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IRELAND The Emerald Island Ireland has two nicknames e ra l d Em Th e Isl e The Is l a nd of S aints a nd Scho l a rs 9000 years ago... ice more ice Click to edit Master text styles Second level Click to edit Master text stylesThird level Fourth level Second level Fifth level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Gaelic Ireland Lordship of Ireland Kingdom of Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The Republic of Ireland Once humans ...
coast). They may be the forefathers of the people from Cornwall and Wales. The building of Stonehenge started around that time. 2400BC the 'Beaker' people arrived in Britain. They had better metal working skills and they soon became the leaders of the British society. They started building individual graves. 1300BC the farming society became more important than the henge society. 55BC the Romans arrived. The Celts The Celts arrived from central Europe or further east around 700BC. They were tall and had fair or red hair and blue eyes. They knew how to work with iron. They are the ancestors of many people living in Britain today. Celtic languages are still spoken today. The Celts lived in tribes which were ruled by a chief. They did a lot of trading and the main trading centres were the capitals of England and Scotland. The Celtic tribes were ruled over druids who memorised religious teaching,
wars supporting Sicily. That upset the nobles. 1258 the nobles took over the government and elected a council which was called the Parliament. 1265 Henry was able to take back his full royal authority. After his death his son Edward I took the throne. He brought together the first real parliament the House of Commons. In 1275 he commanded each shire and town to send two representatives to his parliament. Dealing with the Celts William I had allowed his lords to win lands by conquering. By the beginning of 12th century most of Wales was held by them. The only Welsh who were free of English rule lived around Snowdon. They were led by Llewelyn who tried to become free of the English. Edward was determined to defeat him and bring the whole Wales under his control. In 1282 Llewelyn was captured and killed. In 1284 Edward united west of Wales with England. He made his son Edward II the Prince Of Wales
Prehistoric Britain · They built forts on hilltops and · When the English Channel was pro-tected them with ditches and formed by meltic ice(around 6000 BC), ramparts. Britain was part of the European land mass. · The earliest inhabitants lived in limestone caves. · About 3000 BC the British Isles were inhabited by a people as known as the Iberians. · Celts and Iberians both lived under · They used stone axes and made the primitive system: there was no antlers and bones into leather-working private property, no classes and tools. exploitation. · Inhabitants put up buildings of · They caught fish, grew wheat and stone and wood, built the first roads.
Celtic Mythology Celtic mythology is the mythology of Celtic polytheism, apparently the religion of the Iron Age Celts. Like other Iron Age Europeans, the early Celts maintained a polytheistic mythology and religious structure. Among Celts in close contact with Ancient Rome, such as the Gauls and Celtiberians, their mythology did not survive the Roman empire, their subsequent conversion to Christianity, and the loss of their Celtic languages. It is mostly through contemporary Roman and Christian sources that their mythology has been preserved. The Celts peoples who maintained either their political or linguistic identities (such as the Gaels and Brythonic tribes of Great Britain and Ireland) left vestigial remnants of their
English studies British history Eleri Pärna Form 9 2010 About 1.What is Stonehenge? 2. Who were the Celts and the Druids? 3. When did the Romans invade Britain? 4. Why did Julius Ceasar call the land Albion ? 5.Why and who built the Hadrian Wall? 6. When did the Saxons settle in Britain? 7. When did the Vikings first raid Britain? 8. Who were the Normans? 9. When was the Battle of Hastings? 10. Who was William The Conquerer? What is Stonehenge? a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire built in several stages from 2800 - 1800 BC.
