MARKET Market system is an interrelated set of markets for goods, services and inputs. A market is defined as the interaction of all potential buyers and sellers of a good or class of goods that are close substitutes. · The markets provide information to agents that may be used to identify and evaluate alternative choices that might be used to achieve objectives. · Each agent acting in a market has incentives to react to the information provided. · Given the information and incentives, agents within markets can adjust to changes. The process of market adjustment can be visualized as changes in demand and/or supply.
substitutes) and there is relative ease of entry and exit into the market Market power is the ability of an agent to influence the price of a good they sell or buy and to alter the allocation of resources. Sources of market power: - monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition - monopsony, oligopsony - Institutional structure (laws, regulations customs) Market Power among Sellers · Monopoly - a single seller of a good with no close substitutes and barriers of entry. · Oligopoly - a market characterized by significant barriers to entry and "a few "sellers who recognize their interdependence in the market; products may be homogeneous or differentiated. · Monopolistic competition - a market with a large number of sellers and relatively free entry; each firm "differentiates" its product. Other Forms of Market Power · Monopsony - a single buyer of a resource or good.
more and more popular, so the topic itself is quite timely too. Proximity: 10/10 I believe that at the moment this story will only affect Estonians, so it is very proximate. The topic of it is affecting people around the globe, though. Conflict: 6/10 The story contains several conflicts. 1. Will people change their eating habits to save the planet or keep eating the way they do, knowing the damage that it will cause? 2. Will meat substitutes resemble meat or taste and smell like the things that they're actually made of? 3. Will people get used to the new tastes and textures or not? Controversy: 2/10 The story hasn't brought up any conflicts (yet) and I do not believe that it will. It also received only one comment. But other news on this topic have caused arguments. Prominence: 0/10 There weren't any prominent and well-known people in this story, only some unknown scientists. Uniqueness: 7/10
perceived differentiation Only difference from pure comp. is that the demand faced by the firm is not perfectly elastic; MR will lie below the Demand function (AR) Relaxing the characteristic of outputs from homogeneous to "differentiated products" was the basic change from the purely competitive market model. Thedifferentiation of output results in the demand faced by each seller being less than perfectly elastic. · Since there are "many sellers," many substitutes for each seller's output is implied. This suggests that the demand faced by a firm in a monopolistically competitive market is likely more elastic than in a monopoly. The elasticity obviously depends on the preferences and behavior of the buyers. The negative slope of a firm's demand function in imperfect competition results in a different result than in pure competition The conditions of entry and exit to and from a monopolistically competitive market are similar to
only in their penalty area. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may also use their head or torso. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with
It is very important we use renewable and non-renewable resources wisely. If a resource is used and thrown away, eventually the resource becomes scarce. When the supply decreases, its price will increase. Products that are made from that resource would increase in price too. Sometimes resources become so rare they can no longer be used. In these cases, substitute resources may be used, which may make a poorer quality product, or one that is more expensive. If substitutes can not be used, some products could no longer be made. Wise use of resources includes not throwing away products that are reuseable or recyclable. When these products are reused or recycled, it maintains resource availability, uses less landfill space, and uses less energy.
