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FGI 1811 Proseminar ( Irina Ladusseva) 2.0 AP Kab. 420
03.09.2002.
Writing a term paper (this spring ) and graduation paper.
To get a pass : one written task ( part of introduction , thesis statement)
Term paper should be printed (20-25 pages long).
Graduation paper should be printed (50-60 pages long).
First write term paper, and choose a topic right now ( theme of term paper later will be developed into graduation paper).
Rights : we have a right to have a supervisor. Supervisor writes on the front page “Lubatud kaitsmisele”.
You need time to:

read the theory

collect material

regularity (1-2 hours a day deal with your paper)
The first draft of term paper should be ready by March .
Supervisors are:

Suliko Liiv ( country study , grammar , contrastive studies , methodology)

Liliana Skopinskaja (methodology)

Jaanika Marley ( foneetika , methods)

Ene Alas (translation, methods)

Paul Rüsse ( literature (Am.,Br.), methods)

Annika Namme (American literature, methods)

Irina Ladusseva (lexicology, methods, stylistics)
Choose your topic and find a supervisor.
Language needs to be very transparent, but do not use colloquial elements and abbreviations (e.g. I’ll, you’re). Start collecting the expressions you like (e.g. “many” → ”the abundance” etc.)
How to elaborate a topic? – collaborate with supervisor (a topic has to be narrowed down). Background studies – who else has written about this topic (what has been already done and what else I can do here ). Papers of this kind test logical thinking .
What is assessed:

the ability to collect material ( both theoretical (who has written about it) and practical ;
the ability to classify it (grouping ability);
the ability to describe the material (“some say this …, they are not wrong , but other say that ….” Etc.);
the ability to draw conclusions (on theoretical and practical materials);
your personal contribution (do something that no one has done before );
talking about the material (as if you are speaking to the first year student – avoid sophistication in language, that may sound unnatural). Comment on examples (from where the example is taken – how it is used – explain all).

NB! Comments everywhere.
You have right to:

Supervisor discusses and specifies the topic with you;
Supervisor gives a tutorial – where the supervisor sets general directions for your paper and recommends a book (source) for your study;
Supervisor reads your rough sketch (and if necessary checks faults);

BUT! Supervisor does not have to correct your language.
The talk at the defense : a kind supervisor gets together with you and makes together your talk.
As you start reading literature – do not trust every word you see. Often we need a second opinion ( usually of your Supervisor or ask a more competent person ). Where to get second opinion – use our audience , or if writing on literature – Maailmakirjanduse õppetool.
Bibliography: the sources you have sited in your work :
-term paper 10-15 sources (1 page),
-graduation paper (2 pages of sources).
10.09.2002
At the defense aspects that are considered are:

your own contribution (whether it is there and is sufficient)
theory (you should have at least 6-10 connected pages discussing the state of the art)
mechanics (the layout of the paper: font size 12, double space , etc.)
answering questions
performance (pronounce distinctly, make good impression, no language mistakes, etc.)
extra linguistic part (how you stand , how you speak , etc.).

Will be checked student’s ability to classify, to describe material, to draw conclusions (e.g. you give an example and then comment on it).
Internet sources: it is nice to have some Internet sources to show your sophistication, but not too many of them , because they are not very reliable.
As you start reading sources – do it systematically:
Go to library  use books , published sources (they are published so they are reliable)  use Internet at least. In library make separate card for every publication ( author , year of publication, etc.). You start reading a book: think of your own topic and make notes (take a sheet of paper for a book: in the left hand margin you indicate the page, on the right hand write a quotation you wish to use, or “in pages 10 to 12 the author analyses …. and ……”. You should use quotation marks when you take some author’s ideas , but your own comment should be without quotation marks.
The mechanics:

font size 12
lines double spaced
Times New Roman
margins (one left side margin should be 3cm, all other (up, down, and right) 1.5 cm)
the page number should be in the right hind corner (upside) NB! It should be within those 1.5 cm – no special space. And no “p.” letter !
on the right side the text should be justified
title page is not numbered but it counts as a page, so the next page is number 2
use only white paper (not yellow , blue, or pink )
the title page: on the top should be : Tallinn Pedagogical University , the second line: Department of English . In the middle : write your title without quotation marks, and below in the middle write Term Paper. Then a little below write: by Xzzz Xzzzz, and below of that write: Supervisor: Lect. Zxxx Zxxxx. Below in the end write: Tallinn 200X.
title should be not a sentence – use only phrases
chapters should have titles (not a sentence but a phrase ). After title page comes page 2 and Table of Contents (in the top middle) – here you indicate the division of your paper (Introduction, Chapter 1 (with title), etc.).
NB! People who have literary topic should write a Preface (short, normally 1 page long ) and only then comes Table of Contents and there mention your Preface (e.g. Preface, Introduction, Chapter 1 (with title), etc.).
all the following divisions start with a new page (e.g. Preface (1.5 pages), Table of Contents – starts with a new page, etc.).
Introduction has no title and no name
Chapters: normally a paper has at least 2 chapters. The title of the chapter is placed: 1. in the middle of a page (e.g. Chapter 1. Meaning and Form (no full stop at the end). If there will be later subdivisions in your chapter, then divide so: 2. start not in the middle but start the line (not indented), e.g.: 1 MEANING AND FORM (use font size 14; no full stop after “1”) 1.1 THE SENTENCE (use font size 12; put a full stop ONLY after the first number) 1.1.1 THE NOUN (no full stop after the last number at the end of the title)
Paragraph: do not use block style (when the first line of the paragraph is not indented and there is double space between paragraphs) – this is not suitable for a paper. You should indent the first line (1 Tab or 5 spaces) and no double space between paragraphs.
Table of Contents: use dotted lines leading to the page number (e.g. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. Title……………………………………………………………………4 etc.)

You may have an Appendix or two of them (e.g. people answered your questionnaires and you want to present them). You write in Table of Contents: Appendix 1. Title
For graduation paper the last item in the Table of Contents will be My Summary (written in Estonian but in the Table of Contents mentioned as “Summary”). Summary should be no longer that one page. BUT! It is not present in the term paper.
For literary works : research too on author’s style and language.

17.09.2002
Plagiarism – deliberate (intentional) and unintentional. When plagiarism has been spotted the student will fail at the defense. What is not plagiarism – without quotation marks – it is my text, I am the author. With quotation marks it means that idea is not mine and at the end of my work I mention the author’s name. No plagiarism – is when you introduce information that is common knowledge (e.g. China is oriental country). As soon as this knowledge becomes more studied by somebody and this information has some source – you need to credit the source the information came from.
Common knowledge  specific knowledge. Unintentional plagiarism may take place if you reword the author’s idea or words slightly keeping basically to his sentences and yet you mark it in your reference – however because of borrowing so many words even mentioning the name of the author and the page of his book – it is still plagiarism (e.g. “This author is the cheap prostitute selling the cheap ideas” Author X. BUT! If I say “According to author X this author is … “- it is plagiarism). When you have no quotation marks but have rendered other author’s ideas – be very careful.
Ideas, assessments, statements – need to have reference to the author. All the statistical data from other books and articles should be credited too.

Quoting. References

When you quote – it shows you have studied the background material, but you need to be rational – there should not be too many quotations . When you quote the quotation cannot just stand alone , when you quote you do it for a certain reason. You need to comment on the quotation (before or after). Your commentary on the quotation needs to be as long as the quotation (e.g. biographical sketch of A. Christy – even it was taken from some source it should not have quotation marks. We know this topic – quite a large part of information will become our common knowledge, but we do not need to write about who married whom and when all it happened ).
If you quote a piece of prose – a quotation of more than 4 lines should be presented differently (longer quotation (more than 4 lines) should be a separate paragraph and it should be indented (NB! 10 spaces from left margin).
Quoting poetry : a poetic piece of 3 lines is a part of your paragraph, you are presenting it as prose – only that you need to indicate the end of the line by a slash ( / ), more than 3 lines should have 10 spaces from left margin.

MECHANICS

Punctuation: full stop (.) has space after it, comma (,) should have a space after it too. Quotation marks (“…”) have no space ( “Author X ….. about this fact ” ), also there is no space between last quotation marks and a punctuation mark (e.g. “…..”, ).

Works Cited

(earlier it was called “Bibliography”), it may also be named References. It is usually placed in the middle. NB! We do not usually number the entries.

MLA style – Modern Language Association style. Some linguists stick to APA style (American Psychological Association style). Check with your supervisor which style he/she prefers – mostly MLA style. Information on both styles is available in Internet.
According to MLA style:

we do not number the entries

The title of the book (in paper and Works Cited) should be underlined or in Italics . NB! Do not do both! (underline and italics).