Study questions on chapter 1 Stonehenge - is pre-historical moument located in the English county of Wiltshire. 2400 BC 22 000 BC. It is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones. The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 Celtic Invasion It begun about 500 years BC. Celts brought iron with them to Britain (and pagan traditions). But it is belived that there was never an organized Celtic invasion.(Celts were too fragmented to make it happen) Iron Celts brought iron with them into Great Britain which made some big changes. Iron is stronger then bronze and iron ore is more common(it made tools and weapons better). One of the interesting innovations that they brough to Britain was the iron plough which changed a lot about the farming(made it easier)
Country Studies The United Kingdom Test revision questions Form 11 1. What are the capitals of the 4 constituent countries? England London; Wales Cardiff; N-Ireland Belfast; Scotland - Edinburgh 2. Order the invaders in correct chronological order: Anglo-Saxons, Normans, Romans, Celts, Vikings. Celts > Romans > Anglo-Saxons > Vikings > Normans 3. How did the Celts influence Britain? The Celts were in Britain long before the English language existed. Celtic influence on English is minimal. There are more Amerindian words in English than Celtic ones. 4. How many people approximately speak English? 300million as mother tongue, 470million as 2nd language. 5. Who (which tribes) gave the base of the English language? Anglo-Saxons 6. Describe Wales. Part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,
It is associated chiefly with the holiday of Halloween. The tradition of carving a lantern started in the British Isles however, it was traditionally carved out of a turnip.They were created on All Hallows' Eve and left on the door step to ward off evil spirits. An offering or, as we now know it, a "treat", would also be commonly left to placate roaming sprites and evil spirit. Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain. The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1. This day marked the end of summer and the harvest and the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred.
children try to catch apples with b) delicious their ... c) inedible a) hands d) awful b) head c) mouth 7. Food is in shape of ... d) legs a) a witch b) a ghost c) a spiderman d) a bat Part 2 For the Celts October 31 was the (1)___________ day of the year. People were afraid of (2)___________ and associated it with (3)___________ and evil (4)___________. The Celtic priests - called the (5)___________ - tried to scare away the (6)___________ of evil and (7)___________. They built huge (8)___________ for that.People wore (9)___________ costumes so that demons would do no (10)___________. Nowadays (11)___________ dress up to go trick-or-treating. If people will not supply a (12)___________, they may
HISTORY TEST 5 invasions to Britain until 1066 1) The Celts o Gaels in 600BC; Cymry(Britons) in 300BC o From present-day Austria, Switzerland o The Celtic language survives in the names of many places in England- Dover, Kent, Thames o The Celts are best known for their art- many bronze objects with elaborate designs; brooches; pins; mirrors; Celtic stone crosses o The Celts had 3 social orders: warriors, druids(priests) ordinary people 2) The Romans o (55 BC-Caesar) 43 AD- 410 AD- Claudius o From present-day Italy o Southern Britain became Britannia and was ruled by a roman governor o The Romans built over 20 towns: Colchester, Londinium, Winchester etc. They were good engineers and built roads and villas that had central heating, glass windows and mosaic floors
1. What are the capitals of the 4 constituent countries? England- London; Northen Ireland- Belfast; Scotland- Edinburgh; Wales- Cardiff 2. Order the invaders in correct chronological order: Anglo-Saxons, Normans, Romans, Celts. Romans Anglusaxons , Norman 3. How did the Celts influence Britain? Language. Wars. Engand and Scotland eventually became 1 contry 4. How many people approximately speak English? Approximately 600 million 5. Who (which tribes) gave the base of the English language?Germanic tribes- Anglo-Saxons. 6. Describe Wales.- Wales is a mountainous country on the western side of Great Britain. The national game of Wales is Rugby. Flag- Red dragon on a green and white field. They have their own language Cymraeg ( Welsh)
IRELAND Ireland is a very beautiful island in the Atlantic Ocean. That lays next to Great Britain. This island is gorgeous landscape, the green hillsides and the rocky coastline. Ireland weather is influence of the Gulf Stream, there is warm and rainy through the year. The Celts inhabited the land. Ireland is separated into two parts. The north part (smaller) is part of the United Kingdom, bigger part of island makes up Republic of Ireland (independent country). The population of the Republic of Ireland is about three and half million people. There are two official language- English and Gaelic. Mostly there is used English. The Irish are know as friendly and fun-loving people. They like music and humor. In Ireland the most popular legend is about the leprechaun. He is the shoemaker of the Irish fairy kingdom. The leprechaun usually walks alone, is fun-loving and very crafty. He is no bigger than t...
