TOPICS FOR SPEAKING (0)

TOPICS FOR SPEAKING
CYLINDER FRAME
The cylinder section of the engine consists of a number of cylinder blocks , which are tightened together with the engine frame and the bedplate by means of through - going stay bolts.
Two central bores, one at the top and one halfway down inside the cylinder block, enclose the cylinder liner . The upper part of the cylinder block forms part of the cooling water space around the central part of the cylinder liner, whereas the lower part forms the scavenge air space. A central bore in the bottom of the cylinder block encloses the piston rod stuffing box. The bottom is double with a hollow space through which cooling water is circulated.
On the exhaust side of the cylinder block there is a circular opening leading into the longitudinal scavenge air receiver of the engine. Furthermore , there is an inlet pipe for cooling and lubricating oil. The cylinder block is provided with cleaning and inspection covers for the cooling water and scavenge air spaces.

VOCABULARY

tighten – tihendama, pingutama – уплотнять, затягивать
stay bolt – ankrupolt – анкерная связь
bore – ava; puurima – отверстие; сверлить
enclose – ümbritsema – замыкать; окружать
form – moodustama – образовывать
cooling water space – jahutusvee ruum – пространство охлаждающей воды
whereas – kuna; kuna aga – в то время как
scavenge air space – läbipuheõhu ruum (kolvialune ruum) – пространство продувочного воздуха
piston rod stuffing box – kolvisääre tihendikarp ( tihend ) – сальник поршневого штока
double – kahekordne – двойной
hollow space – õõnsus – полое пространство
exhaust side – väljalaske pool – выпускная сторона
furthermore – pealegi – кроме того
longitudinal – piki- – продольный
cooling oil – jahutusõli – охлаждающее масло
CYLINDER LINER
Liners are cast in pearlitic grey cast iron . Chromium plating of the internal surface can be carried out to reduce wear and corrosion. Chrome plated liners have extended life but the initial cost is greater .
The upper end of the liner forms a flange to support it. The liner thickness must give strength to resist the internal gas load . Thickness may be reduced towards the lower end where pressures and temperatures are less.
In the two- stroke engine (MAN B&W) the upper part of the cylinder liner is surrounded by a cooling jacket between the cylinder cover and the cylinder block. The cooling water is led through water transitions from the cylinder block to the lower part of the cooling jacket. The water continues from the upper part of the cooling jacket through water connections to the cylinder cover. The cooling jacket is sealed by means of rubber rings located in grooves in the cylinder liner. The cooling jacket is furthermore provided with bores through which the cylinder cover studs are fitted.
The cylinder liner is tightened against the top of the cylinder block by the cylinder cover and is guided by the bore halfway down inside the block, so that it can expand freely downwards when heated during the running of the engine. Sealing against leakage of cooling water and scavenge air is obtained by means of four silicon rubber rings located in grooves in the guide of the cylinder liner – two for cooling water and two for scavenge air.
The part of the cylinder liner which is uppermost in the scavenge air space is provided with a number of scavenge air ports . They are bored at an oblique angle to the axis of the cylinder liner so as to give the scavenge air a rotary movement .
In the free part of the cylinder liner, between the cooling jacket and the cylinder block, there are a number of bores with non- return valves for supply of lubricating oil to the cylinder. On the working surface of the cylinder the bores are connected with zigzagging lubricating grooves to ensure an even distribution of the oil.
Each cylinder block is fitted with a cylinder lubricator incorporating a number of oil pumps. The number of the oil pumps corresponds to the number of lubricating orifices in the cylinder liner.

VOCABULARY

pearlitic grey cast iron – perliitne hallmalm – перлитный серый чугун
chromium plating – kroomkate – хромовое покрытие
internal surface – sisepind – внутренняя поверхность
carry out – teostama ; täide viima – выполнять
reduce – vähendama; alandama – уменьшить, понижать
wear – kulumine – износ, изнашивание
corrosion – сorrosioon; roostetamine – коррозия, ржавление
flange – äärik – фланец
thickness – paksus – толщина
strength – jõud; tugevus – сила, прочность
resist – vastu seisma – сопротивляться
load – koormus (rõhk) – нагрузка
surround – ümbritsema – окружать
cooling jacket – jahutussärk – охлаждающая рубашка
water transition – vee üleminek – водяной переходник
water connection – vee ühendus – водяное соединение
seal – tihend; tihendama – уплотнение, сальник; уплонять
rubber – kummi- – резиновый
ring – rõngas – уплотнительное кольцо
groove – soon – канавка
provide with – varustama – снабжать
stud – tikkpolt – шпилька, распорка
fit – monteerima – монтировать, устанавливать
guide – juhtosa; juhtima – направляющая; направлять
expand – paisuma – расширяться
heat – soojus ; kuumutama – тепло; нагревать
running – (masina)käik; töö – ход; работа (машины)
leakage – lekkimine; leke – утечка
obtain – saavutama – получать; достигать
scavenge air ports – läbipuheaknad – продувочные окна
oblique angle – tangensi nurk – тангенциальный угол
axis – telg; telgjoon – ось
rotary movement – pöörlev liikumine – вращательное движение
non-return valve – tagasilöögiklapp – невозвратный клапан
ensure – kindlustama – обеспечивать
even distribution – ühtlane jaotamine, jagunemine – равномерное распределение
lubricator – määrdeseadis; lubrikaator – лубрикатор
correspond – vastavuses olema – соответствовать
orifice – ava – отверстие
CYLINDER COVER
The cylinder cover is made of steel and has a central bore for the exhaust valve, which is attached by means of four studs. The cover furthermore has bores for the fuel valves, which are mounted by means of spring housings with disc springs under the nuts of the studs. Other bores have been provided for starting valve, starting air inlet, safety valve and indicator cock .
A ring is welded underside of the cylinder cover whereby a cooling water space is formed . Another cooling water space is formed around the exhaust valve seat . These two spaces communicate through a large number of radial cooling bores.
The cooling water is supplied from the upper part of the cooling jacket surrounding the cylinder liner and passes through water transitions and bores in the cover to the space underside the cylinder cover. From here the water is led through the cooling bores to the space around the exhaust valve seat and continues through the bores and water transitions to the exhaust valve and outlet pipe.
Tightening between cylinder cover and cylinder liner is obtained by means of a sealing ring, made of mild steel.
The cylinder cover is tightened against the top of the cylinder liner by means of studs fitted in the cylinder block. On top of the cylinder cover a steel ring is located incorporating a hydraulic tightening device .
The hydraulic ring and the cylinder cover are provided with 4 threaded holes for eye bolts, by means of which either the ring or the cover with the ring can be lifted away . However , the ring is not usually to be separated from the cylinder cover.
VOCABULARY
exhaust valve – väljalaskeklapp – выпускной клапан
fuel valve – pihusti – форсунка
spring housing – vedrukorpus – корпус пружины
disc spring – taldrikvedru – тарельчатая пружина
starting valve – käivitusklapp – пусковой клапан
starting air inlet – käivitusõhu sisselase/sisselaskeava – впускное отверстие пускового воздуха
safety valve – kaitseklapp – предохранительный клапан
indicator cock – indikaatorikraan – индикаторный кран
exhaust valve seat – väljalaskeklapi pesa – седло выпускного клапана
lead (led, led) – juhtima – проводить
outlet pipe – väljalasketoru – выпускная труба, выхлопная труба
mild steel – pehme teras – мягкая сталь
tightening device – kinnitusseade – затягивающее устройство
separate – eraldama , separeerima – отделять, сепарировать
PISTON AND PISTON ROD
The piston consists of two main parts: piston crown and piston skirt.
The piston crown is tightened to the upper end of the piston rod by means of screws. The piston skirt is tightened to the piston crown by means of screws.
The piston crown is made of heat-resistant steel and the piston skirt is of cast iron.
The piston crown is provided with chromium-plated grooves for four piston rings. All the piston rings have oblique cuts – two have right- hand , and two have left -hand cuts. At the top, the piston crown has a groove for the fitting of lifting tool .
The piston rod, forged of steel, has a through-going bore for the cooling oil pipe, which is secured to the piston rod top. Cooling oil is supplied through a telescopic pipe to the crosshead, then passed through a bore in the foot of the piston rod and on through the cooling oil pipe in the piston rod to the piston crown. The oil is passed on through a number of bores in the piston crown and to the space around the cooling oil pipe in the piston rod. From the bore in the piston rod foot, the oil is led through the crosshead to a discharge pipe and to a slotted pipe inside the engine frame as well as through a control device for checking the flow.
The piston rod foot rests on the crosshead and is secured to it by means of four screws.
VOCABULARY
piston crown – kolvipea – головка поршня
piston skirt – kolvihõlm, kolvi juhtpind – юбка поршня
screw – kruvi, polt; kruvima – винт, шуруп, болт; ввинчивать
heat-resistant – kuumus-, kuumakindel – жаростойкий, жаропрочный
piston ring – kolvirõngas – поршневое кольцо
cut – lukk – замок
forge – sepistama – ковать
telescopic pipe – teleskooptoru – телескопическая труба
piston rod foot – kolvisääre tald – пятка штока поршня
discharge pipe – äravoolutoru – спускная труба
slotted pipe – väljalõikega toru – разрезная труба
flow – vool, voolus – течение, поток

