The Relations Between The USA and Iraq (0)

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Miina Härma Gymnasium
The Relations Between the USA and Iraq
Student: Hendrik Rummel 10.b
Teacher : Tiia Timma
Tartu 2010
The Table of Contents

Introduction ...........................................................................................................................2

History

Pre-1980s.............................................................................................................3

1980s...................................................................................................................3

1990s ...................................................................................................................4

2000s...................................................................................................................4-5

United States support for Iraq
3.1. During the Iran -Iraq war.....................................................................................5
3.2. After the Iraq war................................................................................................5-6
4. The Iraq war

Preparations.........................................................................................................6

Invasion...............................................................................................................6-7

Post-invasion phase.............................................................................................7

End of the war.....................................................................................................7

Casualties............................................................................................................7-8

Criticism and cost ...............................................................................................8
5. Conduction............................................................................................................................9
6. Resources..............................................................................................................................10
Introduction
I chose this theme because I'm interested in the world politics, especially in the dangerous hot spots in the world, and also in the contemporary history. Due to the facts that Iraq is closely related to terrorism and many Estonian soldiers took part in the Iraq war I think it is important to know how did those countries became enemies.
In this report I'm going to write about relations between Iraq and the USA. First of all I am going to write about the common history between those countries. Because they do not share long history, I'm going to characterize every decade from 1980. Many people think that the U.S and Iraq have been enemies forever , but it is not so. The United States has supported Iraq in war and I am going to find out why and how. At some stage their relations got really bad and it led to the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. During the writing I am also going to find out how are the diplomatic relations between them nowadays .
History
Pre-1980s
In 1963, the United States backed a coup against the government of Iraq headed by General Abdul Karim Qassim, who five years earlier had deposed the Western -allied Iraqi monarchy. The US was concerned about the growing influence of Communist Iraqi government officials under his administration, as well as his threats to invade Kuwait, which almost caused a war between Iraq and England . Former CIA Near East Division Chief James Chritchfield maintains that the CIA played no direct role in the 1963 coup, but that it viewed the Ba'ath Party favorably and offered support after they had taken over. In 1966 Salam Arif, the leader of the new Ba'athist government, died and his brother , Abdul Rahman Arif, not a Ba'athist, assumed the presidency. Some believe that Robert Anderson, former secretary of the treasury under President Dwight D. Eisenhower , secretly met with the Ba'ath Party and came to a negotiated agreement according to which both the oil field concessions and sulphur mined in the northern part of the country would go to United States companies if the Ba'ath again took over power . In 1968, General Ahmed Hassan al- Bakr of the Ba'ath Party was installed as the new president. The US broke relations with Iraq in 1967. After al-Bakr seized power, relations remained severed for 16 years and the US made arms sales to Iraq illegal . In June 1972 all foreign businesses including the Iraq Petroleum Company were seized and Iraq declared that oil would be used as "a political weapon in the struggle against imperialism ”. Saddam Hussein assumed power in a counter-coup in 1979.
1980s
The Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) was one of a series of crises during an era of upheaval in the Middle East. In mid-September 1980 Iraq attacked Iran, in the mistaken belief that Iranian political disarray would guarantee a quick victory. The U.S., having decided that an Iranian victory would not serve its interests, began supporting Iraq. In 1984 the U.S restored full diplomatic relations with Iraq. At same time U.S. began sharing intelligence and selling weapons to Iran. In 1986 the USA increased the aid to Iraq. In early 1988, Iraq's relations with the United States were generally friendly . In the end of 1988 the Center for Strategic and International Studies began a 2 year study predicting the outcome of a war between U.S and Iraq, at the same time Saddam Hussein announced $40 billion plan to peacefully rebuild Iraq. By October 1989, when all international banks had cut off loans to Iraq, the president of the U.S. George H. W. Bush signed National Security Directive (NSD) 26, mandating closer links with Iraq and $1 billion in agricultural loan guarantees. These guarantees freed for Iraq hard cash to continue buying and developing the weapons of mass destruction.
1990s
Between July 18 and August 1 the Bush Administration approved $4.8 million in advanced technology sales to Iraq's weapons ministry and to weapons labs that were known to have worked on biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. On 2nd August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait despite warnings from the US and Egypt , it conquered and annexed Kuwait. Iraq did not respond to US, to Arabian and to UN warnings to withdraw from Kuwait. The United Nation's allies led by the USA launched operation Desert Storm in February 1991, successfully reversing the invasion of Kuwait. However , the US did not try to remove Saddam Hussein from power and allowed him to suppress Kurdish and Shi'a revolts. According to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a bomb and sabotage campaign between 1992 and 1995 in Iraq via one of the insurgent organizations, the Iraqi National Accord . The Iraqi government at the time claimed that the bombs, including one exploded in a movie theater , resulted in many civilian casualties. In 1996, Amneh al-Khadami, who described himself as the chief bomb maker for the Iraqi National Accord, recorded a videotape in which he talked of the bombing campaign and complained that he was being shortchanged money and supplies. However this campaign had no apparent effect in toppling Saddam Hussein's rule . In October 1998, regime change became official with the U.S. Policy enactment of the "Iraq Liberation Act"(ILA). The ILA is a United States Congressional statement of policy calling for regime change in Iraq.
2000s
On 11 September 2001 a series of coordinated suicide attacks were made by Iraqi terrorist, al- Qaeda , upon the United States. The terrorists hijacked airplanes and intentionally crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Due to the possible terrorist threat the USA invaded Iraq in 2003. It was the start of the conflict known as the Iraq War or Operation Iraqi Freedom in which a combined force of troops from the United States, alongside the United Kingdom, and smaller contingents from Australia and Poland invaded Iraq and toppled the regime of Saddam Hussein in 21 days of major combat operations. On 13 December 2003, Saddam Hussein was captured by the US forces at a farmhouse in ad-Dawr near Tikrit in Operation Red Dawn . In 2005, the Central Intelligence Agency released a report saying that no weapons of mass destruction had been found in Iraq. Saddam Hussein was hanged on the first day of Eid ul-Adha, 30 December 2006, despite his wish to be shot. In late February 2009, newly elected U.S. President Barack Obama announced an 18-month withdrawal window for combat forces, with approximately 50,000 troops remaining in the country "to advise and train Iraqi security forces and to provide intelligence and surveillance". In a speech at the Oval Office on 31 August 2010 Obama declared: "The American combat mission in Iraq has ended . Operation Iraqi Freedom is over, and the Iraq's people now have responsibility to assure the security of their country."