traditions of governance. In the mid-5th cent, Vertigern, a British leader, hired Germanic mercenaries to help defend against peoples of the north (Picts & Scots). In the end they revolted & the process of invasion and settlement began. The first Saxon ,,kings" were Hengist & Horsa in Kent, Aelle in Sussex, Cerdic / Cynric in Wessex. So the first ,,English" became mainly from Northern Germany & Denmark. The resistance of the Celts was long. They were free at the time, not like other Roman provinces on the Continent. Around 500, the Britons seem to have won several victories. One of their leaders was Ambrosius Aurelianus and one of their victories was at the place called Mount Badon. The main leader of the Britons at this time may have been the warrior later called King Arthur. By the 7th cent. the invaders managed to conquer the greater part of the land. The invaders came from 3 powerful tribes:
and England are all British. What makes the Scottish, Welsh, English and Northern Irish different from each other? About 2,000 years ago the British Isles were inhabited by the Celts who originally came from continental Europe. During the next 1,000 years there were many invasions: the Romans from Italy, the Angles and Saxons from Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands, the Vikings from Denmark and Norway, and the Normans from France. These invasions drove the Celts into what is now Wales and Scotland, and they remained, of course, in Ireland. The English, on the other hand, are the descendants of all the invaders, but are more Anglo-Saxon than anything else. These various origins explain many of the differences to be found between England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland differences in education, religion and the legal systems, but most obviously, in language. Language
claims to the Falkland Islands and Spain to Gibraltar. History When the glaciers retreated from Britain about 10,000 years ago, Stone-Age men started to inhabit the isles. The early Britons came across the land bridge which joined Britain to the continent. They were cave-dwellers at first. This way of life was replaced by the invaders from the Mediterranean lands. These men were the first farmers. In about 500 BC came the people whose homeland was near the Rhine River. These were the Celts. The Roman invasion began in 43AD. The Romans were highly organized conquerors. They built good roads, baths and bridges. The Romans stayed in the British Isles up to the 5th century. The remarkable thing about the Romans is that, despite their long occupation of Britain, they left very little behind. Most of the villas and temples the impressive network of roads and the cities they founded, including Londinium,
Old English Literature (449-1066) (Anglo Saxon) The Early Settlers · The Celts - river and town names, lifestyle primitive and crude(tahumatu) · Julius Caesar 55 B.C - the Romans for more than 300 years · 449 A.D - Jutes, Angles, Saxons - Germanic origin · Angle-land=England · Engleish, later Anglo-Saxon = Old English Literature · British literature begun in oral - by minstrels (laulik/poeet) · songs and poems of heroes · highest human qualities =bravery, honour, and loyalty to one's lord
from different kinds of plants and animals to those special ones found in the woods of England. Another important change was connected with moving around. An island has water surrounding it, so temporarily changing homes is not possible even if the northern part is too cold to live and the southern too warm. The inhabitants were cut off from any tribes that could support them and therefore had to survive on their own. As for more, soon invaders began to change the native population. The Celts, the Romans, the Vikings, then the Normandians all wanted to live somewhere, gain power and finally, settle down. Since they were not the first ones to live in England, it was a little bit easier for them to adopt the new land, yet none of their rule lasted long enough to defeat British nature from toe to top. Even now some parts of England have inhabitants whose distant relatives and great-great-great...parents origin from the first ones to ever settle down on the island.
group of people called the Iberians. These Stone Age people lived in limestone caves, used stone axes and bones as tools. Later groups of people from what are now Germany, the Netherlands and France also settled there. During the Bronze Age they mined tin, gold and copper and made bronze tools. The descendants of the Iberians are thought to have built spectacular megaliths including the world-famous Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. The Celts invaded the British Isles in the 5th century BC. One of the Celtic tribes was called the Brythons from whom the name Britain derived. The Celts were miners, traders and cattle farmers. They brought the knowledge of smelting iron with them. The Celtic language still lives in the Welsh language. While the Celts were still living in tribes, the Romans were the most powerful people in the world. The already a common law system that united the people who
KELDID · Keldid on kultuurilt ja keelelt lähedased indoeuroopa hõimud · Elasid I aastatuhandel eKr Lääne-ja Kesk-Euroopas · Keldi keeled: uelisi ja bretooni · Keldi keelt kõneldakse tänapäeval Iirimaal,Sotimaal,Mani saartel,Walesis ja Bretagne'is · Rahvastik,kultuur ja keel on kõige kauem säilinud Briti saartel,eriti Iirimaal · Hiljem võtsid omaks roomlaste kultuuri, ladina keele · Kunst on säilinud hauamanustes · Esemed on kivist ja metallist (kreeka ja sküüdi mõjuga) · Metallist valmistati põllutööriistu, relvi, kilpe, kaarikuid ja kiivreid, neid kaunistati taim-ja loomornamentidega · Keldid täiendasid atra, leiutasid käsikivi ja vikati · Omapäraks on paelornament-pael, millesse põimuvad loomade või inimeste skemaatilised kujutised · Üks maailma tuntuim muster on keldimuster · See koosneb lõpututest,omavahel põimuvatest joontest,mis moodustavad sümboolseid kujutisi · Keldi perekonnad elasid koos ühes suures...