Articles are in quotation marks, but you should underline the magazine you take them from.

you do not indent the 1st line but the 2nd line and 3rd

the list should be in alphabetical order

if there is no author then we place first the title of the work

entry starts with a family name, BUT this happens only to the first author’s name (when there is one work and several authors ).

if we have 2 authors we use “and” between their names .
Example:
Works Cited (Title centered)
Ainslie, Tom, and Bonnie Ledbetter. The Body Language of Horses . New York : Morrow, 1980.
Bright, Michael. Animal Language. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1984.
(UP means University Press; it is always shortened)
Crowley, Geoffrey . “The Wisdom of Animals.” Newsweek 23 May 1988: 52-59.
(The name of an article is in quotation marks, the name of magazine is underlined
and the date of publication is given , also pages which show the beginning and the
end of the article.)
Mountjoy, Paul T., and Alan G. Lewandowski. “The Dancing Horse . A Learned Pig, and Muscle
Twitches.” Psychological Record 34 (1984): 25-38.
Sebeok, Thomas A. “Clever Hans and Smart Simians.” Anthropos 76 (1981): 89-165.
_ _ _. “Semiotics and Ethology.” In Sebeok and Ramsay 200-31
(we do not repeat the same author – use 3 dashes, and because there is
only one author we put a full stop after those 3 dashes.)
_ _ _, and Alexandra Ramsay, eds. Approaches to Communication. The Hague: Mouton, 1969.
(eds. is shortened from “editors”)
etc.
(see Copy 1 (p. 228-229)
When a book does not indicate the publisher , the place or date of publication, or has no pagination – we use following abbreviations for information we cannot supply :
n.p. – no place of publication is given
n.p. – no publisher given (e.g. New York: n.p.)
n.d. – no date of publication given (e.g. New York: Morrow, n.d.)
n.pag. – no pagination is given
P. – press
When citing a book published before 1900, you may amid the name of publisher and use a comma instead of a colon after the place of publication (e.g. London, 1873).
You can always find additional information in the book: MLA Style Manual, at our department.

How to present a reference list and parenthetic citations according to MLA style

Most research papers are now written in parenthetic citation form, following the style of either the Modern Language Association (MLA style) or the American Psychological Association (APA style). You should place your MLA style “Works Cited” list after your Conclusion . Start on a new page, consecutively numbered with the foregoing ones . Space your list like the sample on page 228 (Copy 1).
Having footnotes: we do not have them – we have parenthesis (references in brackets) – parenthetical references (mentioning the author in brackets).

Order of Entries

Order your MLA reference list alphabetically by authors` last names or, when no author appears , by the 1st significant word of the title (omitting A, And, and The). If the author is an institution – for example, SRI International – list it by the 1st letter in the corporate name’s 1st significant word (in this case S). If you are citing more than one work by a given author, observe the following MLA rules :

follow the alphabetical order of that author’s titles.

if a cited author is also the coauthor of another cited work, put the single -author work 1st.

if a cited author has different coauthors for 2 cited works, place the works according to the alphabetical order of the coauthor’s last names.

Order within Entries

In MLA style, present information (where relevant ) within each entry in the following order:
BOOKS ARTICLES
1. Author’s name 1. Author’s name
2. Title of part of book 2. Title of article
3. Title of books (underlined or in Italics) 3. Name of periodical
4. Name of editor , translator, or compiler 4. Series number or name
5. Edition used 5. Volume number
6. Number of volumes 6. Date of publication
7. Name of series 7. Page numbers (e.g. 15-20)
8. Place of publication, shortened name of
publisher (e.g. UP – University Press), date of publication.
9. Page numbers (if we are dealing with a part of a book written by this author, only then we mention page numbers).
Here are sample entries covering typical kinds of works that might appear in your reference list:
A BOOK BY A SINGLE AUTHOR:
Kendall, Elizabeth . The Runaway Bride: Hollywood Romantic Comedy of the 1930s . New York:
Knopf, 1990.
TWO OR MORE BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR:
Michaels, Leonard . I Would Have Saved Them If I Could . New York: Farrar, 1975.
_ _ _ . The Men’s Club . New York: Farrar, 1981.
A BOOK BY TWO AUTHORS:
Liehm, Mira , and Antonin J. Liehm. The Most Important Art: Soviet and Eastern European Film
after 1945. Berkeley: U of California P, 1977.
A BOOK BY THREE AUTHORS:
Burns, James MacGregor, J. W. Peltason, and Thomas E. Cronin. Government by the People.
12th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1984.
(NB! We never mark the first edition).
A BOOK BY MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS:
Lauer, Janice, M., et al. Four Worlds of Writing. 2nd ed. New York: Harper, 1985.
(NB! “et al” means “and others ”(from Latin ).
A BOOK BY A CORPORATE AUTHOR:
American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. Consumer Drug Digest. New York : Facts on File,
1982.
(First comes the name of institution and then comes the title).
For other examples see Copy 3 (p. 190-191), Copy 4 (p. 192-193), Copy 5 (p. 194-195), and Copy 6 (p.196-197).

