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Diana Ostrat
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1 Grammatical Terminology PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FLGR.01.042 Grammatical Terminology analytic analüütiline (= uninflected - grammar is focused in the sentence , e.g. English) synthetic sünteetiline (= inflected - grammar is focused in the word, e.g. Estonian, Latin, Russian, Old English) ending lõpp (käände- ja pöördelõpud) marker tunnus (mitmuse, oleviku, lihtmineviku, tingiva kõneviisi, käskiva kõneviisi, kaudse kõneviisi, umbisikulise tegumoe, ma- tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian Definition
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rul
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a
Book 1 BASIC ENGLISH BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRAMMAR BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1 Book 1 Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts program whether your students are native English speakers or beginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessons make it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcement or intervention. · Illustrated lessons a
The Article Table of Contents General Rules....................................................................... 2 The Definite Article ............................................................... 5 Names that take the Definite Article...................................... 6 No article.............................................................................. 7 Countable and uncountable nouns ....................................... 9 General Rules There are two articles in the English language – the Indefinite Article and the Definite Article. The Indefinite Article has two forms – a and an (a precedes words beginning with a consonant sound and an precedes words beginning with a vowel sound). It comes from the Old English word ãn, which meant one. The Definite Article is the. It comes from the Old English word ţis, which meant this. Thus, in most general terms, a and an cannot be used with countable no
Pronouns By: Anneli Võikar Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. Types of pronouns Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Indefinite pronouns Relative pronouns Possesive pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Pronoun case Personal pronouns Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on: number person gender Case Singular: subject- I, you, he, she, it ; object-me, you, him, her, it. Plural: subject-we, you, they ; object-us, you, them. Examples: 1) Do you like coffee? (subject) 2) John loves you. (object) Reflexive pronouns We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "- selves" (plural). singular : myself
Indefinite Pronouns Table of Contents Some and any....................................................................... 2 No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) ........................................ 3 Every and each..................................................................... 3 Whole ................................................................................... 4 Both, either and neither ....................................................... 4 Few/a few – a little/little....................................................... 5 A lot of/lots of – much/many................................................ 5 Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where ........................ 6 Some and any Some and any mean a certain number or amount. They are used with or instead of plural or uncountable nouns. Some is a possible plural form of a/an and one: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I bought a cake/s
A semantic role is the underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause. Also known as: semantic case, thematic role, theta role (generative grammar), and deep case (case grammar) Example: If, in some real or imagined situation, someone named John purposely hits someone named Bill, then John is the agent and Bill is the patient of the hitting event. Therefore, the semantic role of Bill is the same (patient) in both of the following sentences: John hit Bill. Bill was hit by John. In both of the above sentences, John has the semantic role of agent. Syntax- the study of sentence formation; the way words combine to form sentences; combinations of words Lexeme- a minimal unit in the lexicon of a language Ex: go-went-gone-going=go Morphosyntactic properties- morpho- refers to morphology and includes rules for deriving the various inflectional forms of a lexeme from the lexical stem -syntax- refers to the syntax of a language which includes rules that specify unde
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