Photographic camera (0)

2 Photographic camera & photography (SEBA)

• Photographic camera is an equipment used for taking photographs ( usually consisting of a lightproof box with a lens at one end and light -sensitive film at the other )
  
• Photography is The art or practice of taking and processing photographs.
  

3 Context of the creation of the camera (CARLA)

• The camera has been used since before Christ . The impact in society the emergence of the camera was important and shocking because it helped us capture important moments in time that can no longer be repeated and helped a lot in the field of communication .
  

The first models of cameras were used in the years before Christ where they were used to see closely objects. After its emergence was marked a before and after in history because thanks to this artefact can capture exact moments in which a event happened.
Advancing in history have improved the types of cameras, passing cameras that took several minutes to take a photograph so far in which the process of taking a photograph or several is instantaneous. In addition , the cameras allow us to keep a record of a large number of important events , either of oneself or of important moments for the global history.
As the saying goes, "a picture is worth a thousand words"

4 Uses of the Photographic Camera (SEBA)

Camera obscura , the first camera was first mentioned by Chinese philosopher Mo-Ti in the 5th century before Christ. He formally recorded the creation of an inverted image formed by light rays passing through a pinhole into a darkened room . He called this darkened room a "collecting place " or the " locked treasure room."
in 384-322 before Christ the optical illusion was understood by Aristotle. The crescent shape of a partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes in a sieve, and the gaps between leaves of a plane tree was viewed by him.
Full account of the principle including experiments with five lanterns outside a room with a small hole was given by The Islamic scholar and scientist Alhazen (Abu Ali al- Hasan Ibn al-Haitham) (c.965 - 1039 )
Two clear descriptions of the camera obscura were given ( 1490 ) in the notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci. Many of the first camera obscuras were large rooms like that illustrated by the Dutch scientist Reinerus Gemma-Frisius in 1544 for use in observing a solar eclipse .
The image quality was improved with the addition of a convex lens into the aperture in the 16th century and the later addition of a mirror to reflect the image down onto a viewing surface. Giovanni Battista Della Porta in his 1558 book Magiae Naturalis recommended the use of this device as an aid for drawing for artists .
First photographs taken with camera obscura were mostly landscapes, the reason for that was a long exposure time. And because landscapes do not move it was a perfect option. They were also used to take family photos or portraits, but it worked a little bit differently than it does nowadays . For example, you had to stay still for a long time for it not to turn out foggy. The camera was also used to capture historical events.
Nowadays you can use a camera for everything; you don’t have to wait for it to focus or anything. You just need to press the button and its ready to go. You can take photos of people, make videos or art. Some people use cameras only for collecting purposes.
Today the photography is worn out for countless carried away about this art and up to those who want to have only a recollection. Nowadays the chambers , they record audio, video, are better in resolution, offer incredible functions , are submersible to more of 3 meters of depth

5 Inventor of the photographic camera (CARLA)

POWER
inventor de la cámara: The first publication about camera obscura was made in 1521.
The first photographer was Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in the year 1826, using a camera made of wood made by Charles and Jacques Vincent Louis Chevalier in Paris .
However , although it is considered "officially" that this was the birth of photography, the invention of the camera obscura is earlier.
The original darkroom was a room whose only source of light was a very small hole in one of the walls. The light that penetrated through the hole projected an image of the exterior on the opposite wall; The image was inverted and blurred. And that is who was be defined like " dark camera" by Leonardo Da Vinci.
Later was discovered that the light caused blackening and then Thomas Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davy who was a British scientists began their experiments to obtain photographic images, but these photos weren’t permanent because after exposing them to light the paper turned black .
The first camera that was small enough to be portable was designed by Johann Zahn in 1685.The first cameras were similar to the Zahn model, but with improvements in focus since before each exposure a sensitized plaque was inserted.
In 1839 was published the popular daguerreotype by Louis Daguerre ’s which used silver -plated copper plates sensitized with iodine vapors
The invention of the wet collodion wet plate process invented by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 greatly reduced the exposure time but
But it always required the photographer to craft the plates either in dark rooms of photographic studios or in portable laboratories.