Parenthetical References (citations)

In our text we do not have footnotes but make the reference to the author in brackets. The brackets are placed after the quoted or paraphrased part and are followed by a full stop. To decide whether to include the author’s name in the brackets we need to see if we had already mentioned his name in the sentence. If the name is there (e.g. According to Baker , “…” (17).), we do not have to repeat it in brackets, only the page number appears.
If we do not mention the name in our sentence, then the name should appear in brackets – just the family name (e.g. “… … …” (Baker 17).)
You may have several works by the same author – then you need to specify the one you are referring to. Have you mentioned him in your sentence or not – if the author’s name is mentioned in my sentence – you do not include him in brackets but give the title to the work you mind (e.g. War and Peace 20).).
If the author is not mentioned – then we introduce his family name in brackets after which we have comma ( , ) (e.g. (Baker, War and Peace 20).). The bulk of information comes in “Works Cited”, the same applies to articles.
24.09.2002

Special Uses of Quotation Marks

Quotation marks with certain titles we use for: magazines, articles, essays , short stories , short poems , speeches, and chapters of a book. Underlining or italics for these titles: the title of a book, scholary journal , magazine, government report , a play, a musical , an opera, a film, a TV-show, a radio program, and a long poem .

We use quotation marks to define words (e.g. As a verb , censure means “find fault with” or “reprimand”.).

Quotation marks with words and phrases that you do not take at the face value (e.g. When a man and woman decide to live together without being married, are they “ living in sin”?).

We use quotation marks to identify a word treated as a word (e.g. In America the word “liberal” has become a political insult .). We may also use Italics or underlining for the same purpose.
Quoting (“…”)
What you quote must make a complete coherent sentence when it is combined with your own sentence(s). Your introductory words and quotation must form logical English sentence.
“…” – American variant
‘…’ - British variant

To introduce a quotation with a proceeding phrase we need a comma. The quoted sentence starts with the capital letter (e.g. According to G. B. Shaw, “ Economy is the art of making the most of life.”).

With the proceeding clause (subj. + predic.) we use a comma or a colon (normally a colon) (e.g. The professor said: “Let’s consider what Carl Jung has claimed .”).

With a quoted word or phrase we need quotation marks alone. The quoted word or phrase starts with a lower case letter (e.g. According to Jung, the “something greater ” is the unconscious, which he defines as “a natural phenomenon producing symbols that prove to be meaningful.”)

With the quotations interrupted by the author we need commas on both sides of the author’s words. Here quotation forms one sentence – so only first letter is capital (e.g. “Ideas,” writes Carl Jung, “spring from something greater than the personal human being.”).

A closing comma or full stop goes inside the closing (e.g. “High school,” writes Ellen Willis, “permanently damaged my self-esteem.”).

A closing semicolon or colon goes outside the closing quotation mark (e.g. The head of the union announced, “The new contract is a good one for management and labor ”; then she left the room .).

A question mark or exclamation mark that belongs to the quotation goes inside the quotation. One question mark within the quotation serves also for whole sentence (e.g. Who wrote, “What’s in a name?”).

The question or exclamation mark that does not belong to the quotation goes outside the quotation (e.g. Yet the congressman simply dismissed the change as “unimportant”!).

To introduce the quotation with “that” we use quotation marks alone and no capital letter, unless the quotation begins with a proper name (e.g. Margaret Atwood writes that ”in fact, a character in a book who is consistently well-behaved probably spells disaster for the book.” ).

We use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation (e.g. Professor Baker asked , “Where does Thoreau speak of ‘ quiet desperation’ and what does he mean by this phrase?”).

