are tightened together with the engine frame and the bedplate by means of through- going stay bolts. Two central bores, one at the top and one halfway down inside the cylinder block, enclose the cylinder liner. The upper part of the cylinder block forms part of the cooling water space around the central part of the cylinder liner, whereas the lower part forms the scavenge air space. A central bore in the bottom of the cylinder block encloses the piston rod stuffing box. The bottom is double with a hollow space through which cooling water is circulated. On the exhaust side of the cylinder block there is a circular opening leading into the longitudinal scavenge air receiver of the engine. Furthermore, there is an inlet pipe for cooling and lubricating oil. The cylinder block is provided with cleaning and inspection covers for the cooling water and scavenge air spaces. VOCABULARY
30. Steering system juhtimissüsteem 31. Brake system pidurisüsteem 32. To direct juhtima 33. Even numbers Paarisarvud 34. To arrange in line Paigutama reas 35. Inline engine reasmootor 36. Awkward kohmakas 37. To split in two jaotama kaheks 38. To arrange in a vee Paigutama V-kujuliselt 39. V-engine V-mootor 40. To lay flat paigutama lamedalt 41. Flat engine lamamootor 42. Boxer engine boksermootor 43. Sophisticated Keerukas 44. Piston Kolb 45. Downward stroke Allapoole laskuv takt 46. To suck (in) (sisse) imema 47. Mixture of fuel and air Kütuse ja õhu segu 48. To compress Kokku suruma 49. To ignite süütama 50. To explode plahvatama 51. To expand paisuma 52. To force Sundima 53. To provide võimaldama, valmistama 54. Power stroke töötakt 55. Sequence järjestus 56. Exhaust heitgaas 57. Shaft võll 58. Drive hoog ; käivitus 59. Gear ülekandeseade 60
Märt Leppik AT13 17.09.09 Comparison of diesel and petrol engine Similarities Both engines have a similar combustion cycle. The cycle is four strokes long. The strokes are the intake stroke, the compression stroke, the combustion stroke, and the exhaust stroke. During the intake stroke, the piston moves down in time with the opening of the intake valve. This allows the cylinder to become full of an air and gas mixture. This mixture is compressed during the compression stroke, which increases the compression pressure at which the gas mixture will be ignited, or self-ignited. The combustion stroke is the stroke following the explosion of the mixture, and this stroke is what powers the car. It is this stroke that powers the crankshaft, and allows for the car to move
keskmine indikaatorrõhk mean indicated pressure, MIP keskmiste pööretega mootor medium-speed engine kettajam chain drive kiirete pööretega mootor high-speed engine kinnikiilumine sticking kinnipõlemine gumming klapipesa valve seat klapisäär valve spindle klarifikaator clarifier kokteil- (seiker-) jahutus cocktail- (shaker) cooling kolb piston kolbmootor reciprocating engine kolvi juhtosa trunk kolvi pea piston crown, piston head kolvi seelik piston skirt kolvikäik piston stroke kolvirõngas piston ring kolvirõnga soon piston ring groove kolisõrm gudgeon pin kolvisäär piston rod kontuurläbipuhe port-to-port scavening
Põltsamaa Ametikool Mootor A1 Margo Pukki Kaarlimõisa 2008 1.Mootori ehitus 1. Väntmehhanism 1.1 Ülesanne? 1.2 Ehitus?(Põhiosad) 1.3 Tööpõhimõte? Väntmehhanism- muudab kütuse põlemisel tekkinud gaaside rõhu (edaspidi-indikaatorrõhk pi) kolvi edasi-tagasi liikumise abil väntvõlli pöörlevaks liikumiseks. Tema osad on: plokikaas, silinder, kolb koos rõngaste ja sõrmega, keps ja väntvõll. Vänt-kepsmehhanism koosneb järgmistest osadest: a) kolb (piston); b) kolvirõngas (piston-ring); c) kolvisõrm (wristpin); d) keps (connecting rod) ja selle laagrid; e) väntvõll (crankshaft) ja selle laagrid; f) hooratas. 1. Kolb Kolvi funktsioonid on a) kanda põlemisgaaside poolt tekitatud jõud üle kepsule, b) töötada koos kepsuga ja tagada silindris selle liikumisteekond, c) oma konstruktsiooni ja lisaelementidega tihendada mootori põlemiskambrit ja eristada see kar...