6 How did it work? (HIGUERA)

The scene was captured with a camera obscura focused onto a 16.2 cm × 20.2 cm (6.4 in × 8.0 in) pewter plate thinly coated with Bitumen of Judea , a naturally occurring asphalt, with a camera obscura by Niépce. The bitumen hardened in the brightly lit areas , but in the dimly lit areas it remained soluble and could be washed away with a mixture of oil of lavender and white petroleum. A very long exposure in the camera was required. Sunlight strikes the buildings on opposite sides , suggesting an exposure that lasted about eight hours , which has become the traditional estimate. A researcher who studied Niépce's notes and recreated his processes found that the exposure must have continued for several days.

7 photography firsts (SEBA)

• The first photograph of a human was captured by Louis Daguerre in 1838. The exposure lasted around seven minutes and was aimed at capturing the Boulevard du Temple, a thoroughfare in Paris, France . Due to the long exposure time, many individuals who walked the street where not in place long enough to make an impression . However, in the lower left of the photograph we can see a man standing and getting his shoe’s polished.
  
• Robert Cornelius set up a camera and took the world’s first self-portrait in 1839
  
• The first hoax photograph was taken in 1840 by Hippolyte Bayard
  
• The first photograph of our sun was taken by French Physicists Louis Fizeau and Leon Foucault on April 2nd, 1845.
  
• This photograph taken in 1847 and is the first known news photograph.
  
• The first digital photograph was taken all the way back in 1957; that is almost 20 years before Kodak ’s engineer invented the first digital camera. The photo is a digital scan of a shot initially taken on film.
  
• The first color photograph was taken by the mathematical physicist, James Clerk Maxwell in 1961
  

8 Types of cameras (MARI)

• Film cameras
  
  • View camera
    
    • Built like an accordion, with a lens in the front , a viewing screen in the back, and flexible bellows in between.
      
    • ADVANTAGES
      
      • Large film size (4x5, 5,7, 8x10)
        
      • Sharp detail
        
      • What you see in the viewfinder is exactly what you will get on the negative .
        
      • You can change the position of the film and lens relative to each other to correct distortion.
        
    • DISADVANTAGES
      
      • Bulky and heavy
        
      • Must use a tripod .
        
      • Image on the viewing screen is not bright so you have put a focusing cloth over your head and the back of the camera.
        
      • The image appears reversed and upside down on the viewing screen.
        
      • Rapid shooting is difficult.
        
    • Used for:
      
      • Commercial studio photograph
        
      • Landscapes
        
      • Architectural photography
        
  • Rangefinder/viewfinder camera
    
    • A compact, lightweight, camera that allows you to view the scene through a small window.
      
    • Viewfinder cameras include inexpensive point‐and‐ shoot cameras.
      
    • Rangefinders have a coupled rangefinder that allows manual focus.
      
    • ADVANTAGES
      
      • Compact, lightweight, and fast handling.
        
      • Quieter than an SLR
        
      • Bright viewfinder image allows easy focusing.
        
    • DISADVANTAGES
      
      • Parallax error  ‐ Because the viewfinder is in a different position than the lens, you cannot see exactly what the lens sees. The closer the subject the more evident the parallax.
        
    • Point and shoot or compact cameras
      
  • Single lens reflex camera (SLR)
    
    • An SLR has a mirror and pentaprism that allow you to use the lens for viewing and focusing.
      
    • Most are 35mm , but some are medium format.
      
    • ADVANTAGES
      
      • Eliminates parallax ‐ what you see is what you will get.
        
      • Easy to focus.
        
      • Usually has a built‐in light meter .
        
    • DISADVANTAGES
      
      • Heavier and larger than a rangefinder.
        
      • Relatively complex with many parts that may need repair.
        
      • The mirror movement makes the camera loud and causes vibration.
        
      • Momentary black‐out at the time of exposure.
        
  • Twin lens reflex camera (TLR)
    
    • ATLR has a fixed mirror that reflects the scene upward onto a viewing screen.
      
    • There is one lens to expose the film and another to view the image.
      
    • ADVANTAGES
      
      • Fixed mirror allows quiet operation .
        
      • Simple, rugged construction.
        
      • The viewing screen placement on top allows you to easily photograph from the ground or other awkward angles
        
      • Medium‐format film.
        
    • DISAVANTAGES
      
      • Parallax
        
      • It is difficult to follow moving objects because the image on the screen is reversed left to right.
        
      • It is a larger camera that can be somewhat cumbersome. Difficult to use at eye level.
        