Anglo-Saxon period Celts-came from Germany,2000-1200BC began to migrate to Britain,spoke Celtic language,were known as Britons,lived in small villages,round wooden huts-mainly farmers-no towns,organised in tribes with a king/queen as a leader,intertribal wars were very common,the Ancient Britons:one of the Celtic tribes living in Britain 4thBC,believed in different gods,governed by a class of priests-druids who had great power. Romans in Britain:55BC came to conquer Britain(Julius Caesar),brought their own civilization,taught Britons to build roads,bridges,houses,baths,temples,protected Britain for several hundred years,4thBC Romans left Britain,43AD Queen Boadicea of Iceni tribe lost their battle with Romans. Who were the next invaders and where did they come from? Anglo-Saxons came from northern Germany,Denmark and northern Holland. What was their lifestyle like?Anglo-Saxons liked fighting,drinking,gambling,life expectancy not very lo...
погода». Она является любимой темой разговора в Англии. В другой шутке говорится: «У нас три вида погоды: Когда дождь идет утром. Когда дождь идет после полудня. Когда льет весь день». 14 UNIT 2 THE CELTS (8TH C. BC – 5TH C. AD) Pre-reading questions Are there any Celtic peoples in Europe at present? Where do you think they live? What territories did they occupy in ancient times? What happened to them? The first real civilization was brought to Britain in the third millennium BC by the Iberians who arrived from the Iberian Peninsula in Southern Europe. The Iberians
· Kõik pealkirjad avaldatud EMI Music Publishing Ltd poolt. · Fotod: Simon Flowler · Konseptuaalne kaanekujundus: Nicky Ryan ja Ebony Ryan · Siselehtede disain ja kujundus: Ebony Ryan ja Roma Ryan · Siselehtede kunstilooming: Roma Ryan and Persia Ryan · Kaane ja siselehtede tootmine: Intro Albumid läbi aegade · Enya (1987) · Watermark (1988) · Shepherd Moons (1991) · The Celts (1992) · The Memory Of Trees (1995) · Paint The Sky With Stars (1997) · A Day Without Rain (2000) · Amarantine (2005) · And Winter Came (2008) · The Fellowship of the Rings - "May it be" and "Aniron" (2002) Minu tõlgendus ja arvamus lugudest 1. Less Than a Pearl 3:44 2. Amarantine 3:13 3. It's in the Rain 4:08 4. If I Could Be Where You Are 4:01 5. The River Sings 2:49 6
own first minister, Carwyn Jones. The country lies within the north temperate zone, and has a changeable, maritime climate. People in Wales speak Welsh and English. Sadly 73% of people say that they have no skills in Welsh. HISTORY! Neanderthals lived in what is now Wales at least 230,000 years ago. Homo sapiens had arrived by about 31,000 BC. The first people from outer world to step their foot on Wales' area were Celts about 1000 BC. The first recorded information about people in Wales is when Romans came in the 48AD. At that time people talked in Celtic language, which later on was evolved to Welsh. When Kingdom of Mercia invaded England it the was the most powerful from 650800. The Welsh people didn't want to surrender so they kept fighting back but they sadly lost their land to this powerful new kingdom. In an effort to defend their new territory in 784 King of Mercia
It is know for its gorgeous landscape, the green hillsides and the rocky coastline. It is green all the year around and film-makers often use the beautiful landscape. The population of the Republic of Ireland is about three and a half million people. There are two official languages English and Gaelic. The Irish are friendly, fun-loveing and also good storytellers. They like music and humour. . The early Celts also believed that winds, storms, rocks, rivers, stones, clouds and the sun were like living beeings.
