Operatsioonisüsteem on kogumik süsteemset tarkvara, mis on vajalik arvuti käivitamiseks, riistvara (videokaart, klaviatuur, kettaseadmed) juhtimiseks ning rakendusprogrammide (olenevalt operatsiooni süsteemist) töötamiseks. Operatsioonisüsteemid on näiteks ka DOS, Unix, MacOS, BeOS. Microsoft on maailma suurim tarkvaratootja peakorteriga Seattle eeslinnas, Redmondis (Washingtoni osariigis). Ettevõtte loojateks olid Bill Gates ja Paul Allen aastal 1975. Nimi ,,Microsoft" tähendab Microcomputer-Software ja kasutati esmakordselt 29 novembril 1975. aastal Bill Gatesi poolt kirjas Paul Allenile. 26. novembril 1976 sai ,,Microsoftist" kaubamärk. Kasutamine Microsoft Windows on installeeritud enamikule arvutitest. Network Computing ajakirja lugejate 2005. aasta küsitlus leidis, et 87% nende organisatsioonidest kasutasid mõnda varianti Microsofti töölaua operatsioonidest. Mõnedele tarbijatele on Windows
Development Cycles of microprocessor product. Intel introduces its 4-bit bus, 108-KHz 4004 chip - the first microprocessor. Initial price is US$200. Speed is 60,000 operations per second. It uses 2300 transistors, based on 10- micron technology. It can address 640 bytes. Documentation manuals were written by Adam Osborne. The die for the chip measures 3x4 mm. The chip is introduced to the public in Las Vegas by Wayne Pickette. Intel announces the first microcomputer, the MCS-4 system. It uses the 4004 microprocessor, 4001 ROM chip, 4002 RAM chip, and 4003 shift register chip. Electronic News publishes an ad from Intel promoting the 4004 chip. The National Radio Institute introduces the first computer kit, for US$503. Steve Wozniak and Bill Fernandez build a computer with lights and switches, from parts rejected by local companies. They call it the Cream Soda Computer. The Kenback Corporation introduces the Kenback-1 computer, for US$750
1974... Intel releases its 2MHz 8080 chip, an 8bit microprocessor. It can access 64KB of memory. It uses 6000 transistors, based on 6micron technology. Speed is 0.64 MIPS. In a desperate act to save his failing calculator company, MITS company owner Ed Roberts begins building a small computer based on Intel's new 8080 chip, with plans to sell it for the unheardof price of US$500. MITS completes the first prototype Altair 8800 microcomputer. Bravo is developed for the Xerox Alto computer. It is the first WYSIWYG program for a personal computer. 1975 Bill Gates and Paul Allen found MicroSoft (the hyphen is later dropped). MOS Technology announces the MC6501 at US$20 and the MC6502 at US$25. At this point, the Intel 8080 costs about US$150. Bill Gates and Paul Allen sign a licensing agreement with MITS, for their implementation of the BASIC language.
10 Sleep and Biological Rhytms 2007, cit Liu Y, Wickens CD. Mental workload and cocnitive task automaticity: an evaluation of subjective and time estimation metrics. Ergonomics 1994; 37: 1843-54. 11 Sleep and Biological Rhytms 2007, cit Samn SW, Perelli LP. Estimating Aircrew Fatigue: a Technique with Application of Airlift Operations. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine: Brooks AFB, 1982. Technical report SAM- TR-82-21. 12 Sleep and Biological Rhytms 2007, cit Dinges DF, Powell JW. Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations. Behav. Res. Methods. Instrum. Comput. 1985; 17: 652-5. 13 Sleep and Biological Rhytms 2007, cit Hart S, Staveland L, Development of the NASA-TLX (Task Load Indeks): results of empirical, theoretical research. In: Hancock P, Meshkati S, eds. Human Mental Workload. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1987; 139-183.