PISTON ROD STUFFING BOX

The bore for the piston rod in the bottom of the scavenge air box is fitted with a piston rod stuffing box, which is designed to prevent the lubricating oil in the crankcase from being drawn up into the scavenge air space. The stuffing box also prevents scavenge air from leaking into the crankcase.
The stuffing box is mounted on a flange which is bolted to the underside of the double bottom of the scavenge air box. The stuffing box is removed together with the piston rod during piston inspection, but can also be dismantled for inspection in the crankcase while the piston remains mounted in the engine.
The stuffing box housing consists of two parts, which are bolted together. The housing is provided with seven ring grooves, the three uppermost of which are fitted with sealing rings to prevent scavenge air from passing downwards along the piston rod. The uppermost of these sealing rings is a combined sealing and scraper ring. It prevents sludge from the scavenge box from being drawn to the other sealing rings.
The four lowermost ring grooves are fitted with scraper rings, which scrape the lubricating oil off the piston rod. From the three lowermost grooves the oil is returned to the crankcase, through bores in the stuffing box housing.

VOCABULARY

prevent – takistama; vältima – препятствовать; предотвращать
scraper ring – õlirõngas – маслосъемное кольцо
scrape – kraapima , kratsima – скрести

CROSSHEAD WITH CONNECTING ROD

The connecting rod connects the top and bottom end bearings and converts the reciprocating forces on the piston into rotating power in the crankshaft .
The connecting rod is made of forged steel and provided with bearing caps of nodular iron for the crosshead bearing and crankpin bearing.
An oil hole is bored through the center of the rod to allow passage of lubricating oil between the bearings.
The crosshead bearing transmits the full gas load from the piston to the connecting rod and crankshaft. The crosshead is designed as a center part with a bearing journal fitted at each end, on which the guide shoes are fitted. The crosshead bearing cap is provided with a cutout for assembling the piston rod with the crosshead. The crosshead bearing is provided with bearing shells, which are lined with a white metal layer .
The piston rod is fitted into a groove in the top of the crosshead and secured by means of four screws.
A bracket on the crosshead supports the telescopic pipe, which supplies lubricating and cooling oil to the crosshead, crankpin and piston. The outlet pipe is fitted to the opposite end of the crosshead. The outlet pipe slides within a slotted pipe inside the engine frame, and from there the oil is led through a control device for the purpose of checking the temperature and flow before the oil is passed on to the double-bottom tank .
The crosshead block is provided with bores for distributing the oil supplied through the telescopic pipe, partly as cooling oil for the piston, partly as lubricating oil for the crosshead bearing and guide shoes and – through a bore in the connecting rod – for lubricating the crankpin bearing.
The crosshead bearing is tightened together by means of four studs each having a double set of nuts, with a locking plate between the nuts.
The crankpin bearing is fitted with bearing shells lined with white metal and assembled in the same manner as the crosshead bearing.

VOCABULARY

bearing cap – laagrikaas – крышка подшипника
crosshead bearing – ristpealaager – крейцкопфный подшипник
crankpin bearing – kepsulaager – подшипник шатуна, шатунный подшипник
bearing journal – laagrikael – шейка подшипника
guide shoe – liugur – ползун
shell – liud – вкладыш
line – vooderdama – облицовывать, футеровать
white metal – babiit – белый металл, баббит
bracket – põlvik; toend, nõjas, kronstein; konsool; braket – кница; кронштейн; консоль; бракет
control device – kontrollseade – контрольное устройство
locking plate – ketiluku riiv (mootorrattal) – зажимная или запирающая пластинка
CRANKSHAFT
The crankshaft is semi- built , i.e. the parts are either shrunk or welded.
The crankshaft consists of a number of cranks or throws, which are rotated by piston forces transmitted through the connecting rods and bottom end bearings. Every crank is made up of two webs joined by a common crankpin to which the bottom end bearing is fitted. Each web is also connected to a journal to form part of a continuous shaft. A main bearing will support the shaft at each journal.
The main bearings are lubricated via a main lubricating oil pipe that branches off to the individual bearings, whereas oil for lubricating the crankpin bearings is supplied from the crossheads through bores in the connecting rods.
At the aftmost end of the crankshaft a turning wheel is fitted. Furthermore, the crankshaft is provided with a thrust collar , on which a chain wheel for the camshaft drive is fitted.
The thrust bearing serves the purpose of transmitting the axial thrust of the propeller through propeller shaft and intermediate shafts to the ship 's hull. The crankshaft is provided with a thrust collar, which transmits the thrust to a number of segments mounted in a thrust shoe on either side of the thrust collar. The thrust shoes are held in place by means of two crossbars. The thrust bearing is lubricated from the low pressure lubrication system of the engine.
The turning gear is attached to the engine bedplate and is driven by an electric geared motor. Through a worm gearing and a planetary gearing, the geared motor drives a horizontal shaft equipped with a gear wheel which can be axially displaced by means of a hand wheel, so that to engage with the turning wheel of the engine.