Every country has its own capital and language. The capital of England is London, the people there are english and the language spoken is English. In scotland live the scots, capital is Edingburg and the languages spoken are English and Scottish. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the people tehre are welsh and the languages spoken are welsh and English. N. Ireland is the home for the Irish, the capital is Belfast and the language is Irish. The first inhabitants were Iberians and Celts who settled on the land and were often at war with each other. In AD 43 Britain was made a Roman province. The romans stayed there for three hundred years. After the romans left came the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Angles gave England its name. The population nowadays is about 60 million people UK lies off the north-west coast of mainland Europe. The climate in UK is generally mild and temperate. The climate is greatly influenced by the surroundig days. It is said you
History of Great Britain Prehistory (55BC) no written records 6th 3rd c. BC the Celts came to British isles hill figures, hill forts, stone circles ( Stonehenge ) RomanBritain (55BC 400AD) Julius Caesar, named the country Albion Hadrian's Wall, villas, roads, the town of Bath The AngloSaxon, Danish and Norman invasions Germanic tribes settled and stayed Anglia Christianity was brought, religion became important, churches were built 8th century = raids by the Vikings and the Danes 1016 1042 : Under Danish rule ( York was the capital )
people called the Iberians. These Stone Age people lived in limestone caves, they used stone axes and fashioned antlers and bones into leather-working tools. Later groups of people from what are now Germany, the Netherlands and Brittany also settled in Briton. During the Bronze Age, they mined tin, gold and copper and made bronze tools. They also probably built the spectacular prehistoric megaliths, such as Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. The Celts invaded the British Isles in the 5th century BC in two waves. The Britons grew wheat and corn, caught fish, and tamed and bred animals. They made coarse cloth for their clothes, learned the art of pottery, made things of wool, metal and copper, and were good warriors. They traded with the Gauls and built many temples and altars. The Celts brought with them a knowledge of smelting iron, which produced stronger weapons than the bronze ones. They had a
Celtic Britain was during the Bronze Age, there were many small tribal kingdoms fighting one another. Many megalithic monuments were built around that time, e.g. Stonehenge, the Avebury ring. The Roman Invasion 55-54 BC, Julius Caesar ruled Rome, Rome built the Hadrian's wall (73 miles long, built in 121 127 AD) against the Picts and Scots, bits have survived till today. The Romans bring along the Christian faith The beginning of Christianization of the Celts. The Romans withdrew their forces together with the fall of the Roman empire. Anglo Saxon Invasion 5th 6th century AD. Germanic tribes from Scandinavia: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes settle in what today is known as England and force the Celtic tribes to move to Scotland, Ireland, Wales. The Angles settled in Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia; The Saxons in Essex, Sussex, Wessex and the Jutes in Kent. 569 AD Pope Gregory the great sends missionaries led by St
Bloody Mary, Loch Ness, Scottish fought for their independence a lot, "Braveheart", Sean Connery, bagpipes, kilts, 12. Where are the British monarchs crowned? What else do you know about this building? They are all, since William the Conqueror, crowned in Westminster Abbey. They tribute British heroes there and also bury them. 13. Name all the invaders of Britain in the right order (starting with the first ones). Beaker Folk, the Celts, the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons + Jutes, the Vikings, the Normans 14. Write about 3 British sightseeing places (outside London) and mention why they are worth visiting. The Windsor Castle because that's one of the main locations for the Royal Family, Loch Ness because of the monster that's supposed to live there and 15. What do you know about the Highland Games? It's a Scottish tradition to celebrate both Scottish and Celtic inheritance with games
