, have to occur with a noun" 
possessive pronoun 
A possessive pronoun is a part of speech that attributes ownership to  someone  or something. Like 
any other pronoun, it  substitutes  a noun phrase and can  prevent  its repetition. For example, in the 
phrase, "These  glasses  are mine, not  yours ", the words "mine" and "yours" are possessive pronouns 
and stand for "my glasses" and "your glasses," respectively. 
preposition 
A preposition is a word used to link  nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. 
Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In 
some  cases , you’ll  find  prepositions in front of gerund verbs. 
preposition vs. adverb particle 
Many words can be used as both adverb particles and prepositions. There is some difference 
between an adverb particle and a preposition. While the particle is closely tied to its verb to form 
idiomatic expressions, the preposition is closely tied to the noun or pronoun it modifies.
The following words are used only as particles and never  as prepositions – away, back, out, 
backward,  forward , upward, downward
preposition vs. conjunction 
The difference is in the  context .
A conjunction joins a  dependent   clause  to a sentences. A preposition joins a prepositional phrase to 
a sentence.
Examples:
•The families got separated after the war.
Here, The families got separated is a sentence and the war is a prepositional phrase being joined to 
it.  Hence , the word after is a preposition in this  case .
•We went to the bar after we won the  game .
In this case, we went to the bar is the main sentence and we won the game is a dependent clause. 
Hence, the word after is a conjunction here.
prepositional phrases 
At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will  begin  with a preposition and end with 
anoun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe  it. 
Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional phrase:
At home
At = preposition; home = noun.
In time
In = preposition; time = noun.
Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:
From my grandmother
From = preposition; my = modifier; grandmother = noun.
Under the  warm   blanket
Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.
In the weedy, overgrown garden
In = preposition; the, weedy, overgrown = modifiers; garden = noun.
A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional 
phrase will  answer the question Which one? 
pronouns 
A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself , you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, 
someone, everybody
, etc.) is a word that  takes  the place of a noun. In the sentence Joe saw Jill , and 
he  waved at her
, the pronouns heand her take the place of Joe and Jill, respectively. There are three 
types of pronouns: subject (for example, he); object (him); or possessive (his).
Rule  1. Subject pronouns are used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. You can 
remember  subject pronouns easily by  filling in the  blank  subject space for a  simple  sentence.
Example: ___ did the job.
I, he, she, we, they, who, whoever,
 etc., all qualify and are,  therefore , subject pronouns.
Rule 2. Subject pronouns are also used if they rename the subject. They will  follow  to be verbs, 
such as is, are, was, were, am, will be, had been, etc.
Examples:
It is he.

This is she speaking.
It is we who are  responsible  for the  decision  to downsize.

proper  noun 
Nouns name people, places, and things. Every noun can  further be classified as common or proper. 
proper noun has two distinctive features: 1) it will name a specific [usually a one-of-a-kind] item,
and 2) it will begin with a capital letter no matter  where it occurs in a sentence. 
quantifier 
We use quantifiers when we want to give someone information about the number of something: 
how much or how many.
Sometimes we use a quantifier in the place of a determiner:
Most children start school at the age of five.
We ate some bread and butter.
We saw  lots  of birds.
uncountable nouns 
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we  cannot   divide  into separate  elements . We 
cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or 
"litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:
•music, art, love,  happiness
•advice, information, news
•furniture,  luggage
ricesugar , butter, water
•electricity, gas, power
moneycurrency
We usually  treat  uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:
•This news is very important.
•Your luggage  looks   heavy .
We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an 
information" or "a music". But we can say a "something" of:
•a  piece  of news
•a bottle of water
•a grain of rice
We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
•I've got some money.
•Have you got any rice?
We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:
•I've got a little money.
•I haven't got much rice.
zero article 
We use the term zero article when a noun is not preceded by a definite article (the) or indefinite 
article (a, an). 

