Referencing style, kuidas kirjandites autoritele viidata (0)

REFERENCING STYLE
The following recommendations have been taken from The Standing Committee on Publications of the British Psychological Society, Suggestions to Contributors , Leicester: BPS, 1979. You should always follow these recommendations in your written work .

• The BPS journals use the author - date method of citation , that is the surname of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point, for example:
  

Rabbitt (1970) compared reaction times ...
Or
In a recent study of reaction times, Rabbitt (1970) found ...
Or
In 1970, Rabbitt compared..
These methods enable the reader to locate easily the citation in the reference list given at the end of the report .

• If a work has two authors , cite both names in the text every time, e.g. Smith & Jones (1974).
  

• If a work has three or more authors, give names in full when the reference is first cited and then use et al. on all subsequent occasions, e.g. Hunt et al. (1970) found..
  

• If the abbreviation et al. leads to a confusion between two groups of authors e.g. Hunt, Hartley & Davies (1973) and Hunt, Davies and Baker (1973), then cite all the authors at every mention .
  

• If a reference list includes publications by two or more authors with the same surname, then give the initials of these authors in the text citations to avoid confusion
  

[e.g. P. Smith 2000].

• Give multiple citations chronologically, e.g. ( Skinner 1968, 1970, 1972a, 1972b, 1974) and (Jones, 1970; Smith, 1972, Hartley, 1974).
  

• Make citations of a particular page, figure , table etc. at the appropriate point in the text rather than in the reference list. Such a precise indication helps the reader locate this material more easily. When such citations are made in parentheses, use commas and not brackets to set the date e.g. (Skinner, 1972, Ch. 5) and (Hunt, 1977, pp251-253).
  

The purpose of the reference list is to allow readers to locate the original material. It is important to include the following items of information (continued on next page):
FOR ARTICLES
Authors' name(s); authors' initial(s); date of publication; title or article; full journal title; journal volume number; inclusive page numbers.
For example:
Argyle, M. & Robinson , P. (1962). Two origins of achievement motivation . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1, 107-120.
Atkinson , J.W. (1957). Motivational determinants of note -taking behaviour. Psychological Review, 64, 359-372.

• Authors' name(s) are given in lower - case lettering.
  

• The date (in parentheses) is followed by a full stop.
  

• The first word only of the title is capitalised (except for proper names, etc.).
  

• Article titles are followed by a full stop.
  

• Journal titles are given in full, underlined and followed by a comma.
  

• Page numbers are followed by a full stop.
  

FOR BOOKS
Authors' name(s); authors' initial(s); date of publication; title of book; place of publication; name of publisher .
For example:
Christie, R. & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York : Academic Press.
Hartley, J. & Davies, I.K. (eds.) (1972). Contributions to an Educational Technology. London: Butterworth.
Gange, R.M. (1977). The Conditions of Learning , 3rd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

• Authors' name(s) are given in lower-case lettering.
  

• If the book is edited the abbreviated (ed.) or (eds., if more than one editor ) appears in parentheses before the date.
  

• The date (in parentheses) is followed by a full stop.
  

FOR BOOKS continued

• Each key word in the title starts with a capital letter .
  

• Book titles are underlined and followed by a full stop.
  

• The abbreviations rev. ed. or 2nd. ed. for revised edition and second edition are used where appropriate: these should be placed after the book title and preceded by a comma.
  

• A colon follows the place of publication.
  

• The publisher's name is followed by a full stop.
  

FOR ARTICLES IN BOOKS
Authors' name(s); authors' initial(s); date of publication; initial(s) of editor(s) ; editors' name(s); date of publication (if different ); title of book; place of publication; name of
publisher.
For example:
Davies, I.K. (1972). Presentation copies. In J. Hartley (ed.) Strategies for Programmed Instruction. London: Butterworth.
Skinner, B.F. (1968). Programming complex behaviour. In I.K. Davies & J. Hartley (eds) (1972), Contributions to an Educational Technology. London: Butterworth.

• Authors' name(s), date and title of articles are all followed by full stops
  

• Editors' initial(s) and surname(s) are preceded by the word 'In'.
  

• The abbreviation (ed.) or contraction (eds.) then follows as appropriate.
  

• The date of the edited book is also given if it is different from the date of the article.
  

• The book reference is then given in the standard way.
  

FOR NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Smith, C.U.M. (1994). You are a group of neurons. The Times Higher Educational Supplement , 27 May, 20-21.

FOR INFORMATION TAKEN FROM THE WORLD WIDE WEB
All references begin with the same information that would be provided for a printed source (or as much of that information as possible). The Web information is then placed at the end of the reference. It is important to use " Retrieved from” and the date because documents on the Web may change in content, move , or be removed from a site altogether. To cite a Web site in text (but not a specific document), it is sufficient to give the address (e.g., http://www.apa.org ) there . No reference entry is needed.
Here is an example of how to cite material posted on the APA's Web page. A similar format can be used to cite other sources, as long as the medium and the path are sufficiently identified.
An article from the American Psychologist:
Jacobson , J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz , A. A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication : Science , pseudoscience, and antiscience: Science working group on facilitated communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 25, 1996 from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/joumals/jacobson.html
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Sometimes you will know about research findings not from the primary source where they were originally reported but from a secondary source. For example, a textbook, such as Gross (1987) might be your source for research reported by Asch (1946).
When mentioning Asch (1946) in your report this should be followed by a reference to your secondary source, thus:
"A study investigating interpersonal perception was carried out by Asch (1946) (cited in Gross, 1987, pp 200-202)........"
The secondary source only (i.e. Gross) should appear in your reference list, using the format already outlined. So, your reference list lists only works that you have actually consulted. It is, therefore , clear to everyone that your warrant for attributing certain claims to Asch is not what he said, but what Gross said about them .
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