- Steering system juhtimissüsteem - Brake system pidurisüsteem - To direct jutima - Even numbers Paarisarvud - To arrange in line Paigutama reas - Inline engine reasmootor - Awkward kohmakas - To split in two jaotama kaheks - To arrange in a vee Paigutama V-kujuliselt - V-engine V-mootor - To lay flat paigutama lamedalt - Flat engine lamamootor - Boxer engine boksermootor - Sophisticated Keerukas - Piston Kolb - Downward stroke Allapoole laskuv takt - To suck (in) (sisse) imema - Mixture of fuel and air Kütuse ja õhu segu - To compress Kokku suruma - To ignite süütama - To explode plahvatama - To expand paisuma - To force Sundima - To provide võimaldama, valmistama - Power stroke töötakt - Sequence järjestus - Exhaust heitgaas - Shaft võll - Drive hoog ; käivitus - Gear ülekandeseade
synchros. Those gears are meant to be shifted into only when the vehicle is stopped. 2. Converter Clutch ,Torque Converter ,Oil Pump and Reaction Shaft Support Assembly ,Front Band,Front Clutch ,Driving Shell ,Rear Band ,Transmission Overrunning Clutch ,Overdrive Unit ,Piston Retainer ,Overdrive Clutch ,Direct Clutch ,Intermediate Shaft ,Front Bearing ,Housing ,Rear Bearing ,Output Shaft ,Seal ,Overdrive Overrunning Clutch ,Overdrive Planetary Gear ,Direct Clutch Spring ,Overdrive Clutch Piston ,Valve Body Assembly ,Filter ,Front Planetary Gear ,Rear Clutch,Transmission ,Rear Planetary Gear. 3. In motor vehicle applications, the transmission will generally be connected to the crankshaft of the engine. The output of the transmission is transmitted via driveshaft to one or more differentials, which in turn drive the wheels.In automatic gearbox different gear ratios selected by hydraulik pressure.In manual gearbox different gear ratios selected by gear lever.
........................................................10 E-7 Clutch ..................................................................................................................................12 E-8 Left Crankcase Cover & Magneto .............................................................................................14 E-9 Crankcase & Oil Pump ............................................................................................................16 E-10 Crankcase & Piston ..............................................................................................................18 E-11 Transmission .......................................................................................................................20 E-12 Start Device ......................................................................................................................... 22 E-13 Gearshift Drum ..............................................................
........................................................10 E-7 Clutch ..................................................................................................................................12 E-8 Left Crankcase Cover & Magneto .............................................................................................14 E-9 Crankcase & Oil Pump ............................................................................................................16 E-10 Crankcase & Piston ..............................................................................................................18 E-11 Transmission .......................................................................................................................20 E-12 Start Device ......................................................................................................................... 22 E-13 Gearshift Drum ..............................................................
injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. 1.1.1.1) A two-stroke, two-cycle, or two-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle in only one crankshaft revolution and with two strokes, or up and down movements, of the piston in comparison to a "four-stroke engine", which uses four strokes. This is accomplished by the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happening simultaneously and performing the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions at the same time. 1.1.1.2) A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle) is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes which comprise a single
The Steam Engine By What are they? Steam engines are the first kind of engines to see a widespread use. They were used in the early locomotives, steam boats and factories. In fact they are still used to help run nuclear powerplants. When and by who were they invented and improved? The very first steam engine was built by Thomas Savery in 1698. However, it didn't turn any wheels, instead it pumped water out of coal mines. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen introduced an improved version of Savery's engine. James Watt improved it even further and later came up with an idea on how to use a steam engine to power something with wheels. Alright, but why are they important? Steam engines are veryveryvery important because it was the dominant source of power well into the 20th century. They actually were the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution. So no steam engines = no Industrial Revolution = Middle Ages that last approxima...