  • Specialty cameras
    
    • Used for a specific purpose
      
      • underwater cameras
        
      • Panoramic cameras
        
      • Polaroid Cameras
        
• Digital cameras
  
  • Rangefinder/viewfinder camera ▪
    
    • Point and shoot or compact cameras
      
  • Digital Single lens reflex camera (DSLR)
    
  • Specialty cameras
    

9 Parts of the camera I (VALE)

xBody - Made of high grade plastic or metal , this holds all the other parts together as well as provide protection to the delicate internal parts of the camera.
xShutter Release Button - This is the " trigger " of the camera. In most cameras, a half-press activates and locks the auto-focus, and a full press initiates the image capturing process.
Mode Dial - Contains several symbols ( slightly different on various camera models), this dial allows you to select a shooting mode, automatic or manual or a choice between one of the pre-defined settings.
xFlash - Built-in on the body of most compact and some DSLR cameras this can either be fixed or flip type, it provides an instantaneous burst of bright light to illuminate a poorly lit scene.
xThe sensor Transforms the created optical image into electrical signals that form the digital image.
The sensor is made up of cells called photosites. Each photodiode receives light that is transformed by the photositos and amplified by an amplifier (PGA more common) and then it is stored in the form of image RAW that is the negative of the photograph
Image Sensor The image sensor converts the optical image to an electronic signal, which is then sent to your memory card. There are two main types of image sensors that are used in most digital cameras: CMOS and CCD. Both forms of the sensor accomplish the same task, but each has a different method of performance .
xLens - A proper term for this part should be Lens Assembly , this consists of several layers of lenses of varying properties providing zoom, focusing, and distortion correction. These lenses are mechanically interconnected and adjustment is controlled either manually or electronically through the camera's body, Are made of high-quality glass .
xThe objective - It is a set of lenses, whose function is to form the image that will capture the sensor. Focal length : determines the coverage angle and lens magnification factor .
Focusing Ring - This can also be found around the lens of a DSLR camera. This is turned to manually focus the lens.
Aperture Ring - Found around the old manual lens of SLR camera this is used to select an aperture opening. In modern lenses, the aperture is controlled electronically through the body.
Types of objectives:
Normal: They have a coverage angle around 45 ° (They are called normal because this angle is similar to that of human vision .)
Angular: Your angle of coverage is greater than that of normal lenses. His field of vision is usually in the range of 60 ° to 90 °.
Teleobjectives. Its coverage angle is less than that of normal lenses. It is usually between 28 ° and 8 °.

10 II Aperture

• Hole where light can pass through.
  
• The size of the aperture is described as an "f-stop." This is a number that describes the size of the hole in relation to the focal length of the lens.
  

The aperture affects the image’s exposure by changing the diameter of the lens opening, which controls the amount of light reaching the image sensor. Some digital compacts will have a fixed aperture lens, but most of today’s compact cameras have at least a small aperture range. This range will be expressed in f/stops.
Scale of numbers (f)
f/1
f/1.4
f/2
f/2.8
f/4
f/5.6
f/8
f/11
f/16
f/22
f/32

11 III

xViewfinder - A small viewing window that shows the image that the camera's imaging sensor sees. This can either be an optical view finder, which shows the actual image in front of the camera through a peep hole or through mirrors , or an electronic view finder which is simply a small LCD display . Is made of standard glass
xLCD Display - In some compact cameras this acts as the viewfinder. This is a small screen (usually 1.8" diagonally or bigger) at the back of the camera which can be used for framing or for reviewing the recorded pictures.

12 IV

xPower Switch - Turns On or Off the camera. This may also contain a Record / Play Mode selector on some cameras.
Control Buttons - Usually includes a set of directional keys and a few other buttons to activate certain functions and menus, this is used to let users interact with the camera's computer system.
Zoom Control - Usually marked with W and T, which stands for " Wide " and "Tele" respectively, this is used to control the camera's lenses to zoom-in or zoom-out. For DSLR cameras, the zoom is usually controlled by a zoom ring in the lens.
Battery Compartment - Holds the batteries. Depending on the camera model, this varies in size and shape.
Memory Card Slot - This is where expansion memory cards are inserted. The proper position of the card are often indicated. A mechanical catch usually holds the card in place and a spring helps it eject.
Flash Mount (Hot-Shoe) - Standard holder with contact plates for optional Flash accessory.
Diopter Adjuster - Usually available in mid to high end sub-compact cameras and DSLRs located besides the viewfinder. This varies the focal length of the lens in the viewfinder to make even people wearing eyeglasses to see clearly through it even without the eyeglasses.
Tripod Mount - Here is where your standard Tripod or Monopod is attached for added stability.