seadmetega. Siiski, peagi nägi Tom Carter, et AT&T-lt võetakse ära nende ebaõiglane eelis. Peagi oli turg avatud kõigile nagu näiteks General Electric'le, kes sisenes turule. 1977 aastal, Dale Heatherington ja Dennis Hayes ,,looma" lõid maailma esimese arvuti modemi, milleks oli 80-103A. See oli modem, millel olid kõik õiged tunnused, täpselt õige hinnaga ja ühendus otse telefoniga. Nende edu oli nii suur, et nad käivitasid DC Hayes Associate'i, mis on hiljem tuntud kui Hayes Microcomputer Products. Nad arendasid erinevaid tähtsaid tehnoloogiaid nagu näiteks Smartmodem ja Hayes Command seade. Smartmodem oli märkimisväärne, kuna suutis vahetada andme tööreziimist käsu reziimi. Tallinna Polütehnikum Varsti pärast seda, kui turule olid jõudnud 2400 boodilised modemid, tõsteti andmeedastuskiirust topelt ja võeti kasutusele uus standard andmete kokkusurumisel. Peale seda tutvustati V.42-te, auto usaldusväärset protokolli
It is the first WYSIWYG Perfokaardid ca 1800 Jacquard program for a personal computer. Difference Engine 1822 analüütiline masin, Charles Babbage, progr. Ada 1974- MITS (omanik Ed Roberts) completes the first prototype Altair 8800 Lovelace microcomputer 1837 Morse: elektritelegraaf Altair was one of the first successfully sold personal computer kits for do-it- 1857 Wheatstone: perfolint yourself computing fans 1847-1854 Loogika (lausearvutuse) alused G. BOOLE, de MORGAN 1974 Xerox Alto, personal computer to be used for research, first serious
the Winchester, IBM's internal development code name. The recording head rides on a layer of air 18 millionths of an inch thick. It uses four 8-inch diameter platters, giving it a capacity of 70 MB. Scelbi Computer Consulting Company offers the first computer kit in the U.S. using a microprocessor, the Intel 8008-based Scelbi-8H, for US$565, with 1KB programmable memory. An additional 15KB is available for US$2760. 1974 MITS completes the first prototype Altair 8800 microcomputer. Bravo is developed for the Xerox Alto computer. It is the first WYSIWYG program for a personal computer. Gary Kildall, of Microcomputer Applications Associates, develops the CP/M operating system for Intel 8080-based systems Motorola introduces its 6800 chip, an early 8-bit microprocessor used in microcomputers and 9 industrial and automotive control devices
today. That is why I am going to tell you about digital computers. Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or -- in the case of numbers -- 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a «clock speed» of 2000 MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000 million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per second. Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle. Except two main types of computers, analog and digital
The whole system written in LISP. 21 founders: mostly from MIT AI lab. Revenue 35 millions by 1986, then decreases rapidly. Cost of a Symbolics machine in 1988 was between 36.000$ and 125.000$. Sun-X computer at that time started at 14.000$ Another Lisp machine company created at the same time: LMI LISP machine died even faster than Symbolics 1980 Microsoft and IBM sign a contract for Microsoft to develop certain software products for IBM's microcomputer. 1981 Adam Osborne completed the first portable computer, the Osborne I, which weighed 24 pounds and cost $1,795. Used Z80 (NOT IBM-PC clone (yet)!) 1981 Apollo Computer unveiled the first workstation, its DN100, offering more power than some minicomputers at a fraction of the price. Used a Motorola 68000 microprocessor. 1981 College professor James Clark found Silicon Graphics, Incorporated. The 1000 and
MIX Member Information Exchange .MIX Microsoft Picture It! (format) MKDIR Make Directory MKL Math Kernal Library [Intel] ML Machine Language + Meta Language MLAPI Multilingual Application Programming Interface MLC Multilayer Ceramic + Multilevel Cell (program) [Internet] MLE Multi-Line Editor MLI Mobile Linux Initiative MLID Multi-Link Interface Driver MLM Mailing List Manager [Internet] MLP Meridian Lossless Packing MLPPP Multilink PPP MM Minutes + Month MMA Microcomputer Managers Association MMC Matched Memory Cycle + Microcomputer Marketing Council + Microsoft Management Console [Microsoft] + MultiMedia Card MMCD MultiMedia Compact Disk MMCX Multimedia Communication Exchange [Lucent Technologies] MMDS Multi-channel Multipoint Distribution Service MMF Multi Mode Fiber (cable) MMI Man-Machine Interface MMIS Materials Manager Information System MMPM Multi Media Presentation Manager MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
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