Kingdom. Other important rivers are the Trent, the Mersey, the Tyne, etc. Lough Neagh which lies in the centre of Northern Ireland is thr UK's largest freshwater lake. The climate in the UK is variable. The weather changes so frequently that it is difficult to forecast. It is not unusual for people to complain that the weathermen were wrong. Fortunately there is no extreme weather conditions, it is never very cold or very hot. The first inhabitants were Iberians and Celts who settled on the land and were often at war with each other. In AD 43 the Roman Emperor Claudius invaded, and made Britain a Roman province. They stayed for three hundred years, and built villas, roads and towns. Many Roman remains can be visited in Britain today. The Romans finally abandoned Britain in AD 410 and a long period of invasion by Nordic peoples (from northern Germany and Scandinavia) started. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes
and numerous iconic landmarks such as the Houses of Parliament, Towe Bridge, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey and the London Eye. 2. History Although there is some evidence of a permanent settlement before the Romans came in 43 A.D., it is more accepted by historians that the Romans were the first. The settlement was called Londinium. The first London lasted for just seventeen years, for around AD 61, a tribe of Celts led by Queen Boudica stormed London, burning it to the ground. The next heavily-planned London prospered and surpassed Colchester (another major city at the time) as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of about 60,000. However, by the 3 rd century, the city fell into a decline due to trouble in the Roman Empire and by the 5th century, it was largely abandoned. But, under the control of
Stonehenge One of the best known ancient wonders of the world, 5000 years old Megalith monument, built by western mediterraneans during 3000-1600 BC Circular structure, large standing stones, aligned with rising sun at teh solstice Attlers and bones were sued to dig pits that hold the stones The Celts in Britain and their legacy 700-200 BC celts invade Britain Gaels or Goehls(Ireland and Scotland),Cymri(Wales) and Brythons(gave name to Brittany) Fierce fighters,superb horsemen.Most of them farmers, lived in thatched houses Good at art, craftmanship, used iron Divided into tribes, ruled by kings, only in face of danger would they choose a single leader Legacy- hill-forts, farms, churches, field system, woodland, pasture, weapons, iron objects, langugae, culture Caesar in Britain
If it does snow heavily in other parts of Britain, the country often comes to a standstill. Trains, buses and planes are late. Contrary to popular opinion, it doesn't rain all the time. There is certainly steady rainfall throughout most of the year, but the months from September to January are the wettest. Thanks to the rain Britain has a richly fertile countryside which is famous for its deep green colour. History The first inhabitants were Iberians and Celts who settled on the land and were often at war with eaeh other. In AD 43 the Roman Emperor Claudius invaded, and made Britain a Roman province. Julius Caesar had previously visited Britain to have a look around. The Romans stayed for three hundred years, and built villas, roads and towns. Many Roman remains can be visited in Britain today. Later, Christian missionaries ca me from other parts of the Roman Empire to bring Christianity to the people.
AJ2: keskaeg ja varauusaeg c 10 klassi ajalootund arvutiklassis NB!Tunni lõpus peaksite teadma iseloomustada (ajalised piirid, märksõnad) a) keltide aega Inglismaal b) Rooma mõju Inglismaa ajaloole c) anglosakside vallutusi d) viikingite vallutusretki e) normandlaste vallutusi f) Inglismaa kõrgkeskajal Rõhutaksin mõningaid teadmisi, mis antud teema puhul on oluline meelde tuletada. · Keskaeg Keskaeg on periood Euroopa ajaloos vahemikus 5.-15. sajand. Kõik need ligi tuhat aastat pole ühtlane periood. Väga selgelt eristuvad keskaja esimesed sajandid (5.-10. sajand), seda perioodi nimetatakse varakeskajaks. Varakeskajal oli Lääne-Euroopas Suure rahvasterändamise (4.-6. sajand) tulemusena väga suured muutused: kujunesid uued riigid, linnad olid hävinud, kaubandus seiskunud jms. Nii et kui...