water turned into steam. This steam filled the empty space of a closed tank of water with the only opening as a pipe from the depth of the water. The water was forced out because of the pressure of the expanding warm air. In the 1600's several scientists continued work on steam powered pumps. Robert Boyle proposed the steam engine in 1678. During the 1680's a gunpowder explosion was used to heat water. Jean de Hautefeuille tried to up water, and Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens tried a piston in a cylinder. These experiments were the beginnings of a nuclear power-like process. In 1712, Thomas Newcom and John Calley built their first successful steam engine. Nicholas Cugnot built the first mechanically propelled road vehicle in 1769. Cugnot's vehicle was powered through a two - cylinder piston connected steam engine. It used high pressure steam as the power source. Watt patented late in 1781 a connection from the piston to a rotating gear. This set-up is still used in
in trying to make things "work like clockwork". In his late teens he went to London to learn to be a "mathematical and philosophical instrument maker", and when he returned to Glasgow he got a job making instruments with Glasgow University, who gave him a place where to live and a workshop. In 1763 John Andreson asked him to repair an early steam engine he had bought. This early model, known as a Newcomen engine, was very unefective. The cylinder (where the piston was) had to be heated when steam was admitted, and then cooled again to condense the steam. This wasted a lot of time and fuel. Two years later, while walking through Glasgow Green, Watt hit upon the idea of condensing the steam in a separate place. This removed the need for heating and cooling, making the engine faster, safer, and it used a lot less fuel. A stone in Glasgow Green marks this spot, where the industrial revolution really began.
is necessary for a spark to occur at the spark the clamp pinch bolt or flange securing bolts same increase in engine speed, the alignment plug and ignite the fuel/air mixture at the as applicable. differential of the timing marks should be instant just before the piston on the 9 Refit the distributor cap, No 1 spark plug greater than previously observed. compression stroke reaches the top of its and the plug lead. 21 If the timing marks did not appear to move travel. The precise instant at which the spark
Mootor 1. Mootori ehitus 1.1 Väntmehhanism Väntmehhanismi - ülesanne on muuta kepsu sirgjooneline liikumine väntvõlli pöördjooneliseks liikumiseks. 1.2 Hooratas(flywheel) Hooratas - on masina (mehhanismi) element, mille ülesandeks on kineetilise energia (pöörlemise) salvestamine, et hiljem seda energiat kasutada masina (mehhanismi) edasiseks töövõimeks. Hooratast kasutatakse mehhanismi töö ühtlustamiseks ning ka töövõime jätkamiseks näiteks sisepõlemismootorites. Samuti kasutatakse hooratast güroskoop kompassides. Lihtsaim näide hoorattast on laste mänguasi vurr. Joonis 1 1.3 Kolb(pistion) Kolb - on mehhanismi osa, mis asub ja liigub reeglina silindris ning millele avaldatakse erineval moel jõudu, et see annaks sellest saadud energia edasi masinale või seadmele. Kolvi põhi osad: kolvi silm , kolvi pea, kolvi hõlm , Kolvi sooned , rõnga lukk ...
