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• Construct a control circuit so that power supply for the I/O circuits does not come ON before power supply for the Unit. If power supply for the I/O circuits comes ON before power supply for the Unit, normal operation may be tempo- rarily interrupted. • If the operating mode is changed from RUN or MONITOR mode to PROGRAM mode, with the IOM Hold Bit ON, the output will hold the most recent status. In such a case, ensure that the external load does not exceed specifications. (If operation is stopped because of an operation error (including FALS instruc- tions), the values in the internal memory of the CPU Unit will be saved, but the outputs will all turn OFF.)
Sissejuhatus infotehnoloogiasse 1. Loeng Algoritm on täpne samm-sammuline, kuid mitte tingimata formaalne juhend millegi tegemiseks. Näited: a. Toiduretsept. b. Juhend ruutvõrrandi lahendamiseks Algoritmiline probleem - probleem, mille lahenduse saab kirja panna täidetavate juhendite loeteluna. Programm on formaalses, üheselt mõistetavas keeles kirja pandud algoritm. Arvutid suudavad täita ainult programme. Analoogsüsteem andmeid salvestatakse (peegeldatakse) proportsionaalselt Näit: termomeeter, vinüülplaat, foto Digitaalsüsteem (pidevad) andmed lõhutakse üksikuteks tükkideks, mis salvestatakse eraldi Näit: CD, arvutiprogramm, kiri tähtede ja bittidena Ühelt teisele: digitaliseerimine The three major comparisons of computers are: Electronic computers versus Mechanical computers
Boole algebra Elektrilülitid ja -skeemid Bitid ja info kodeerimine Info otsimise algoritmid Konrad Zuse - Programmeeritavate arvutite pioneer saksamaalt.(Z1…) By 1967, the Zuse KG had built a total of 251 computers. First programmable computers 2 nädal: Keskajalugu 1940-1960 ja e-riik. 1947 Transistor - Three elements solid-state device for amplifying, controlling electrical signals. (scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories) 1952 Arthur Samuel - The first AI program to run in the U.S. was also a checkers program 1955 William Shockley founds Shockley Semiconductor in Palo Alto, California 1957 A new language, FORTRAN (short for formula translator), enabled a computer to perform a repetitive task from a single set of instructions by using loops. 1957 A group of eight engineers leaves Shockley Semiconductor to form Fairchild Semiconductors. 1959 Fairchild Semiconductor files a patent application for the planar process for manufacturing transistors.
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) binary b) hexadecimal c) base-5 d) BCD === 1. a) 0111 1011.0111 01002 b) 7B.7416 c) 443.2125 d) 0001 0010 0011.0100 0101 01102 === 2. Extend the following unsigned 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 2. a) 006B b) 00B5 === 3. Extend the following signed two’s complement 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 3. a) 006B b) FFB5 === Logic and arithmetic 4. Using two’s complement arithmetic, calculate the following (choose a suitable number of bits for the representation): a) 121 – 185 b) -70 – 88 == 4. Convert back to verify answer == 5. Calculate the following without converting the number base. Show calculations.
Most modern PCs also come with external cache memory, called Level 2 (L2) caches. These caches sit between the CPU and the DRAM. Like L1 caches, L2 caches are composed of SRAM but they are much larger. Disk caching works under the same principle as memory caching, but instead of using high- speed SRAM, a disk cache uses conventional main memory. The most recently accessed data from the disk (as well as adjacent sectors) is stored in a memory buffer. When a program needs to access data from the disk, it first checks the disk cache to see if the data is there. Disk caching can dramatically improve the performance of applications, because accessing a byte of data in RAM can be thousands of times faster than accessing a byte on a hard disk. When data is found in the cache, it is called a cache hit, and the effectiveness of a cache is judged by its hit rate. Many cache systems use a technique known as smart caching, in which
Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors Real World Design Analog Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors Real World Design Stuart Ball Boston Oxford Auckland Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth–Heinemann. Copyright © 2001 by Butterworth–Heinemann A member of the Reed Elsevier group All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth–Heinemann prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ball, Stuart R., 1956– Analog interfacing to embedded microprocessors : real world design / Stuart Ball. p. cm. ISBN 0-7506-7339-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Embedded computer
1. Suuruse numbrid ja mida nad tähendavad ? 1 bit = 1 binary digit 1bait = 8bitti 1kilobait = 1024 baiti Megabait = 1,048,576 baiti Gigabait = 1,073,741,824baiti Terabait = 1 trillion baiti Esimene mikroprose: intel 4004 von Neumann-type computer - Stored-program Computer KÜSIMUSED: Nimeta vähemalt üks oluline teooria- alane tulemus Alan Turingilt. Millisel aastakümnel see tulemus saadi? Turingu test 1940 Millal loodi programmeerimiskeel Fortran (pluss- miinus kolm aastat on OK)? Mille poolest on Fortran eriline? 1957, kõrgema taseme programmeerimiskeel, mis võimaldas loop´ida. Millisel sajandil elas saksa filosoof Leibniz? Milliseid tehteid suutis teha Leibnizi ehitatud arvuti? 17. sajandil , liitis, lahutas, korrutas, jagas Mis aastal hakati müüma arvutit nimega Commodore PET(pluss - miinus kaks aastat on OK)?1968 Millal loodi Intel Corp (pluss miinus kaks aastat on OK)? Mida ütleb Inteli asutaja ja
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) Binary Fractional part : Reading direction Integral part: Reading direction 0,456 x 2 = 0,912 0 123 / 2 = 61 1 0,912 x 2 = 1,812 1 61 / 2 = 30 1 0,812 x2 = 1,624 1 30 / 2 = 15 0 0,624 x 2 = 1,248 1 15 / 2 = 7 1 0,248 x 2 = 0,496 0 7/2=3 1 0,496 x 2 = 0,992 1 3/2=1 1 0 1 1 0 0 So 123.45610 = 0111 1011.0111 01002 b) Hexadecimal Fractional part :
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