The English Channel (and best known: the Strait of Dover) separate Britain from mainland Europe and its closest neighboring country France. 3. History Great Britain has a long and interesting history stretching back millennia's. The Iberians brought their metal working skills and the first real civilization to Britain in the 3rd millennium B.C. And were then overrun by the various Celtic tribes that begun in the 8th century B.C. The Celts introduced the tribal organization and an early form of agriculture before they were forced westwards to Cornwall, where the Celtic language still exists in different forms, by the Roman invasion begun in 43. AD. The Romans ruled Britain for over two hundred years and left behind three things of importance: their roads, the sights of important cities notably London, and the seeds of Christianity. The Latin way of life villas, arts, language and political organization all vanished,
tõene ning meie ratsionaalne meel vaimselt valgustunud. Üks selle loo ning Keltide rikka traditsiooni üleskutseks on kinnitus, et vaimsed õpetajad, Tarkuse Lõhe, on alati elu ''jõgedes'' kohal olnud ja on kättesaadev meie tõenälja rahuldamiseks; või, nagu Platoni filosoofid võiks öelda, on saadaval olev, et tuua pinnale ärkamise ideed, mis jumalate poolt primitiivse inimkonna meelde istutatud. BIBLIOGRAAFIA MacCulloch, J. A., The Religion of the Ancient Celts, T. and T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1911. MacManus, anus, Seumas, The Story of the Irish Race, Devin-Adair Devin Adair Company, New York, 1921. Markale, J., Celtic Civilization, Gordon and Cremonesi, London, 1978. Rees, Alwyn and Rees, Brinley, Celtic Heritage: Ancient Tradition in Ireland and Wales, Thames and Hudson, London, 1961. Spence, Lewis, The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain, Rider, London, n.d.
States, OECD, NATO, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the eurozone and the Schengen Agreement. II. Early History THE BEGINNING OF PORTUGAL The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. The name of Portugal derives from the Roman name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia (both part of Hispania), after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and
1. Ancient Britain: the Celtic tribes. 2000 years ago there was an Iron Age Celtic culture throughout the Br Isles. It seems that the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe from the 8th cent BC onward, intermingled with the peoples who were already there. The Celts were extremely talented people, creative and artistic. More than 1 Celtic tribe invaded Br. The descendants of ancient Celts live in Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and Ireland. They lived in primitive society. Druids priests, more powerful than chiefs. Acted like prophets. 2. Stonehenge From prehistoric period. Was built on Salisbury plain between 2500 and 1500 bc. One of the most famous and mysterious archaeological sites in the world. One of the mysteries is how it was built at all with the technology of the time. Another is its purpose. It appears to function as a kind on
Romans were highly developed and had their own language latin, which has also greatly influenced English. The military occupation of the Isles ended in 410 AD. The Romans eventually brought Christianity to Britain. Hadrian's wall on the border of Scotland and England. It began construction in 122 AD. An Anglo-Saxon attack on Rome forced the Romans to leave The British Isles. They were replaced by Germanic tribes Angles, Jutes and Saxons, who drove the Celts to the north (Scotland) and west (Wales). They came from the North and Baltic Seas. Along with them came their dialects, which constitute the basis for Old English. Around 4500 words are still used today. They also had their own religion and Germanic gods. Their names are still used today: Freya Friday, Thor Thursday, Angle-land England. The Anglo-Saxons divided the cuntry into small warring kingdoms Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Kent, East Anglia
Newfoundland, New Zealand, South Africa were the British colonies that became dominions. They were given "responsible government" and became part of the Commonwealth. The Head of State was the British monarch. Nowadays, the word "dominion" is not used. 6. The British Commonwealth of Nations freely unites Britain and its former colonies. Ireland 1. The first inhabitants were hunters and fishers from the European mainland in 6000 BC. In 200 BC, the Celts arrived. 2. Christianity was established during the 5th century by Saint Patrick, who is also Ireland's patron saint. His feast day is on 17th of March, the day he died. 3. The English conquest of Ireland began in the 12th century by Henry II. 4. King James I settled English and Scottish Protestants in the province of Ulster. This has resulted in conflicts between the Irish Catholics and the "planted" Protestants. 5
And "palmers" to seek foreign shores To distant shrines could in various lands. And especially from every counties end Of England to Canterbury they turn The holy blessed martyr to seek That them has helped when they were ill. n). Two types of Celtic loan words were likely targets of permanent Anglo-Saxon adaptation before the Norman Conquest: Toponyms or place-names. For instance, Cornwall, Carlisle, Avon, Devon, Dover, London are originally Celtic names. Latin words the Celts borrowed from Rome, which were in turn borrowed by the Anglo-Saxon invaders--including words like candle and ass. 1066 the Battle of Hastings-During the next century approximately 200 000 Normans settled in Britain. (Norman) French was prestigious. Ample borrowing. Otto Jespersen: "The Norman invasion broke the proud Teutonic backbone of the English language" From now on, English open to loanwords Flower, forest, valley, river*, face-norman french loans
It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society was divided
TARTU ÜLIKOOLI USUTEADUSKOND Looduse idee keldi vaimsuses Teoloogia ajaloo eksamitöö Kristi Mänd RA AÜ 2.mag [Tallinn 2010] Õppejõud: Anne Kull 2 Sisukord Sissejuhatus.............................................................................................................3 1. Kes olid keldid?....................................................................................................5 1.1 Keltide geograafiline pärinemine........................................................................5 1.2 Keltide iseloomustus...........................................................................................6 1.3 Sugudevaheline võrdsus keltidel............