1) väntvõllilaagrid (P); 2) nukkvõllilaagrid (P); 3) nukkvõlli nukid (S); 4) nookurid (S); 5) tõukurvardad (P/S); 6) hüdrotõukurid (P); 7) kolvisõrm (S); 8) silindriseinad (S); 9) propelleri juhtseade, võllilaagrid (P); 10) propelleri ajam (S); 11) turbo- ja õhulaadurid (P); 12) karburaator (P); 13) lisaseadmete ajamid (P/S). Lennukimootori õlid GAAPE (general aviation aircraft piston engine) jaoks tunnistab FAA järgmisi õlisid: a) täismineraal õli (straight mineral oil), st manusteta e legeerimata õli; b) tuhavaba dispergeeritud õli (ashless dispersant oil - ADO), c) metallic-tuhk detergentõli (metallic-ash detergent oil) e pesuõlid, d) sünteetiline õli (synthetic oil). Täismineraalõli MIL-L-6028B on kasutatud palju aastaid põhilise õlina lennukimootorites. Tema puuduseks on tendents oksüdeerumisele, kui ta puutub
Kolvi pea: 71,4 ja 71,5 (mm) Mõõtmistulemused näitavad, et kolb on ovaalne ja kooniline, sest kolb soojusega paisub. Kolb vajab paisumisruumi, vastasel juhul kolb paisuks kinni. 12 Väntmehhanismi detailid Mootori plokk- engine block Plokikaas- cylinder head Karter- oil pan Kolvid- pistons Kepsud- connecting rods Väntvõll- crankshaft Väntvõlli laagrid- crankshaft bearings Kolvirõngad- piston rings Hooratas- flywheel Kolvisõrm- piston pin Kepsulaagrid- connecting rod bearings Laagrid Väntvõll toetub mõlemast otsast kuullaagritele. Väntvõlli vändakaelal ja võllikaelal kasutatakse liugelaagreid. Tihendid Karteri tihendamisel hermeetilist kummist tihendit või vanematel autodel papist tihendid. Väntvõllil kaelustihendid. 13 Küsimused 1
Each restraint device is typically activated with one or more pyrotechnic devices, commonly called an initiator or electric match. The electric match, which consists of an electrical conductor wrapped in a combustible material, activates with a current pulse between 1 to 3 amperes in less than 2 milliseconds. When the conductor becomes hot enough, it ignites the combustible material, which initiates the gas generator. In a seat belt pre-tensioner, this hot gas is used to drive a piston that pulls the slack out of the seat belt. In an airbag, the initiator is used to ignite solid propellant inside the airbag inflater. The burning propellant generates inert gas which rapidly inflates the airbag in approximately 20 to 30 milliseconds. An airbag must inflate quickly in order to be fully inflated by the time the forward-traveling occupant reaches its outer surface. Typically, the decision to deploy
Väntvõll, kepsud ja kolvid Käesolevas loos on vaatluse all mootori väntmehhanismi osad, mille ülesandeks on põlevate gaaside rõhu muutmine pöörlemiseks. Nagu allpool selgub, on sarnaselt plokiga ka nende osade puhul määravaks nende tugevus. Alustades altpoolt on esimene komponent väntvõll. Sellest, miks väntvõll peab tugev olema, annab ehk ettekujutuse see, et näiteks Hemi kolbkolvisõrmkeps kaaluvad kokku 1,5 kuni 2 kilo ja selliseid asju on väntvõllil 5000 pöörde juures kaheksa tükki küljes rippumas ja seda ise suunas kiskumas. Ülevalpool peavad kolvid vastu võtma kogu põlemisrõhu ja temperatuuri, millest tulenevalt ei saa neid ka just õhkõrnu teha. Seda eriti nitro ja/või kompressori kasutamise korral. Ja vahest kõige raskemas olukorras on kepsud, kes peavad väntvõlli ja kolbide vahel kuidagi hakkama saama. Nüüd aga siis lähemalt sellest, mida neeb jupid endast k...