VOCABULARY

semi-built – kokkupandud, kokkupandav – составной
shrink (shrank, shrunk) – kuumpressima (otsa asetama) – насадить в
горячем состоянии
crank/ throw – vänt – кривошип
web – vända õlg – плечо кривошипа
crankpin – kepsukael; vändatapp – шатунная шейка; палец кривошипа
crank journal – väntvõlli kael – шейка коленчатого вала
branch – hargnema, harunema – разветвляться
turning wheel – veetav ratas – ведомое колесо
thrust collar – tugikrae – упорный гребень
chain wheel – ketiratas – цепное колесо, звездочка
camshaft drive – nukkvõlliajam – привод распредвала
thrust bearing – tugilaager – упорный подшипник
axial thrust – tõuge; aksiaalkormus – упор, осевая нагрузка
propeller – laevakruvi, sõukruvi – гребной винт
intermediate shaft – vahevõll – промежуточный вал
shoe – klots ; tald; padi – колодка; башмак; подушка
crossbar – põikpuu – поперечина; распорка
worm gearing – tiguülekanne; tiguajam – червячная передача; червячный привод
planetary gearing – planetaarajam – планетарная передача
gear wheel – hammasratas – зубчатое колесо, шестерня
hand wheel – käsiratas – ручное колесо
CAMSHAFT
A camshaft is necessary to operate the valves and fuel pumps. Each valve or pump is actuated by a cam follower, which rises or falls as the cam rotates beneath it.
The camshaft is built together of a number of camshaft sections. The sections are assembled by means of flange couplings, which are joined together with bolts and nuts.
Furthermore, the camshaft sections have, for each cylinder, one cam for operation of the fuel pump, one for the exhaust valve, and one for the indicator drive. The cam for the indicator drive is in two parts, which are assembled by means of two bolts, whereas the coupling flanges and the fuel pump and exhaust valve cams are shrunk onto the shaft by heating.
The camshaft is carried in underslung bearings, which are fitted in the housing between the cam discs for fuel pump and exhaust valve. The bearings are of the shell type.
The camshaft with cams is driven from the crankshaft through a chain drive. The chain drive consists of two identical roller chains running on chain wheels fitted on the crankshaft and the camshaft.
VOCABULARY
actuate – käivitama, käima panema – приводить в действие
cam – nukkseib – кулачок
follower – tõukur – толкатель
flange coupling – äärikliide; ääriksidur – фланцевая соединительная муфта
indicator drive – indikaatorajam – индикаторный привод
chain drive – kettajam – цепной привод
STARTING SYSTEM
Fig. shows a starting system for a large two-stroke engine.
Clean , dry, compressed air at starting pressure (30 bar) is stored and supplied to the system from air receivers (1).
The main starting valve (2) is interposed in the starting air main pipe and operated by a pneumatic actuator. Furthermore, a non-return valve (3) is incorporated , which prevents blowback in the event of excessive pressure in the starting air line. When the main starting valve is open , air passes through a non-return valve and flame arrester (4) to the main manifold (5) supplying pressure to the cylinder starting valves (6), one of which is fitted to each cylinder of the engine.
The starting air distributor or timing distributor (7) is fitted at the end of the camshaft, and is driven directly from the camshaft. Cylinder starting valves are opened when operating air, transmitted from the distributor, applies pressure to the larger operating piston (10) on the valve spindle (11). As the valve is forced open, starting air from the manifold enters the cylinder, applying pressure on the piston and causing the engine to rotate . To close the cylinder valves the connection from the distributor is opened to atmosphere, allowing the spring (12) to close the valve.
If the engine has been stopped for 30 minutes or more, it is advisable to slow- turn the engine. On large engines a slow-turning valve (8) bypasses the main starting valve and will supply just enough air to rotate the engine slowly.
Excessive pressure in the starting air system is released by the safety valve (9), incorporated in the line.
FUEL OIL SYSTEM
The fuel oil is normally stored in the bottom tanks of the ship. The bottom tanks are provided with filling and discharge pipes. As a rule , bunker oils are delivered at a temperature of 50-60ºC in order to make pumping easier. The bottom tanks are provided with sounding equipment for checking the amount of oil in the tanks. Sounding can always be carried out by using a dipstick.
If the engine uses heavy fuel oil, the bottom tanks must have heating coils, because the viscosity of the oil is often so high that the transfer pump is unable to suck the oil up from the tanks.
The transfer pump which can, for example, be a gear pump or a screw pump, sucks fuel oil through a coarse filter and feeds it to one of two settling tanks. The fuel oil is heated in the settling tanks up to 80 - 90º C to allow some water and sludge to settle out by gravity and be drained off.
The fuel is then passed through the purification system and discharged to a service tank. Two centrifuges are required to be used in a large engine. The first acts as a purifier to remove water, soluble, sludge etc while the second acts as a clarifier to remove solids.
From the service tank the oil flows to one of the electrically driven booster pumps. From there it is fed through the preheater, and the fine filter to the engine fuel pumps.

LUBRICATING SYSTEM

When two solids are in contact and move in relation to each other, there arises a resistance to this movement known as friction , i.e. a force is created which attempts to prevent such movement. The frictional resistance can be reduced considerably when a fluid layer is introduced between the two surfaces moving against each other.
Correct lubricating of any engine is necessary for satisfactory operation, in that the supply of lubricating oil serves the following purposes .
1. Lubrication of bearings, cylinders, piston rings and other moving parts of the engine.
2. Neutralization of the acids that are formed in the combustion of sulphur-containing fuel oils.
3. Cooling of bearings and pistons.
4. Keeping the inside of the engine clean.
5. Transport of impurities such as dust, rust , water, combustion products etc, away from the engine to filters and separators.
The lubricating oil system for a diesel engine is shown schematically in the figure . Used oil drains to the bottom of the crankcase and passes through strainers by gravity to the drain tank. A pump (5) sucks oil from a lubricating oil drain tank (3), which in large engines is most often a bottom tank below the main engine. It is fitted with an air vent , level measuring gauge and sounding pipe. To reduce the possibility of contamination of the lubricating oil in the bottom tank as a result of leaks, all the remaining bottom tanks containing, for example, fresh water, seawater or fuel oil, can be separated from the lubricating oil bottom tank by coffer-dams (2). To safeguard the pump, a course filter (4) is inserted between the pump and the bottom tank. The pump forces the oil a through lubricating oil cooler (6) and filters (7) to the main engine (1) where the oil is distributed to bearings and pistons.
TURBOCHARGE SYSTEM
Most modern engines are turbocharged to increase the power output and efficiency. The efficiency of the system is increased by fitting a charge air cooler after the compressor.
Exhaust gas from the cylinders operates the gas turbine , giving up some of its heat energy to do so. The turbine drives a directly coupled air compressor, which draws air from the atmosphere, compresses it and then cools in the charge air cooler before supplying it to the engine through scavenge ports.
Turbocharger consists of a single stage, axial flow exhaust driven turbine mounted on a common shaft with a centrifugal air compressor. The turbine has a nozzle ring followed by a rotating disc with a single row of turbine blades. Blades and nozzles are manufactured of heat resisting steel or nickel alloy. The air compressor consists of a radial flow impeller disc together with an inducer, both of aluminium alloy.
Compression will raise the air temperature and a charge air cooler is fitted to reduce the temperature of the air between the turbocharger and the engine inlet manifold. The cooler consists of a tube stack of aluminium brass tubes rolled and solder-bonded into two brass tube plates . Cast iron water boxes attached to the tube plates and allow salt water circulation within the tubes to make two passes.
MEASURING TOOLS
There are a lot of different tools on board ship, which are used for doing special jobs .
All the tools can be classified as follows:

measuring tools;

cutting tools;

marking tools;

hand tools;

hydraulic tools;

electric tools;

pneumatic tools.
This chapter will describe measuring tools.
Ruler is a long narrow flat piece of hard material with straight edges, marked with inches or millimeters, used for measuring things or for drawing straight lines. The rulers may be made of stainless steel, plastics or wood .
Protractor is used for measuring or laying out angles. It is usually made of celluloid, so that lines can be seen through it, but it can be made of metal and other materials. A protractor is made semi-circular in shape so as to include 180º.
Try Square /Squares are used to scribe, measure and check inside and outside angles, to construct lines at right angles to the edge of a piece of material, to establish points for lines parallel to the edge. They are usually made of tool steel and are provided with heavy base and thin blade . The edges and sides are accurately finished . There are different squares: adjustable square, which consists of three parts with screw hinge, centering square and flange square.
Feeler Gauges are used to measure distances or clearances between two surfaces. They are usually made of hardened steel and provided with conical blades. The length of blades is 100 mm. The number stamped on each blade is the thickness of that particular blade in thousandths of an inch . Radius Gauges are concave and convex gauges for checking raised and recessed curvatures forming part of a circle . Screw Pitch Gauge can be used if there is any doubt as to the number of threads on a bolt, screw, nut, etc. Each blade of finger is stamped with the number of threads cut on it. It may be used either for external and internal measurements.
Vernier Calipers are used for measuring diameters, lengths, depths, and distances. They are usually made of stainless steel, hardened throughout. The two common types of calipers are inside calipers and outside calipers. Outside calipers are used for measuring outside dimensions as, for example, the diameter of a piece of round stock . Inside calipers have inward curving legs for measuring inside diameters, such as the diameters of holes, the distances between two surfaces, the width of slots, etc. Combination caliper rule has jaws designed to make either inside or outside measurements and a needle to measure depths of holes. A depth caliper provided with a narrow blade is used for measuring the depth of holes, slots, keyways and other recesses.
Micrometers are very precise instruments used for measuring. There are two types of micrometers: outside and inside micrometers. The outside micrometer is used for measuring outside dimensions, such as the diameter of a piece of round stock. The inside micrometer is used for measuring inside dimensions, as, for example, the inside diameter of a tube or hole, the bore of a cylinder, etc.

VOCABULARY

measuring tool – mõõteriist – измерительный инструмент
cutting tool – lõikeriist; lõikur; lõiketera – режущий инструмент; резец
marking tool – märkeriist – разметочный инструмент
ruler/rule – joonlaud – линейка измерительная
protractor – protraktor; mall – угломер; протрактор; транспортир
lay out angles – nurki märgistama – отмечать углы
celluloid – tselluloid – целлулоид
semicircular – poolümmargune, poolringjas – полукруглый
scribe – märkima – размечать
inside angle – sisenurk – внутренний угол
right angle – täisnurk – прямой угол
try square/ square –nurgik – угольник
base – alus – основание
finish – õgvendama – выравнивать
feeler gauges – lehtkaliiber, õhunuga – щупы
clearance – lõtk – зазор
blade – plaat – пластина
stamp – stantsima – штамповать
radius gauges – raadiusšabloon – радиусный шаблон
concave – nõgus, sissevajunud – вогнутый, впалый
convex – kumer – выпуклый
calipers – kobisirkel , nihkkaliiber, taster – кронциркуль
vernier caliper – nihik – штангенциркуль
harden – karastama – закалять
inside caliper – sisemõõtur, sisenihik – нутромер
jaws – haarad – измерительные губки
needle – sügavusjoonlaud – линейка глубиномера
depth caliper – sügavusmõõtur, -nihik – штангенглубиномер
keyway – liistusoon – кнопочный паз
micrometer – mikromeeter – микрометр

CUTTING TOOLS

Hacksaw is used for cutting metal. There are two types of hacksaw frames – solid and adjustable. The solid type will only hold one size of blade; the adjustable type can be fitted with different length blades. Blades come in various pitches. The pitch represents the number of teeth per inch. The standard pitches are 14, 18, 24, and 32 teeth per inch. For general purpose work the 18 pitch is used. The 24 pitch is used for cutting thick wall tubing, pipe, copper, brass. The 32 pitch is used for thin wall tubing and sheet metal. Mini-Hacksaw Frame is used for difficult-to-reach positions .
Tubing cutter is used for cutting tubes. The cutting of tubes with a tube cutter is more efficient than cutting with a hacksaw.
Chisels are classified according to their points, the most common being flat, crosscut and pointed nose. Chisels are usually made of octagonal tool steel, carefully hardened and tempered. Flat Cold Chisels are tools used for chopping or cutting cold metal. The size of a flat cold chisel is determined by the width of the cutting edge. Crosscut chisels are usually used for cutting keyways. The pointed chisel is used for cutting ‘V’ grooves and inside sharp angles. When chipping steel, lubricate the chisel point with light machine oil. Don’t use oil on cast iron.
Files are used for cutting, smoothing or removing small amount of metal. They are made in various shapes, cuts of teeth and length. Single cut files are used for sharpening tools and finish filing. Double cut files are used for rough work and removal of metal.
When filing soft metal, small particles of the metal will remain between the file teeth. This will cause the file to scratch the metal that is being worked on. To clean the teeth a file card brush is used. This is a combination wire brush and a bristle brush; the wire side is run across the file teeth and they are then cleaned off with the bristle side. Steel Wire Brushes are used for removing old paint and rust. Terminal brush is a conical brush with wavy steel bristles for cleaning clamps. Inserted card brush is used for cleaning battery posts.
Snips are used for cutting sheet metal or other thin pieces of metal. The straight snips have straight blades and will cut along a straight line. Snips with curved blades for cutting out circular pieces are called circular snips. Never use snips for cutting screws, nails, etc.
Cable knife is provided with fixed straight blade. The back of blade is insulated with plastic for increased safety and rigidity. It is used for cutting cables.