Britain History Pre-Norman Britain The Iberians brought their metal-working skills and the first real civilization to Britain in the third millennium B.C and were overrun by various Celtic invasions that began in the 8th century. The Celts introduced their tribal organization and an early form of agriculture before they were forced westward by the Roman invasion. Forms of Celtic language are still spoken in Britain. Romans (with Julius Caesar in the head of them) first tried to occupy Britain in 55 B.C., but there was a rebellion in Gaul so they had to leave to fight against it. Next time they came in 43 A.D. and their leader was Emperor Claudius. Romans brought a lot with them.
The number of religious houses grew enormously. Many men & women wanted to be monks & nuns. The reason was economic difficulties. At the end of the 12th cent. there had been sharp rise in prices. Monasteries became centres of wealth & learning. Priests couldn't be married any longer. A new movement, the ,,brotherhood" of friars, wandering preachers, appeared. They were not interested in church power, but in the souls of ordinary people. Dealing with the Celts. William I had allowed his lords to win land in Wales. These Normans built castles, mixed with the Welsh. It was a new class, mixture of Norman & Welsh rulers who spoke Norman French & Welsh but not English. They became vassals of the English king. The Welsh who lived around Snowdon were free from English rule. They were led by Llywelyn ap Gruffyd, who tried to be independent. Ed I was determined to bring Wales completely under his control. The English army invaded Wales in 1277
At Halloween people have parties and play Halloween games. One of the most popular games is ,,bobbing for apples". Americans like to dress up in costumes and go trick-or-treating. If grownups refuse to supply a treat, the children may play a trick. The typical tricks are: soaping windows, turning over dustbins and sticking pins into doorbells to keep them ringing. This celebration goes back to hundreds of years, to the Celtic times when it was a pagan festival. The Celts worshipped gods of nature. Every year on October 31, the last day of the year in the old pagan calendar, the Druids built huge bonfires to scare away the demons of evil and death. They dressed up so that the demons would think that they were one of them and do them no harm. They thought that this evening ghosts arose from their graves and witches flew through the air. From that Celtic festival comes the custom to dress up and the symbols of Halloween: ghosts,
23,000 – 24,000 items. Only about 3 % are of non- Germanic origin. Etymologically homogeneous. 65-85% of the Old English (OE) vocabulary has been lost 4. Latin borrowings From 43 AD to 410 AD Britain was a province of the Roman Empire. Celts in Britain when the Germanic tribes arrived were speakers of both Celtic and Latin. There may also have been contacts with the continent after the Germanic settlement of Britain. continental borrowings Latin (continental): cheap, pepper, street, mile, butter, cheese, wine, inch, ounce, pound, kitchen, plum, cup, dish, mint castrum ‘a Roman encampment or fortress’
VIIKINGID KUI KULTUURIKANDJAD Referaat Koostaja: Juhendaja: 2009 2 Sisukord 1 Viikingite päritolu ja üldine tegevus ..................................................................4 2 Viikingite keelekasutus ning ruunid ................................................................. 5 2.1 Viikingite sõnad ............................................................................. 5 2.2 Viikingite laulud .............................................................................. 5 2.3 Kenningid .....................................................................................6 2.4 Ruunide maagia ..............................................................................6 2.5 Ruunikivid .....................................................................................7 3 Viikingite laevad ...........
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