14. Pave 14. Sillutama 15. Pavement-marking machine 15. Markeerimismasin 16. Paver 16. Laotur 17. Permissible deviation 17. Lubatav hälve 18. Pick axe 18. Kirka 19. Pier 19. Sillasammas, muul, sadamasild 20. Pile 20. Vai 21. Pillar 21. Tugipost 22. Piston 22. Kolb 23. Plane survey 23. Horisontaalmõõdistamine 24. Plunge 24. Laadima, laadimine 25. Point of curve, point of curvature 25. Kurvi algus 26. Point of tangent, point of tangency 26. Kõvera lõpp 27. Pretreatment 27. Eeltöötlus 28. Prime cost 28. Omahind 29. Prime mover 29. Puksiir(auto, -traktor) 30
Abgasventil, Nockenwelle S spark, Zündkerze I Inlet camshaft, Luftzuführventil V valve, Ventile P piston, Kolben R rocker, Pleuelstange C crankshaft, Kurbenwelle W water, Kühlwasserschächte 4. Kolbmootoris toimuvate protsesside loetelu ja iseloomustus 1) sisselaskeprotsess; 2) surveprotsess; 3) segumoodustusprotsess; 4) põlemisprotsess; 5) paisumisprotsess; 6) väljalaskeprotsess.
dünaamilise kompenseerimisjuhtimisega HÜDROSÜSTEEM Tüüp Suletud, PFC süsteem (surve ja vooluhulga kompenseerimine), koormuse tuvastamine spetsiaalse aksiaalkolbpumbaga with dedicated axial piston type pump Selektiivsed juhtklapid Standardvarustuses 4, lisavarustuses 3 ja 5 Elektro-hüdraulilised selektiivsed juhtklapid Neutraal, tõstmine, langetamine ja ujuvasend. Reguleeritav vooluhulk, temperatuuri kompenseerimine. Selektiivsed nukid. Koormuse juht- ja vabastusklapid
Sissejuhatuseks Soojusmasinad on masinad, mille ülesandeks on muuta soojusenergia mehaaniliseks tööks. Tänapäeval võib neid kohata kõikjal meie ümber ning igas eluvaldkonnas: tööstuses, põllumajanduses ja transpordis. Nad teevad inimeste eest ära palju tööd ja nad hoiavad kokku meie aega. Samuti teevad soojusmasinad ära palju rohkem tööd kui ükski inimene seda suudaks. Energiat saadakse põhiliselt kivisöe, nafta ja gaasi põletamisel. Umbes 90% maailma energiatoodangust saadakse sellel teel. Kütuse siseenergia muutmine mehaaniliseks energiaks on tänapäeval üks masinate põhilisi ülesandeid. Mehaanilist energiat võib aga kasutada mitmetel teistel eesmärkidel, näiteks muudetakse seda elektrienergiaks elektrijaamades, kus kasutatakse kütust näiteks turbiinide ringiajamiseks. Soojusmasinad on tähtsal kohal meie ühiskonnas. Aja möödudes on see tähtsus kasvanud. Tänapäeval oleks raske e...
pumbab vee üleparda. Üleparda pumpamine toimub nii kaua kuni vee tase langeb minimumini. 66 4.9 Trümmide hüdraulika Lugikatete tüüp – lahtipööratavad kahesektsioonilised Hüdroelektriline tüüp. Luugide avamine ja sulgumine toimub kahepolsete silindrite abil. 1) Laager 2) Väljund 3) Korpus 4) Kolvivarras 5) Kolb 6) Tihend 7) Sissend 67 1) Õlitank (1200 dm3) 2) Pump ( axial piston type; Q= 28 cm3; P= 275 bar; El.motor – 22kW) 3) Juhtimispult 4) Hüdrojaotur 5) Hüdrosilinder 6) Filter (Võrkfilter) 4.9.2 Hüdrauline süsteem Kasutatav õli Tüüp: Hüdraulineõli Mark: Renolin B 32 HVI Klass: SAE 32 68 Erikaal: 871 kg/m3 Viskoosus: 6,3 cSt 100°C juures Põlemistäpp: 178°C Hangumistäpp: vähem kui -48 °C 4.10 Võlliliin ja sõukruvi Võll kinnitatakse reduktori väljundvõllile SKF muhvi abil
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