VOCABULARY

hacksaw – rauasaag – ручная ножовка
hacksaw frame – saeraam – станок ножовки; рамка ножовки
solid hacksaw frame – liikumatu kinnituspeaga saeraam – станок ножовки с неподвижной головкой
adjustable hacksaw frame – liikuva kinnituspeaga saeraam – станок ножовки с подвижной головкой
blade – saeleht – ножовочное полотно
tubing cutter – torulõikur – труборез
chisel – peitel; meisel – долото; стамеска; слесарное зубило
temper – karastama – закалять
flat cold chisel – meisel – зубило
chop – rajuma – рубить (металл)
cutting edge – lõikeserv – режущая кромка
crosscut chisel – ristmeisel – крейцмейсель
pointed chisel – soonemeisel – канавочник
chip – hööveldama; tahuma, servama; lihvima – стругать, обтесывать
file – viil – напильник
smooth – poleerima, lihvima, läikima hõõruma, poonima – полировать, шлифовать, лощить
filing – viilimine – опиловка
file card brush – hari – кордовая щетка
wire brush – traathari – проволочная щетка
bristle brush – harjashari – щетинная щетка
rust – rooste – ржавчина
clamp – klamber ; riisk; pitskruvi – зажим; скоба; струбцина
snips – käsikäärid – ножницы по металлу
straight snips – sirged käsikäärid – прямые ножницы
circular snips – kõverate lõiketeradega käsikäärid – кривые ножницы
MARKING TOOLS
Punches are the tools used for a variety of jobs, but the correct punch for the job should always be selected. A center punch is used to make a starting mark for a drill when holes are to be drilled in metal. If the center punch mark is not made, the drill will ‘ walk away’ from the desired center. The center punch point should be taper-ground to an angle of about 90º. Never use a center punch to remove a bolt. Prick punches are generally used for marking centers and lines in layout work. Starting punch has a longer taper. They may be used for knocking out rivets after their heads have been cut off. To start a bolt that is extremely tight, use a starting punch. After a bolt has been loosened or partly driven out, a pin punch can then be used. Both starting punches and pin punches must have flat ends, never pointed, edged or round.
Scriber is used to make clean narrow lines on metal. It is made of tool steel. Some have single ends; others have double ends with one end bent about 90º.
Dividers are used for marking radius, circles, and arcs and for transmitting measurements from a ruler to a detail and from a detail to a ruler.

VOCABULARY

punch – mulgusti, perforaator , torn, puansoon , tempel, kärn
– пробойник; пуансон; штемпель; кернер
center punch – kärn – кернер
scriber – чертилка
dividers – mõõtesirkel – циркуль
arc – kaar – дуга

HAND TOOLS

Hammer can be classified as hard hammers and soft hammers. One of the most general-purpose hard hammers is a ball-peen or machinist’s hammer. The ball-shaped end is called the peen, the flat end the face . Soft hammers are used for hammering or working on a finished surface. This hammer is usually made of rawhide, brass, lead, or plastic. Chipping hammers are used for removing scale and old paint from metal surfaces. The edges of the chipping hammer should be slightly rounded. A hammer should be held near the end of the handle . Do not hold the handle close to the hammerhead. The head should be fit tightly on the handle and a tapered metal wedge should be driven into the end of the handle. Always wipe your hands dry of sweat, grease or oil and wipe the handle and face of the hammer before using it.
Screwdrivers are designed for tightening and loosening screws. The end of the blade should be straight and rectangular in shape. Electrician’s screwdrivers are made with insulated handles. The offset screwdriver is used for screws located in inaccessible places. The slotted screwdriver is a very handy tool. The Phillips screwdriver is one that fits Phillips’ type screws only.
Wrenches/Spanners are tools for tightening or removing bolts, nuts, studs, etc. or for gripping round material such as pipe, studs, round rods. They may be classified under three general headings: adjustable, solid and open end. Open-end wrenches are solid, non-adjustable wrenches with openings in one or both ends. The openings are set at various angles to the body of the wrench, the most common angle being 15º. Never use a wrench that is larger than the size of the nut; a larger wrench usually slips around and flattens out the corners of the nut. Adjustable wrench is quite similar to the open-end wrench except that the opening is adjustable to fit any number of nuts of different sizes. Monkey wrench is a type of adjustable wrench; however, the jaws are set at a 90º angle with the handle. Socket wrenches are very handy because they can be used in close quarters. They completely surround the nut. Spanner wrenches are used for working with fire hoses and fire hydrant connections. Some pumps are fitted with slotted packing gland nuts, which require spanner wrench.
Pliers . There are many types of pliers in general use today . The electricians’ pliers are ideal for cable work. They are used for cutting, stripping, gripping and bending. The combination pliers have the jaws cut with teeth for better gripping purposes. The needle-nose pliers are used to get into tight spaces or corners.
Nippers are used for cutting thick and soft wire such as rivets and bolts. They are usually made of Vanadium electric steel or high- grade tool steel. Cutting edges are induction hardened.
Scrapers are made in many forms and are used for removing paint, glue, varnish and rust on a wide variety of surfaces. Flat scraper should be used for scraping and removing high spots from flat surfaces; the 3- corner scraper is provided with small triangular blade which allows access to small, confined areas and is commonly used for removing burrs or sharp internal edges from soft bushings.
Dies are used for threading a round stock. Before threading a piece of round stock its end should be tapered or chamfered slightly with a file, or by grinding, so that the die will start cutting more easily.

VOCABULARY

hammer – vasar, haamer – слесарный молоток
ball-peen hammer/machinist’s hammer – ümara löögipinnaga puusepavasar – молоток с круглым бойком
rawhide – toornahk – сыромятная кожа
lead – plii – свинец
scale – katlakivi ; tagi – накипь, окалина
handle – vars – рукоятка
hammerhead – vasarapea – головка молотка
screwdriver – kruvikeeraja, kruvits – отвертка
wrench – mutrivõti – гаечный ключ
adjustable wrench – reguleeritav (mutri)võti – разводной ключ
monkey wrench – reguleeritav (mutri)võti – разводной ключ
socket wrench – padrunvõti, ots(mutri)võti – торцовый (гаечный) ключ
pliers – lapiktangid – плоскогубцы
strip – nülgima, koorima, pealt v. ära võtma – сдирать, обдирать, снимать
grip – kinni pigistama ; kinni suruma – зажимать; охватывать
nippers – näpitsad, (näpits) tangid ; lõiketangid – щипцы; острогубцы, кусачки
scraper – kaabits; skreeper – шабер; скрепер
flat scraper – lamekaabits – плоский шабер
3-corner scraper – kolmkantkaabits – трехгранный шабер
scrape – kaabitsema – шабрить
burr/bur – tapp – шип
die – keermelõikur – винторезная головка
chamfer – rihv; rihvima – скос, фаска; стесывать острые углы

ELECTRIC TOOLS

Drills may be classified as carbon steel drills and high- speed drills. Carbon steel drills are satisfactory for general work. High-speed drills are used on tough metals and at high speeds. The drill shank is at the end that fits into the chuck of the drill. Straight-shank drills are used to drill holes to about ½ inch in diameter. Larger holes are usually drilled with the taper-shank drill. The square-shank drill is made to use in a brace.
Bench grinder is provided with two wheels. Usually one wheel is coarse for grinding, the other fine for tool sharpening and finish grinding. Bench grinders should be sufficiently heavy and rigid to minimize vibration, and should be securely mounted in place. They should be provided with shields and guards for the safety of personnel. The shield should be provided with non-shatterable glass. All new wheels should be run at full operating speed for at least 1 minute, during which time the operator should stand at one side in case the wheel should be defective and break.
Sander/Sandblast is provided with sanding sheets covered on one side with sand or hard grainy material for making rough surfaces smoother.
Circular Saws are provided with carbide blades for cutting metal. Jigsaw is a cutting machine.
Machine is an apparatus, which uses power to perform work. There are different types of machine used for various kinds of work: a milling machine, a planing machine, a punching machine, a riveting machine, a turning machine, and a welding machine.