polluted, leaving less than 1% of the world's freshwater, or about 0.003% of all water on Earth, readily accessible for direct human use. • According to the Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025, it is estimated that by 2025, more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability and human demand for water will account for 70% of all available freshwater. • Freshwater is the most fundamental finite resource with no substitutes for most uses, yet we are consuming fresh water at least 10 times faster than it is being replenished in regions of northern Africa, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, China, and the U.S.. Species Extinction • Human beings are currently causing the greatest mass extinction of species since the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago at rates 1000 to 10,000 times faster than normal. • The 2012 update of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
through careful study and experimentation. Medicine develops very quickly. Nowadays the doctors can do almost anything they want. Egyptian doctors began to specialize in 2500 B.C. At that time they were already quite skilful. When a man lost a limb there was a big possibility that he would lose too much blood and die or get a blood poisoning before that time. Now the doctors can help people who have been in very serious car accidents for example. They can even replace blood with blood substitutes for a short time until they find the right blood type for the patient for the blood transfusion. This can save many lives. There are very many different pills that help with smaller problems like a headache or a bad tooth. Some people don't trust doctors very much. They prefer to use alternative medicine with different smaller problems like rheumatism and arthritis. Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese therapy that involves inserting needles into the skin at specific points of the body
Microeconomics Diamonds an extremely hard, highly refractive crystalline form of carbon that is usually colourless and well know as "girl's best friends", but the story of how diamonds got so famous and how they have remained so rare is down to a company named DeBeers. This paper is about DeBeers, the most powerful diamond company in the world. Monopoly main characteristics were that firm is single seller of the product without any close substitutes. Nowadays DeBeers have many substitutes and that is the reason why they are not a pure monopoly, but they are definitely nearly one. This is because the firm still has the bulk of world sales and controls 45% of world diamonds market. This paper examines these monopoly characterises, also how and why DeBeers diamonds monopoly still exists and what benefits they give the world. Also how the firm handled the problems which resulted from
Mikro- ja makromajandus Majandus ühiskonna toimimise alg süsteem mis tuleb valikustest mida me teeme tarbijate, töötajate, ettevõtjate, juhtude ja riigiametnikena. Nappus tuleneb suutmatusest rahuldada kõiki soove kuna ressursid on piiratud Scarcity - because of scarcity a rationing device is needed whatever the rationing device, people will compete for it. Scarcity and competition are linked. Scarcity because of scarcity people must make choices. When choices are made opportunity costs are incurred. Changes in opportunity cost affect behavior. Alternatiiv kulud- ehk loobumiskulu parim alternatiiv võimaluse maksumus millest loobutakse valiku tegemisel. The variables ...
Control over price limited by mutual interdependence; considerable with collusion (the decision of rivals). A great deal of nonprice competition, especially with differentiated products - ex. steel, automobiles, household appliances Harder for a firm to enter or exit. · Imperfect competition Pure Monopoly · Only one firm is involved. · Products are unique with no substitutes. · Nonprice competition: mostly public relations · Entry of additional firms is not possible--one firm constitutes the entire industry. · Entry to the industry is often blocked by government. It requires patent or licenses. There is total control over price "Price Makers" · ex. local electric utility · Oil, · diamonds Since the monopolist produces a unique product, it makes no effort to differentiate its product. · Imperfect Competition
Savings Account Number: ____________________________ and for this purpose to draw, cash, discount, or otherwise deal with bills of exchange, checks, promissory notes, or other securities for payment or money; to receive, endorse and collect any and all checks payable to the order of the undersigned; to execute, in my name and on my behalf, all bonds, indemnities, applications, or other documents, which may be required by law or regulation to secure the issuance of substitutes for such checks, and to give full discharge for same; to deposit in the foregoing accounts of mine any and all monies which the Grantee shall receive, including all bills of exchange, drafts, checks, promissory notes, and other securities for money payable of belonging to me, and for that purpose, to sign on my behalf and endorse the same for deposit and collection, and from time to tome withdraw
narrative. Natural viewpoint gives the improvised feel of the action , despite that lines seem spontaneous evan as they are exactly the opposite. Altogether, ''La Règle du Jeu'' is an outstanding and non-judgmental film, a commentary on human behavior and charitable to its protagonists. Despite handling a number of thematic direction, Renoir's clarity of approach is such that these remain distinct. For example, the theme of mistaken identity, where one person substitutes for another (such as at the masquerade ball), is introduced at the airport and continues throughout. Together with the direct interpretation, every member of this upper-middle class social group is required (as a matter of course) to hide their true feelings, their identity. It is this complexity, presented in simple terms. Renoir subtly builds his case against the aristocracy, collapsing his house of cards only at the very end.
