Topic - London (0)

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Topic – London
Tallinn English College
Tallinn
2007

Introduction
London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and the largest urban area in England . The ancient City of London, to which the name originally belonged, still maintains its medieval boundaries, but the name “London” has long applied more to the whole metropolis that has grown up around it. London has been an important settlement for over two millenniums. It is also one of the world’s leading business, financial and cultural centres and its influence in politics , education, entertainment and even fashion contribute to its status as a major global city. London is a major tourist attraction with four world heritage sites , several royal parks and numerous iconic landmarks such as the Houses of Parliament , Towe Bridge , the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey and the London Eye.

History
Although there is some evidence of a permanent settlement before the Romans came in 43 A.D., it is more accepted by historians that the Romans were the first . The settlement was called Londinium.
The first London lasted for just seventeen years , for around AD 61, a tribe of Celts led by Queen Boudica stormed London, burning it to the ground . The next heavily-planned London prospered and surpassed Colchester ( another major city at the time) as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia . At its height in the 2nd century , Roman London had a population of about 60,000. However , by the 3rd century, the city fell into a decline due to trouble in the Roman Empire and by the 5th century, it was largely abandoned. But, under the control of various English kings , London once again prospered as an international trading centre . However, Viking raids began in the late 10th century and reached a head when they took the city under Danish king Canute and forced the then-English king to flee .
Years later , following a victory at the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror was crowned King of England in the newly-finished Westminster Abbey in 1066. William granted the citizens of London special privileges while building a castle in the corner of the city to keep them under control. This castle was expanded by later kings and is now known as the Tower of London.
The city grew in wealth and population during the Middle Ages. In 1100 its population was around 18,000 but after 200 years it had grown to nearly 100,000. However disaster struck during the Black Death , when London lost nearly a third of its population. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, stability in politics allowed the city to grow even more. In 1603 , James VI of Scotland came to the throne of England, essentially uniting the two countries. An assassination attempt was made on him on the 5th of November in 1605, now known as the famous Gunpowder Plot . Plague caused more problems for London later in that century, culminating in the Great Plague. That was the last major outbreak in Europe , possibly thanks to the Great Fire of London in 1666. The fire broke out in the original City and quickly swept through London’s wooden buildings, destroying large amounts of the city. Rebuilding took over ten years.
Following London’s growth in the 18th century, it became the worlds largest city from about 1831 to 1925. This growth was aided from 1836 by London’s first railways, which put countryside towns within easy reach of the city. Rising traffic problems on roads led to the creation of the world’s first subway system – the London Underground . Because of this rapid growth, London became one of the first cities in human history to reach a population of one million and was the first ever to surpass five million. In the decades following WWII large- scale immigration from Commonwealth countries and beyond have transformed London into one of the most racially and culturally diverse cities in Europe.

Government
The administration of London takes place in two tiers – a city- wide , strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority , while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA is responsible for strategic planning , policing, the fire service and most aspects of transport and economic development. It consists of two elected parts – the Mayor of London and the London Assembly , who can accept or reject the Mayor’s decisions and his budget proposals each year .
The 33 local authorities are the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. They are responsible for local services not overseen by the GLA, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection .
London is home of the Government of the United Kingdom which is located around the Houses of Parliament in Westminster. Many government departments are located close to Parliament, particularly alond Whitehall, including the Prime Minister’s residence at 10 Downing Street .

The City
The City of London is a geographically-small city within Greater London. It is the core of London from which, along with Westminster, the modern city grew. The City’s boundaries have remained constant since the Middle Ages, and hence it is now only a tiny part of the larger London metropolis. The City was originally surrounded by a defensive wall , known as “London Wall”, which was built by the Romans to protect their strategic port city. The City of London borders the City of Westminster to the west .
The City of London is England’s smallest ceremonial county by both population and area covered and is the second smallest British city in both population and size , after St. David’s in Wales .

The City of Westminster
The City of Westminster is a borough of London with city status. The city contains most of London’s West End and is the seat of the United Kingdom’s government, with the Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace, Whitehall and the Royal Courts of Justice. The City of Wesminster covers all or part of the following areas of London: Covent Garden , Hyde Park, Mayfair, Paddington , Queen’s Park, St. James’s, Soho (including Chinatown ), West End and ofcourse Westminster.