Document Outline

  • The definite article with names:
  • General and specific determiners
  • Specific determiners:
  • General determiners:
Vasakule Paremale
Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #1 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #2 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #3 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #4 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #5 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #6 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #7 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #8 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #9 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #10 Inglise keele praktilise grammatika mõisted #11
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Autor Diana Ostrat Õppematerjali autor
Hea hulk inglise grammatika mõisteid koos näidetega, mida läheb tarvis nii kontrolltöös kui eksamil.

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Grammar Terminology
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Grammar Terminology

1 Grammatical Terminology PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FLGR.01.042 Grammatical Terminology analytic analüütiline (= uninflected - grammar is focused in the sentence , e.g. English) synthetic sünteetiline (= inflected - grammar is focused in the word, e.g. Estonian, Latin, Russian, Old English) ending lõpp (käände- ja pöördelõpud) marker tunnus (mitmuse, oleviku, lihtmineviku, tingiva kõneviisi, käskiva kõneviisi, kaudse kõneviisi, umbisikulise tegumoe, ma- tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian Definition

Inglise keel
English structure revision for the exam
40
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English structure revision for the exam

English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are  Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning).  Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related).  Syntax (concerned with the rul

Inglise keel
Inglise keele struktuur
29
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Inglise keele struktuur

1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a

Inglise keel
English Grammar Book 1
159
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English Grammar Book 1

Book 1 BASIC ENGLISH BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRAMMAR BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1 Book 1 Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts program whether your students are native English speakers or beginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcement or intervention. · Illustrated lessons a

Inglise keel
The article
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The article

The Article Table of Contents General Rules....................................................................... 2 The Definite Article ............................................................... 5 Names that take the Definite Article...................................... 6 No article.............................................................................. 7 Countable and uncountable nouns ....................................... 9 General Rules There are two articles in the English language – the Indefinite Article and the Definite Article. The Indefinite Article has two forms – a and an (a precedes words beginning with a consonant sound and an precedes words beginning with a vowel sound). It comes from the Old English word ãn, which meant one. The Definite Article is the. It comes from the Old English word ţis, which meant this. Thus, in most general terms, a and an cannot be used with countable no

Akadeemiline inglise keel
Pronouns
13
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Pronouns

Pronouns By: Anneli Võikar Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. Types of pronouns Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Possesive pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Pronoun case Personal pronouns Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number person gender Case Singular: subject- I, you, he, she, it ; object-me, you, him, her, it. Plural: subject-we, you, they ; object-us, you, them. Examples: 1) Do you like coffee? (subject) 2) John loves you. (object) Reflexive pronouns We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "- selves" (plural). singular : myself

Inglise keel
Indefinite pronouns
14
pdf

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns Table of Contents Some and any....................................................................... 2 No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) ........................................ 3 Every and each..................................................................... 3 Whole ................................................................................... 4 Both, either and neither ....................................................... 4 Few/a few – a little/little....................................................... 5 A lot of/lots of – much/many................................................ 5 Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where ........................ 6 Some and any Some and any mean a certain number or amount. They are used with or instead of plural or uncountable nouns. Some is a possible plural form of a/an and one: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I bought a cake/s

Akadeemiline inglise keel
Inglise keele morfoloogia ja süntaks
5
odt

Inglise keele morfoloogia ja süntaks

A semantic role is the underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause. Also known as: semantic case, thematic role, theta role (generative grammar), and deep case (case grammar) Example: If, in some real or imagined situation, someone named John purposely hits someone named Bill, then John is the agent and Bill is the patient of the hitting event. Therefore, the semantic role of Bill is the same (patient) in both of the following sentences: John hit Bill. Bill was hit by John. In both of the above sentences, John has the semantic role of agent. Syntax- the study of sentence formation; the way words combine to form sentences; combinations of words Lexeme- a minimal unit in the lexicon of a language Ex: go-went-gone-going=go Morphosyntactic properties- morpho- refers to morphology and includes rules for deriving the various inflectional forms of a lexeme from the lexical stem -syntax- refers to the syntax of a language which includes rules that specify unde

Inglise keel




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