pension funds, financial auxiliaries, mutual funds, securities and derivatives dealers and financial corporations engaged in lending. For statistical purposes the OFI sub-sector is defined in the ESA 2010 2 as a corporation or quasi-corporation other than an insurance corporation and pension fund that is engaged mainly in financial intermediation by incurring liabilities in forms other than currency, deposits and/or close substitutes for deposits from institutional entities other than MFIs, in particular those engaged primarily in long-term financing, such as corporations engaged in financial leasing, financial vehicle corporations created to be holders of securitised assets, financial holding corporations, dealers in securities and derivatives (when dealing for their own account), venture capital corporations and development capital companies (http://www.ecb.int/home/glossary/html/glosso.en.html#94). 5.1.1
....................................................... börsiühik 430. Stockpile ........................................................ladu 431. Stretching ........................................................ toote laiendus 432. Strike price .....................................................tehinguhind 433. Submission ....................................................allumine 434. Subsidiary ......................................................haruettevõte 435. Substitutes ......................................................asenduskaubad 436. Substitution effect ..........................................asendusefekt 437. Supply ............................................................pakkumine 438. Supply curve - ...................................................pakkumiskõver 439. Supply of labour ............................................tööjõu pakkumine 440. Support staff .................................................
MÕISTED Alternatiivkaup – Alternatiivsed hüvised on kaubad, mille tootmiseks kasutatakse suures osas samu ressursse (nisu ja rukise kasvatamine). Alternatiivkauba hinna tõus toob kaasa antud kauba pakkumise vähenemist. Alternatiivkulu – Alternatiivkulu ehk loobumiskulu (opportunity cost) tuleneb valiku vajadusest ühiskonnas ja väljendab kaotatud võimalust toota mingit hüvist täiendavalt, sest neid ressursse vajatakse teise hüvise tootmiseks. Alternatiivkulu on saamata jäänud tulu parimast võimalikust kasutamata jäänud olukorrast. Asenduse piirmäär – Asenduse piirmäär (rate of substitution, MRS) näitab, mitmest ühe hüvise ühikust tuleb loobuda, et saada juurde üks ühik teist hüvist. MRS on ka ÜKK tõus, see on igas ÜKK punktis erinev. Asendusefekt – Asendusefekt (substitution effect) on hüvise nõutava koguse muutus, mille põhjuseks on hindade suhteline muutus Asendushüvised – Asendushüvised (substitutes) on hüvised, mille nõudlus kasvab ...
(http://www.themotorreport.com.au) Internal marketing environment Competitors Mini has a lot of competitors in the car market. Both direct and indirect competitors have an enormous part on Mini's success. Because Mini is a premium car brand; that means Mini's direct competitors are other premium car brands and indirect competitors are volume car brands. For example Audi as premium car brand and Ford as volume car brand. Substitutes for Mini are public transport, bicycles and motorcycles. Also one type of competitors would be new entrants. Costumers Most of the drivers will look for the premium cars first when they are buying a car, because premium cars have a high reputation and better driving qualities than volume car brands. Although at the end they still are more likely to buy a volume car brand because of car's price. Buying a volume car brand consumers will look for economic fundamentals such as
The possessive determiners in English are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. As Lobeck and Denham point out, there's some overlap between possessive determiners and possessive pronouns. The basic difference, they say, "is that pronouns replace full noun phrases. Possessive determiners, on the other hand, have to occur with a noun" possessive pronoun A possessive pronoun is a part of speech that attributes ownership to someone or something. Like any other pronoun, it substitutes a noun phrase and can prevent its repetition. For example, in the phrase, "These glasses are mine, not yours", the words "mine" and "yours" are possessive pronouns and stand for "my glasses" and "your glasses," respectively. preposition A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you’ll find prepositions in front of gerund verbs