13 How do they function to produce an Image (SLR) (MARI)

Light enters the camera's lens and creates an inverted image on the mirror. Located 45 degrees above the mirror is what is called a focusing screen. The image is transmitted to this screen and then to a pentaprism located above, which inverts the image a second time before the photographer sees it through the viewfinder.
Focusing is basically manipulating the amount of light entering the lens. The photographer achieves proper focus by rotating the lens on different axis . In case of auto-focus cameras, this is done automatically using a microprocessor, a rangefinder and a miniature motor, which rotate the lens by sensing the amount of light present and the range of focus.
This type of camera has a moveable mirror behind the lens which reflects an image through a five-sided prism (pentaprism) or pair of mirrors, onto a glass screen (the viewfinder). This means the photographer sees exactly the same image that will be exposed on the recording medium (film or digital CCD).
When you press the shutter button, the main mirror is flipped out of the way so the light passes straight through to the recording medium. As you do this, you notice the image briefly disappear from the viewfinder. There is also the familiar sound of the "camera click" as the whole mechanism works .
The obvious advantage of this system is accuracy . If the image you see through the viewfinder is not exactly the same as the image on the recording medium (as in viewfinder cameras), the composition of the resulting photograph may be noticeably different to what you expected . The SLR camera makes sure this doesn't happen.
SLR cameras also work well with different lenses. Since you are seeing exactly what the lens sees, you can swap lenses as required and always be confident of what you are capturing.

14 How do they Function to Produce an Image (point-and-shoot)

The functioning of a point-and-shoot camera is nothing but a simplistic version of the SLR camera. Recent point-and-shoot cameras do not have a separate viewfinder, and use the LCD screen to show the preview of the image to be taken. As they have no mirrors or prisms, and very less moving parts, they are very compact and convenient to carry.
Most functions in such a camera are controlled electronically. Hence , the user simply needs to point to a subject and shoot, and the camera does the rest automatically. When a photographer wishes to click a shot, he presses the shutter halfway to focus (focusing is done automatically by a rangefinder usually located above the lens); once he's satisfied he presses the shutter completely and the image is captured. Such cameras provide a live preview right on the LCD, which is achieved by a microprocessor, and an image sensor. When the photograph is clicked, the sensor saves that particular configuration of light values into the storage device.
Advanced point-and-shoot cameras are a bit bulkier than the compact ones, but provide complex and more manipulable controls resulting in better quality pictures. These types of cameras are great for beginners to the hobby of photography.

15 Future camera technology (HIGUERA)

• No shutter button.
  
  • Cameras of the future may no longer require a shutter button. Instead, photographers could wink or use a voice command to tell the camera to record a photo. In the case of a wink, the camera probably would be built into a person's glasses , or another everyday item. With the camera built into a pair of glasses, aiming the camera would be easy, too.
    
  • This type of camera potentially could work in a manner similar to a hands -free cell phone , where you can issue commands without the need to push a button.
    
• More compact
  
  • An ultra compact camera generally is defined as a camera that measures 1 inch or less in thickness. Such small cameras are great because they easily fit everywhere
    
  • The camera of the future could redefine "ultra compact," though, creating cameras that could be 0.5 inches in thickness and maybe with smaller dimensions than today's cameras.
    
  • much larger than today's small models, and the high-tech This prediction makes some sense , as digital cameras from a decade ago were components inside digital cameras continue to shrink. As more cameras incorporate touch screens for operating the camera, the camera's size could be determined by the size of its display screen, eliminating all other controls and buttons, much like a smartphone .
    
• May add the sense of smell to photographs.
  
  • Photography is a visual medium, but the camera of the future may add the sense of smell to photographs.
    
  • Adding the ability to stimulate senses other than vision to photographs would be an interesting idea. For example, a photographer could command the camera to record the smell of the scene, embedding it with the visual image that it captured. The ability to add smells to photographs would need to be optional, though ... adding smells to a photograph of food or a field of flowers would be great, but adding smells to photographs of the monkey house at the zoo might not be desirable.
    
• Unlimited Battery Power
  
  • The camera of the future could incorporate some sort of solar energy cell, allowing the battery to either operate only from solar power or allowing it to charge the battery using the solar cell.
    
• Light Field Recording
  
  • Light field photography involves recording the photo and then determining which portion of the photo you want to have in focus later.
    
• No Light Required