When a quotation is followed by a parenthetical citation the brackets come after the final quotation marks but before a comma or a period (full stop), even if a comma or a period occur in a quoted passage (e.g. “ …………………… “ ( ). ). If a quotation ends with a question or exclamation mark the full stop still comes after the brackets (e.g. “………………………?” ( ). ).

If you wish to emphasize something in the original – underline it and say so in the parenthesis (e.g. Jung finds something mysterious in dreams. “They originate,” he writes, “in a spirit that is not quite human” ( emphasis added).).

Accuracy

Keep every word of the original or indicate any changes you make. We use square brackets to mark any word we have added, and dots to show where you have left words out.

We use square brackets to insert clarifying details , comment or correction of your own into the quotation (e.g. “In the presidential campaign of 1998 [1988], George Bush defeated Michael Dukakis.” “When we last see Lady Macbeth [in the sleepwalking scene ], she is obviously distraught.” – here the clarifying detail is added).

When a spelling mistake occurs in a quoted material the Latin word sic is used (it means “the way it was (it is)”) or the correct spelling may be given in square brackets (e.g. “There were no pieces of strong [sic] around the boxes,” one witness wrote. / “There were no pieces of strong [ string ] around the boxes,” one witness wrote.).

Use 3 spaced dots to show an omission from a middle of a quoted sentence (e.g. “And so the writer . . . suffers, especially in the creative years of youth , every form of distraction and discouragement.”).

Use a period (full stop) and 3 spaced dots to show that you are omitting the end of the quoted sentence (e.g. “…………..abominable. . . . In nearly …………”).

Do not use dots with a phrase or a clause (e.g. He called it “. . . a poisonous book.”WRONG; it is not a sentence, do not need to indicate.).

We use an entire line of spaced dots to signal that a line or more of poetry has been omitted.
For common knowledge we need no source to refer to (e.g. Using video is very educating. – it is common knowledge. BUT: Using video is very educating but only for 15 minutes. – someone has studied it , it is now specific knowledge and needs to be cited.).
In your paper use no footnotes (all should be in brackets – parenthetical brackets – at the end of the sentence. NB! Punctuation mark comes after the brackets).
Titles of books should be underlined or italicized. In “Works Cited” if the title of the book is too long we may shorten it (logically!).
Quoting a work in more than one volume:
e.g. Smith writes, “…” (1: 15) (In brackets: first comes volume number, then colon, space, and then comes page number).
In “Works Cited”:
Smith, J. Philosophy. 2 vols. (we write how many volumes the book has)New York: …, 1998.
Anonymous book – usually we treat it by its title (usually that sort of works are articles and their title is written in quotation marks and not underlined or italicized).

Citing indirect quotations

When you have only 1 quotation and no book then in parenthesis after quotation you should write: e.g. “ Plato said ……..”(qtd. in Baker 20). (qtd. – quoted). You have a quotation of one author in other author’s book. (or e.g. “Plato ……..” (quoted Baker 20).). In “Works Cited” will be no Plato but Baker.
When we quote a passage of prose longer than 4 lines – it should be graphically placed differently: we place it as a several paragraphs and indent 10 spaces (NB! The first line has no indention!)
BUT! Quoting several paragraphs of prose: they all should be 10 spaces indented and also the first line of each paragraph should be extra indented 5 more spaces (or 1 Tab).
A poetic quotation of 3 lines can be structured as prose. Longer than 3 lines – should be 10 spaces indented and then lines should be like in original.
Citing more than 1 work in a single parenthetical reference:
Cite each word as you normally would in a reference and use semicolons to separate the citations (e.g. “…” (Smith 42; Hall 101-33) (we do not need to indicate page numbers like 101-133, we can drop hundreds in last number).
When we quote the whole paragraph (10 spaces indented from the left margin) and when the last quotation marks close – we put final full stop and between that final full stop and parenthetical brackets you need to put 2 spaces (e.g. ………”. (60).

Citing Electronic Sources

See Copy 7, 8, 9.
8
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Inglise keele stilistika

1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres of human activity fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, official documents, business correspondenc etc. Style bears the stamp of indivual usage, that is every writer has a unique pattern/habit and abilities that form his style. This approach is best illustrated in the well-known victum of the french poet Georges-Louis de Buffon ,,Style is the man himself." Stylistics English stylistics or the study of style has not been discussed on the same scale as french stylistics, german or russian

Stilistika (inglise)

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