VOCABULARY

drill – trell – дрель
tough – kindel, vastupidav, vetruv – жесткий, упругий, стойкий
bench grinder – lihvimismasin – шлифовальный станок
non-shatterable glass – mittepurunev klass – небьющееся стекло
circular saw – ketassaag, kreissaag – круглая (или циркульная) пила
jigsaw – tikksaag – машинная ножовка
machine – masin, (töö) pink – станок
milling machine – freesmasin, freespink – фрезерный станок
planing machine – höövelpink – строгальный станок
punching machine – augustants, mulgustants – дыропробивной станок
riveting machine – neetimismasin – клепальная машина
turning machine – treipink – токарный станок
welding machine – keevitusmasin – сварочная машина

LIFTING TOOLS

Eye bolt is an eye-shaped form of a bolt used as a recess for a hook .

Hook is a curved piece of metal for fastening things to be lifted.
Shackle is a heart -shaped or U-shaped piece of metal having at the ends a pin attached which passes from a hole from one end and is screwed or bolted from the other end.
Pulley is an apparatus consisting of a wheel over which a rope or a chain can be moved, used for lifting heavy things.
Engine- room crane is a mobile lifting device of the engine-room used for lifting heavy parts of the engine when dismantling and mounting them .

VOCABULARY

pulley – rihmaratas ; köieratas; trossiratas; (tõste) plokk – шкив; блок
INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRANSLATION
Preparation for dismantling the cylinder cover

Set the blocking device on the main starting valve in the ‘ BLOCKED ’ position .

Engage the turning gear.

Open the indicator cocks.

Close the inlet and outlet valves for cooling water.

Open the vent and drain cocks for cooling water. As soon as the cylinder cover has been emptied of water, close the drain cocks again .

Close the fuel oil inlet valve.

Shut off the control air and safety air supply before venting the manoeuvring system.