Sights
Hyde Park – this park is one of the largest parks in central London and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers’ Corner. The park is divided in two by the Serpentine Lake. The park was the site of The Great Exhibition of 1851 , for which the Crystal Palace was built.
Buckingham Palace – is the official residence of the king or queen of England. The palace is a setting for state occasions and royal entertaining and a major tourist attraction. It has been a rallying point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis . Originally known as Buckingham House, the building was built for the Duke of Buckingham in the 18th century and acquired by King George III as a private residence. It was enlarged over the next 75 years, forming three wings around a central courtyard.
Chinatown – Located in between Leicester Square and Shaftesbury Avenue, it is a self-contained jumble of shops, cafes and restaurants that makes up one of London’s most distinct and popular ethnic enclaves. Few of a London’s 80,000 Chinese actually live in the three small blocks of Chinatown.
London Bridge – one of the most famous bridges in Capital, London Bridge is located between the City of London and Southwark it is well used by the cars as well as pedestrians who after leaving London Bridge tube station walk across the bridge itself in order to reach the City of London.
Nelson ’s Column – Raised in 1843 and now one of London’s best -loved monuments, commemorates the one- armed , one- eyed admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar, but paid for it with his life.
Piccadilly Circus – During the weekends’ Piccadilly Circus is packed with people. Known for its glowing billboards.
St. Paul’s Cathedral – the present structure is the fifth cathedral to be built on the site. The weddings of the Prince and Princess of Wales, the funeral of Sir Winston Churchill and many other occasions have graced this spiritual centre. Built of Portland stone with a Dome that rises to 365 feet and with Great Paul, the largest bell in England, this has to be one of biggest sight sees in London.
Globe Theatre – the theatre, which is known for an absent roof, stands on the north - western coast of the Thames river . The Globe uses only natural light and the minimum of scenery .

Museums
British Museum – a museum dedicated to human history and culture. It has a collection of more than 13 million artifacts, which are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all over the world. Established in 1753 and opened to the public six years later. Notable artifacts include : the Rosetta Stone, Elgin Marbles, a statue from Easter Island , and numerous death masks from the pharaohs of Egypt.
Cutty Sark – the Cutty Sark is a clipper ship , built in the 19th century. It served as a merchant vessel and then as a training ship until being put on public display in 1954. The Ship is preserved in dry dock at Greenwich, but was damaged in a fire in the spring of 2007 while undergoing extensive restoration.
Madame Tussaud ’s – is a famous wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities. One of the main attractions is the chamber of horrors. That part of the exhibition included some victims of the French Revolution . Other famous people were added, such as Horatio Nelson and Sir Walter Scott. Some of the sculptures mady by Tussaud herself still exist .
National Gallery – it houses a rich collection of over 2300 paintings dating from the mid 13th century to 1900 in its home on Trafalgar Square. The collection belongs to the British public and entry to the main collection is free, although there are charges for entry to special exhibitions. Collection highlights include Leonardo da Vinci’s „The Virgin of The Rocks”, Monét’s „The Water-Lily Pond ” and Vincent van Gogh’s „Sunflowers”.
Natural History Museum – one of three larger museums on Exhibition Road , in London. (the others are the Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum). The museum is home to life and earth science specimens comprising some 70 million items within five main collections: botany, entomology, mineralogy, palaentology and zoology. The museum is particularly famous for its exhibition of dinosaur skeletons and ornate architecture.

East End
The East End of London, generally refers to the area of London, east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the river Thames. Use of the term began in the late 19th century and arose with the rapid growth of population in London, which lead to extreme overcrowding in the are and a concentration of poor people and immigrants . Many East Enders are „cockneys”. A traditional definition is that to be a cockney, one had to be born within the sound of Bow Bells (a church in London’s East End).
9. Conclusion
London is a city of contrasts. Almost every race is represented in this old city and many languages all over the globe can be heard daily. It has long been one of the most important cities in the world. London is one of the world’s leading business and financial centres and its influences in different aspects of life are comprehensible.

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London

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London London is one of the world's great cities. Located in the southeast of England, on the River Thames, it is the capital of the United Kingdom and has been the heart of its political, cultural and business life for centuries. London has always been the centre of the world. The origin of the city may be dated around the beginning of the 1st century when a Celtic tribe settled near the Thames. The Romans founded London about 50 AD

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