several beauty salons and tested substitute treatments for classical facial treatment, e.g. microdermabrasion, ultrasound facial, superficial chemical peeling, Elsa Hjeronymus method, vacuum massage, to identify the performance of the treatments and their effectiveness. In addition, the author visited 20 different beauty salons to carry out a survey among working beauticians, giving them a prepared questionnaire. The questions covered the use and popularity of mechanical treatment and its substitutes among clients and beauticians, their effectiveness and cost rate. According to the survey, the most popular substituting treatments are chemical peeling and Elsa Hjeronymus method. These treatments are efficient and more comfortable, but they do not have an immediate effect. The research showed that most of the clients are satisfied with the traditional facial treatment and are not aware of alternatives. It also appeared that the
· Lexical vulgarisms are usually replaced by euphemisms abd by scientific terms by polite persons (certain parts of the body and physiological acts) · Stylistic vulgarisms do not express vulgar objects, yet they are inappropriate due to their stylistic colouring (contemptuous) (smeller-nose; to plant-to bury; flathead-fool; pay dirt-money) · Curses were not printed until the WWI. (Damn and its substitutes: dashed, darned. Bloody and its substitutes: bloomy, blasted, blamed) · Shortenings (sob-son of a bitch, B-blighter) · 4-letter words( shit, fuck, cunt) Vulgar words are usually used in dialogue. It suggests lack of education. The author uses them in order to add irony, sarcasm, humour to his narrative. 14. Metre in English poetry. Modifications of metre Metre (Greek metron--measure) forms the structural background of classical poetry, it is also called measured speech
Inattention is not O.K. 26. Injustice in your vicinity is your business--particularly your own. 27. It is not enough to refrain from bearing false witness against your neighbor. When he is falsely accused it is your duty to bear witness to the truth, no matter what your opinion of him generally may be. 28. It isn't stupidity that bothers me; it's the reign of stupidity. 29. I want to separate the sheep from the goats; I have no use for sheep. 30. I want what I want. Don't offer me any substitutes. When there's a problem I want a solution. Don't offer me any half measures. 31. Literal-mindedness is good. 32. One of the biggest energy-wasting manifestations is the compulsion to begrudge energy. 33. One need not have a better theory to object to a theory's defects. 34. One needs more energy, higher frequencies, more bandwidth, and less interference in order to sustain a finer quality of attention. 35. One who has authority over others is responsible for deterring them from behaving
määratlustest teooriatele, mitte niivõrd traditsioonilistele arusaamadele antropoloogias. Ungari psühhoanalüütik ja atropoloog Geza Roheim 1934. The Riddle of the Sphinx: or Human Origins. Kultuuri all me mõistame kõigi sublimatsioonide kogumit, kõiki asendusi või reaktsioonide formatsioone, lühidalt, kõike seda ühiskonnas, mis pidurdab impulsse või hoiab ära moonutatud rahulolu [nende impulssidega]. By culture we shall understand the sum of all sublimations, all substitutes, or reaction formations, in short, everything in society that inhibits impulses or permits their distorted satisfaction. 5) Strukturaalsed definitsioonid ... osutavad sellele, et kultuuri käsitledes on võimalik välja tuua teatud eraldi käsitletavate aspektide vahelised korrastatud suhted. Need käsitlused rõhutavad, et kultuur on abstraktsioon, mis erineb konkreetsest käitumisest. Selles mõttes on str. def-d erinevad nt Tylorist, mitte lihtsalt loetledes kultuuri
We return to the inclusive form of the icon. To a highly literate and mechanized culture the movie appeared as a world of triumphant illusions and dreams that money could buy. It was at this moment of the movie that cubism occurred, and it has been described by E. H. Gombrich (Art and Illusion) as "the most radical attempt to stamp out ambiguity and to enforce one reading of the picture-that of a man-made construction, a colored canvas." For cubism substitutes all facets of an object simultaneously for the "point of view" or facet of perspective illusion. Instead of the specialized illusion of the third dimension on canvas, cubism sets up an interplay of planes and contradiction or dramatic conflict of patterns, lights, textures that "drives home the message" by involvement. This is held by many to be an exercise in painting, not in illusion. In other words, cubism, by giving the inside and outside, the top, bottom, back, and front and
INGLISE KEELE GRAMMATIKA Present Simple Lihtoleviku moodustamine Jaatav vorm Eitav vorm Küsiv vorm I make I do not make Do I make? He/she/it speaks He/she/it does not speak Does he/she/it speak? We/you/they go We/you/they do not go Do we/you/they go? NB! ERANDID! · Verbidele, mis lõpevad ss, h, ch, tch, x või oga, lisatakse ainsuse kolmdandas pöördes es. he does he goes he misses he watches he mixes · Verbid, mis lõpevad yga, mille ees on konsonant, muudavad y iks enne es lisamist. fly he flies carry he carries Võrdle: say he says Lihtolevik väljendab: · Antud momendil toimuvat tegevust, mis ei väljenda kest...