VOCABULARY

dismantle – lahti võtma, lahti monteerima, demonteerima – разбирать, демонтировать
set – panema, asetama, paigutama, paigaldama – ставить, устанавливать, монтировать
blocking device – blokeerimisseade, tõkesti – блокирующее/стопорное устройство
main starting valve – peakäivitusklapp – главный пусковой клапан
engage – (sisse)lülitama, hambumisse viima – включать, ввести в
зацепление
turning gear – võllipööramisseade – валоповоротное устройство
inlet valve – sisselaskeklapp – впускной клапан
outlet valve – väljalaskeklapp – выпускной клапан
vent cock – õhukraan – воздушный кран
drain cock – väljalaskekraan – спускной кран
shut off – välja lülitama – выключать, отключать
control air – juhtõhk – управляющий воздух
safety air – kaitseõhk – предохранительный воздух
supply – varustus , etteandmine; varustama, ette andma – снабжение, подача
vent – õhutama – продувать
maneuvering system – mavöövrisüsteem – система маневрирования
REPLACEMENT OF CYLINDER LINER
1. Dismount the cylinder cover.
Drain off cooling water from the cylinder block.
Discard the mild steel ring from the top of the cylinder liner.
Turn down the piston far enough to make it possible to grind away the wear ridges at the top of the cylinder liner by means of a hand-grinder. Dismount the piston.
2. Disconnect the oil pipes leading from the cylinder lubricator to the non-return valves. Screw off the six non-return valves.
Mount the four lifting screws in the cooling jacket.
Attach the crane to the lifting tool.
3. Lift the cylinder liner with the cooling jacket from the cylinder frame. Land the cylinder liner on a couple of planks.
Clean the cylinder frame internally, taking special care to the contact sur­faces for the cylinder liner at the top of the cylinder frame and at the bot­tom where the sealing rings are fitted.
4. Clean the cylinder liner, removing the protective layer of the grease, and mount new sealing rings.
Coat the sealing rings with a little grease. The joint surfaces must be quite clean and the contact surfaces of the cylinder liner must be filled up with paste to prevent corrosion.
5. Mount the four lifting screws in the new cooling jacket cylinder liner.
Hook the lifting tool and lift the jacket/liner assembly into position the cylinder frame.
6. The six non-return valves are to be mounted in the bores of the liner.
Screw the pipes from the lubricator on to the non-return valves, but do not tighten. Vent the cylinder lubri­cating system by manually pumping until oil, without air bubbles , comes out from the non-return valves. When this is in order, tighten the pipes firmly on the non-return valves and again pump manually.
Place a new sealing ring on top of the cylinder liner.
Mount the piston and cylinder cover.
VOCABULARY
dismount – demonteerima – демонтировать
drain – kuivatama, kuivendama; ära voolama – осушать; стекать
discard – eemaldama – выбрасывать
turn – pöörama – проворачивать
grind – lihvima, poleerima – шлифовать, полировать
wear ridges – kulumisjäljed – наработки
hand-grinder – veskikivi – точильный камень
disconnect – lahti ühendama – разъединить
attach – kinnitama – прикреплять
land – panema, asetama, paigutama – ставить
internally – seespool, sees – внутри
layer – kiht, lade – слой
hook – haakima – зацеплять, прицеплять
assembly – kokkupanek, monteerimine , montaaz ; agregaat – сборка, монтаж; агрегат
manually – käsitsi; käega – вручную
air bubble – õhumull – пузырек воздуха
Dismantling the cylinder cover
2. Remove the outlet pipe for cooling water from the exhaust valve.
3. Remove the protective jacket enclosing the intermediate pipe between the exhaust receiver (with compensator) and exhaust valve. Dismount the clamp from the exhaust pipe and intermediate pipe flanges. Dismount the screws which tighten intermediate pipe with the exhaust valve, and remove the intermediate pipe.
4. Remove the screws which fasten the high-pressure pipe to the oil cylinder on the exhaust valve and hydraulic actuator, and lift away the high-pressure pipe.
Dismount the drain pipe from the exhaust valve to the hydraulic activator, the air pipe for the pneumatic exhaust valve, and the sealing air pipe.
5. Dismount the high-pressure fuel pipes from the fuel pump to the fuel valves.
Dismount the return oil connection from the fuel valves at the fuel pump.
Disconnect the control air pipe from the starting valve.
Remove the screws in the flange connection for the starting valve.
6. Connect the high-pressure pump to the coupling in the hydraulic ring. Vent the system and increase the pressure.
Loosen the outer nuts, then relieve the system of pressure. Remove the high-pressure pump and unscrew the nuts.
7. In case of a leaking hydraulic unit , this must be blocked, after which the nut can be loosened by means of the special hexagonal spanner.
8. Hook on the engine-room crane to the lifting attachment on top of the exhaust valve.
Lift away the cylinder cover and land it on a couple of wooden planks.
9. Remove and discard the sealing ring between cylinder cover and cylinder liner.
VOCABULARY
remove – kõrvaldama, eemaldama – удалять
protective jacket – kaitsekate – кожух
compensator – kompensaator – компенсатор
intermediate pipe – vahetoru – промежуточная труба
fasten – kinnitama – крепить, закреплять
actuator – jõuülekandeseade – силовой привод
pneumatic – pneumaatiline – пневматический
sealing air – tihendusõhk – уплотнительный воздух
return oil connection – õli tagasivoolutoru – труба возврата масла
coupling – muhv – (соединительная) муфта
loosen – järgi andma, pingest vabastama – ослаблять
outer nut – välismutter – внешняя гайка
relieve – vabastama – освобождать
unscrew – lahti kruvima, välja keerama – открутить, отвинтить
leaking – lekkimine, leke – утечка
hexagonal – kuusnurkne – шестиугольный
spanner – mutrivõti – гаечный ключ
plank – (paks) laud – (толстая) доска
MOUNTING OF CYLINDER COVER
1. Lift the cylinder cover by means of the crane and carefully wipe the contact surface.
Place a new sealing ring on top of the cylinder liner.
Loosen the cooling water connections and provide the cooling water connecting pipes with new O-rings, lubricating them with grease or soft soap .
Lower the cover carefully into position. When the cylinder cover is in correct position, tighten the cooling water connections.
2. After mounting the cylinder cover on the engine and before fitting the nuts, the hydraulic ring shall be positioned by means of two eye screws.
After positioning the eye screws must be removed.
3. Mount the cover nuts on the studs and screw down by means of a tommy bar inserted in the inner nut.
Connect the high-pressure pump to the coupling. Vent the hydraulic system, then raise the pressure. Screw the outer nuts down against the hydraulic ring, then relieve the system of pressure.
4. Place the intermediate pipe between the exhaust pipe and the exhaust valve. Mount screws with washers in the intermediate pipe/exhaust valve flanges and tighten up the screws in crosswise succession.
5. Mount the clamp connecting the compensator and the intermediate pipe/exhaust valve.
6. Attach the insulation jacket, mount the cooling water outlet pipe. And fasten the water connections on the exahust valve.
Mount the return oil pipe, the sealing air pipe and the air pipe for the pneumatic exhaust valve.
7. Fit and adjust the high-pressure pipe for the hydraulic valve gear, and then fasten it.
Fit the fuel oil high-pressure pipe between fuel pump and distributor block.
Connect the return oil pipe on the fuel valves. Connect air hoses and outlet pipes to the oil alarm system.
Mount the starting air pipe and control air pipe for the starting valve.
Shut the drain valves and open for the cooling water inlet. After venting the cylinder section, shut the vent cocks and open the cooling water outlet valve.
Open for fuel oil, lubricating oil and air to the alarm system.
VOCABULARY
carefully – hoolikalt, ettevaatlikult – осторожно, внимательно
wipe – pühkima, puhastama , puhtaks hõõruma – вытирать, протирать
sealing ring – tihendusrõngas – уплотнительное кольцо
lubricate – määrima, õlitama – смазывать
grease – määre – смазка
soft soap – pehme seep – мягкое мыло
lower – alandama, madaldama – опускать, понижать
hydraulic ring – hüdrauliline rõngas – гидравлическое кольцо
eye screw/eye bolt – aaspolt – рымболт
tommy bar – seadetihvt, mutrivõti, kepsli kang – штифт, гаечный ключ, лом
insert – sisse panema – вставлять
inner nut – sisemine mutter – внутренняя гайка
connect – ühendama, lülitama – соединять, включать
high-pressure pump – kõrgsurvepump – насос высокого давления
hydraulic system – hüdrosüsteem – система гидравлики
raise – tõstma, suurendama – поднимать, повышать
washer – seib; (vahe)tihend – шайба; прокладка
crosswise – risti, ristamisi – крест-накрест
succession – järgnemine, järjestus – последовательность, порядок
insulation jacket – isolatsioon – изоляция
return oil pipe – kütuse tagasivoolutoru – труба возврата топлива
adjust – reguleerima, rihtima, seadistama – регулировать, выверять
high-pressure pipe – kõrgsurvetoru – трубопровод высокого давления
gear – seade, mehhanism, reduktor , hammasratas – приспособление, механизм, редуктор, зубчатое колесо
fuel pump – kütusepump – топливный насос
distributor block – jaotusplokk – распределительный блок
hose – voolik – шланг
alarm system – häiresignalisatsioon; alarmsüsteem; avarii-hoiatussignalisatsiooni süsteem – система аварийно-предупредительной сигнализации
DISMANTLING OF PISTON
1. Turn the crosshead down far enough to give access to the piston rod stuffing box, the tightening screws for the piston rod, and to the telescopic pipe.
Release the stuffing box by removing the innermost screws with locking device from the stuffing box flange.
2. Remove the screws from the piston rod.
3. Dismount the cylinder cover.
Carefully smooth out any wear edges at the top of the cylinder liner by using a hand-grinder.
4. Loosen and remove the four screws, which tighten the telescopic pipe to the bend .
Remove one screw from the stuffing box housing and mount the special tool for suspending the telescopic pipe.
Turn the crosshead to TDC.
By means of a nut suspend the telescopic pipe.
NOTE :
When a piston is dismantled, never turn the engine without first dismantling the telescopic pipe from the crosshead.
5. Clean the lifting grooves of the piston crown and mount the lifting tool.
6. Turn the crosshead down far enough to mount the protective shield on the crosshead bearing cap.
7. Lift out and land the piston with stuffing box in the support placed over one of the openings in the platform .
8. Place a cover over the opening for the piston rod stuffing box in the bottom of the cylinder frame. Clean, measure and recondition the cylinder liner.
VOCABULARY
access – juurdepääs, ligipääs, sissepääs – доступ, подход, подъезд
release – vabastama – ослаблять
innermost – seesmine , sügaval sees paiknev– лежащий глубоко внутри
edge – äär, serv – край; кромка
bend – põlv – колено
suspend – alla v. külge riputama – подвешивать
TDC (Top Dead Center) – ÜSS (ülemine surnud seis) – ВМТ (верхняя мертвая точка)
protective shield – kaitsevarje – защитный экран
crosshead bearing cap – ristpealaagrikaas – крышка крейцкопфного подшипника
support – tugi; tugipost – опора; опорная стойка
measure – mõõtma – измерять
recondition – parandama; remontima – восстанавливать, приводить в исправное состояние; ремонтировать
MOUNTING OF PISTON
1. Mount the lifting tool on the piston crown.
2. Ensure that the stuffing box is correctly positioned over the guide pins.
Coat the O-rings of the stuffing box with oil. Arrange the piston rings so that the ring gaps are staggered 180°. Coat the piston rings and cylinder liner with oil.
3. Turn the crosshead to a position 45° from TDC.
4. Mount the guide ring for the piston rings on the cylinder liner.
Lower the piston into the cylinder liner until the piston rings are inside the liner.
5. Dismount the protective shield from the crosshead bearing cap.
6. Turn the crosshead into TDC.
7. Mount the distance tube on the bend and release the telescopic pipe from its suspension and land it on the distance tube.
8. Turn the crosshead with the piston rod and the telescopic pipe down far enough to tighten the screws for the telescopic pipe.
9. Tighten the screws for the piston rod.
The securing wire is to be mounted in such a way, that both parts are tightened when the screw is turned left.
10. Tighten down the piston rod stuffing box by means of the screws and lock the screws.
11. Smear the piston rod with molybdenum disulphide, and then turn the crankshaft a couple of revolutions.
Mount the cylinder cover.
12. Start the engine and keep it running very slowly for approx. 15 minutes. Then stop the engine and inspect the piston rod and stuffing box.