Starbucks'i näide x Rivalry among existing competitors is high within the industry Starbucks operates in with major competitors like McDonald's, Dunkin Donuts and thousands of small local coffee shops and cafes. x Starbucks customers possess large amount of bargaining power because there is no and minimal switching cost for customers, and there is an abundance of offers available for them. x The threat of substitute products and services for Starbucks is substantial. Specifically, substitutes for Starbucks Coffee include tea, soft drinks, water, whereas pubs and bars can be highlighted as substitute places for customers to meet someone and spend their times outside of home and work environments. x Starbucks suppliers have high bargaining power due to the fact that the demand for coffee is high in global level and coffee beans can be produced only in certain geographical areas. Moreover, the issues associated
feet. MODIFICATIONS OF METRE Changes in the metrical pattern may be unintentional and deliberate. deliberate There are classes of words (articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, link verbs) that are normally unstressed. 1. Unstressed syllables may result in a pyrrhic foot (containing 2 unstressed syllables). Pyrrhics are very typical and natural modifications in English poetry. They are common substitutes of an iambic or a trochaic foot. 2. Another kind of modification involves a spondee (a foot of 2 stressed syllables). The poet uses spondees deliberately for the purpose of strong emphasis or solemnity. Spondees slow down the pace of the rhythm and make it jerky. 3. The third modification of metre is rhythmic inversion. It consists in inverting the order of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line in the iambic or trochaic pattern
deliberate There are classes of words (articles, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, link verbs) that are normally unstressed. 1. Unstressed syllables may result in a pyrrhic foot (containing 2 unstressed syllables). Pyrrhics are very typical and natural modifications in English poetry. They are common substitutes of an iambic or a trochaic foot. 2. Another kind of modification involves a spondee (a foot of 2 stressed syllables). The poet uses spondees deliberately for the purpose of strong emphasis or solemnity. Spondees slow down the pace of the rhythm and make it jerky. 3. The third modification of metre is rhythmic inversion. It consists in inverting the order of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line in the iambic or trochaic pattern
diminished at all. I can still feel it now, something peaceful but very alive.” “That is the joy of Being,” I said. “You can only feel it when you get out of your head. Being must be felt. It can’t be thought. The ego doesn’t know about it because thought is what it consists of. The ring was really in your head as a thought that you confused with the sense of I Am. You thought the I Am or a part of it was in the ring. “Whatever the ego seeks and gets attached to are substitutes for the Being that it cannot feel. You can value and care for things, but whenever you get attached to them, you will know it’s the ego. And you are never really attached to a thing but to a thought that has ‘I,’ ‘me,’ or ‘mine’ in it. Whenever you completely accept a loss, you go beyond ego, and who you are, the I Am which is consciousness itself, emerges.” She said, “Now I understand something Jesus said that never made
cipher letters HWIJXGKYUNZEP This graphically indicates that the letters of the plaintext are to be replaced by the cipher letters beneath them, and vice versa. Thus, enemy would become CHCME, and swc would reduce to foe. A set of such correspondences is still called a "cipher alphabet" if the plaintext letters are in mixed order, or even if they are missing, because cipher letters always imply plaintext letters. Sometimes such an alphabet will provide multiple substitutes for a letter. Thus plaintext e, for example, instead of always being replaced by, say, 16, will be replaced by any one of the figures 16, 74, 35, 21. These alternates are called homophones. Sometimes a cipher alphabet will include symbols that mean nothing and are intended to confuse interceptors; these are called nulls. As long as only one cipher alphabet is in use, as above, the system is called monoalpbabetic. When,
Caro learned to avoid domino foods, but lost valuable time in the process, as have dozens of others: I have re-started this eating plan. I started it but wasn't following it exactly how Tim laid it all out.... I added peanuts and I was eating chickpeas and no weight loss, so I thought it was time to get real. I re-started 5 days ago and I am happy to say I have lost 5lbs in 5 days by following the plan EXACTLY as Tim says, making no adjustments or substitutes in any way, getting real and honest about what I can and can't eat. Think you'll just have one cookie or a couple of potato chips? Not if there's a bag of either in the kitchen. Self-discipline is overrated and undependable. Don't eat anything that requires portion control. Get domino foods out of the house and out of reach. MISTAKE #7: OVERCONSUMING ARTIFICIAL (OR "ALL-NATURAL") SWEETENERS, INCLUDING AGAVE NECTAR
teooriatele, mitte niivõrd traditsioonilistele arusaamadele antropoloogias. Ungari psühhoanalüütik ja atropoloog Geza Roheim 1934. The Riddle of the Sphinx: Or Human Origins. Kultuuri all me mõistame kõigi sublimatsioonide kogumit, kõiki asendusi või reaktsioonide formatsioone, lühidalt, kõike seda ühiskonnas, mis pidurdab impulsse või hoiab ära moonutatud rahulolu [nende impulssidega]. By culture we shall understand the sum of all sublimations, all substitutes, or reaction formations, in short, everything in society that inhibits impulses or permits their distorted satisfaction. 5. Strukturaalsed definitsioonid osutavad sellele, et kultuuri käsitledes on võimalik välja tuua teatud eraldkäsitletavate aspektide vahelised korrastatud suhted. Need käsitlused rõhutavad, et kultuur on abstaktsioon, mis erineb konkreetsest käitumisest. Selles mõttes on str.def-d erinevad nt Tylorist, mitte
UNO SOOMERE ESTONIAN SYMPHONIC MUSIC. THE FIRST CENTURY 1896-1996. AN OVERVIEW With a Historical and Cultural Summary IN MEMORY OF THE GREAT ESTONIAN COMPOSERS CONTENTS ESTONIA AND THE ESTONIANS FOREWORD IN THE FOLD OF TSARIST RUSSIA. EMERGENCE AND FIRST STEPS ON THE CLASSICAL-ROMANTIC PATH. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I. MUSICAL LIFE IN TARTU AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TRAILBLAZERS: ALEKSANDER LÄTE, RUDOLF TOBIAS, ARTUR KAPP. II. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY. ARTUR LEMBA: THE BEGINNING OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONY AND OPERA. III. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CULTURAL AND MUSICAL LIFE: THE END OF THE TSARIST PERIOD. THE INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA: THE INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIONS FROM WESTERN ART AND THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONALLY ORIENTED MUSICAL TRENDS. IV. THE TWENTIES. ARTUR KAPP: ROMANTICIST AND DRAMATIST. V. THE INFLUENCE OF NEW WESTERN MUSIC...
L. 1994. Myofibrillar protein from different of proteins from slaughterhouse by-products: muscle fiber types: Implications of biochemical and Influence of operating conditions on functional prop- functional properties in meat processing. Critical erties. Meat Science 79(4):640–647. Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 34:293– Solheim, R., and M. R. Ellekjær. 1993. Sensory quality 320. of low-fat sausages affected by fat substitutes. Food Xiong, Y. L. 1997. Structure–function relationships of Quality and Preference 4(3):127–131. muscle proteins. In Food Proteins and Their Samejima, K., B. Egelandsdal, and L. Fretheim. 1985. Applications, edited by S. Damodaran and A. Paraf. Heat gelation properties and protein extractability of New York: Marcel Dekker. beef myofibrils. Journal of Food Science 50:1540– Xiong, Y. L., X. Lou, R. J. Harmon, C. Wang, and 1543, 1555
The kids, naturally, want what they see and extract Christmas promises for these items from their parents. Now here's where the genius of the companies' plan comes in: They undersupply the stores with the toys they've gotten the parents to promise. Most parents find those toys sold out and are forced to substitute other toys of equal value. The toy manufacturers, of course, make a point of supplying the stores with plenty of these substitutes. Then, after Christmas, the companies start running the ads again for the other, special toys. That juices up the kids to want those toys more than ever. They go running to their parents whining, 'You promised, you promised: and the adults go trudging off to the store to live up dutifully to their words." "Where," I said, beginning to seethe now, "they meet other parents they haven't seen for a year, falling for the same trick, right?"
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