VOCABULARY

ensure – veenduma – убедиться, удостовериться
guide pin – juhtvarras – направляющий стержень
arrange – monteerima – монтировать
gap – lõtk – зазор
guide ring – juht rõngas – направляющее кольцо
suspension – külge riputus – подвешивание
distance tube – distantspuks, distantstoru – дистанционная труба
lock – tõkesti – стопор
smear – määrima – смазать
molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) – molübdeendisulfiid – дисульфид молебдена; двусернистый молебден

Dismantling

1. Normally, overhaul is carried out in connection with dismantling of the pistons.
2. Mount two screws in the stuffing box flange and hook on two tackles. Lift the stuffing box a little up the piston rod, and mount the worktable round the piston rod. Land the stuffing box on the worktable. Remove tackles and screws.
3. Remove the O-ring of the stuffing box. If the O-ring is to be used again, move it up the piston rod and fasten it by means of tape.
Remove the nuts from the bolts of the stuffing box.
4. Take out the 6 bolts with lock washers, and pull the stuffing box halves apart. Mount the lifting tool on one of the stuffing box halves and remove it from the worktable.
5. Measure the clearance between the ring segments. After measuring dismantle and stack the rings.
Clean all the ring segments carefully.
If the sliding surfaces have scratches, replace the rings.
6. Carry out check calibration of the springs.
7. If small scratches have occurred on the piston rod, smooth the surface carefully with a fine-grained carborundum stone . In the case of coarse scratches, it is necessary to carry out machine grinding.
8. For adaptation of new scraper rings, use a piece of emery paper , placing it round the piston rod. Hold the ring segments one by one against the emery paper, grinding by back and forth movements.
9. Clean the halves of the stuffing box housing.

Mounting

10. Lubricate the piston rod with molybdenum disulphide.
Assemble all ring units round the piston rod on the worktable.
11. On top of the scraper rings, assemble the two sealing ring units.
Finally, assemble the uppermost ring unit.
12. Use the stuffing box half on the worktable to adjust the height of all the assembled ring units.
Push the stuffing box half into contact with the piston rod, round the ring units.
13. Check the ring clearance. Then place the other half of the stuffing box housing on the worktable, pushing it into place round the rings.
Mount and tighten up the bolts.

VOCABULARY

worktable – töölaud – рабочий стол
scratch – kriimustus – царапина
calibration – kaliibrimine (tekstis – vedru pingususe reguleerimine), kalibreerimine ; kalibreering – калибровка (регулировка напряженности пружин)
fine-grained – peeneteraline – мелкозернистый
grinding – poleerimine; lihvimine – полировка; шлифовка
assemble – kokku panema; monteerima – собирать; монтировать
DISMANTLING OF CONNECTING ROD
1. Turn the crosshead down to give access to the nuts on the crosshead bearing cap.
Mount two eye screws in the frame box top plate and suspend two tackles.
Mount the chains for suspending the crosshead.
Mount an eye screw in each guide shoe.
2. Loosen and remove the lock nuts from the crosshead bolts and mount the hydraulic jacks for loosening the nuts on the crosshead bearing cap.
Remove the hydraulic jacks and unscrew the nuts.
3. Turn the crosshead to TDC.
Mount two eye screws in the crankpin bearing cap, hook the tackles on.
Loosen and remove the lock nuts of the crankpin bearing bolts, fit the hydraulic jacks and loosen the nuts.
Remove the hydraulic jacks, unscrew the nuts.
Lower the bearing cap and land it in the oil pan.
4. Mount lifting attachments on the head of the connecting rod for fixing it. Fasten tackles.
5. Turn the throw towards BDC.
The crosshead, together with the piston rod and the crosshead bearing cap, is now suspended from the chains.
Turn the throw to 45º before BDC. Remove the tackle from the mounting B.
6. Remove the four studs from the connecting rod.
Tilt the connecting rod towards the camshaft side until the connecting rod is leaning out of the doorway.
7. Turn the crank upwards, guiding the head of the connecting rod out of the doorway.
8. Place a wire rope round the connecting rod, hook on the engine-room crane.

VOCABULARY

lock nut – vastumutter, kontramutter; pidurdusmutter, stoppmutter – контргайка; стопорная гайка
hydraulic jack – hüdrotungraud – гидравлический домкрат
crankpin bearing cap – kepsulaagrikaas – крышка шатунного подшипника
oil pan – õlivann – масляный поддон
tilt – kallutama; kallutuma – наклонять; наклоняться
lean – kallutama; kallutuma – наклонять; наклоняться
doorway – luugiava – люковый проем
REPLACEMENT OFTHRUST BEARING
1. Remove the lubricating oil pipes from the chain tightener and the lubricating oil pipe for the thrust segments.
2. Loosen and remove the nuts from the segment stops, and unscrew the studs.
3. Mount the special lifting attachment in the chain drive and suspend a tackle over the stopper , which has to be removed.
Remove the stops from the chain drive above the thrust segments.
4. Remove the protective shields for the thrust segments from the chain wheel.
5. For turning-up the thrust segments, mount the tools on the chain wheel.
6. Turn up the segments by turning the engine, and remove them from the chain drive.
7. Mounting is the carried out in the reverse order.

VOCABULARY

chain tightener – ketipingutusseade – натяжное устройство цепи
stopper – pidur, stoppar – стопор
in the reverse order – vastupidises järjekorras – в обратном порядке
DISMOUNTING OF CAMSHAFT BEARING
1. Drain off the oil in the oil tray of the roller guide housing and in the shields enclosing the camshaft couplings.
Dismount the oil outlet pipe from the oil tray. Release and remove the shields enclosing the camshaft couplings.
Loosen the screws mounted in the roller guide housing and remove the screws mounted in the oil tray.
Mount wire ropes in the lifting fittings of the oil tray, hook on a tackle.
2. Release and dismount the locking plates which secure the nuts of the bearing studs. Mount the lifting fitting for the bearing half on both sides of the bearing. Attach grooved pulleys on the roller guide housing, and hook wire ropes on to the lifting fittings.
3. Mount the hydraulic jacks and loosen the bearing nuts. Remove the hydraulic jacks and dismount the nuts.
4. Remove the screws, which assemble the bearing halves. Place the bearing lower part on the platform. Then inspect and, if necessary, replace the bearing shell.