United States Support for Iraq

Diplomatic relations with Iraq had been severed shortly after the 1967 Arab- Israeli Six-Day War. A decade later , following a series of major political developments, particularly after the Iranian Revolution and the seizure of embassy staff in the 1979–81 Iran hostage crisis, President Jimmy Carter ordered a review of American policy toward Iraq.
During the Iran-Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War was a war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the longest conventional war of the twentieth century. The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on 22 September 1980. In 1982 with Iranian success on the battlefield, the U.S started to support Iraq publicly. This support included several billion dollars worth of economic aid, the sale of dual-use technology, non-U.S. origin weaponry, military intelligence, Special Operations training, and direct involvement in warfare against Iran. In 1982, Iraq was removed from a list of State Sponsors of Terrorism to ease the transfer of dual-use technology to that country. President Ronald Reagan initiated a strategic opening to Iraq, signing National Security Decision Directive 4-82 and selecting Donald Rumsfeld as his emissary to Hussein, whom he visited in December 1983 and March 1984. According to U.S. ambassador Peter W. Galbraith, far from winning the conflict, "the Reagan administration was afraid that Iraq might actually lose. For 5 years the United States supported Iraqis, hoping that they will succeed and Iran will fall . On 17 May 1987, an Iraqi bomber attacked a US warship and sank it. However, U.S. attention was focused on isolating Iran and Iraq was left unpunished. On 20 August 1988 Iran accepted the terms of U.N. Security Council Resolution 598 and peace was restored.
After the Iraq War
On 1 September 2010 the United States changed commanders in Iraq in a ceremony that began the final phase of its military involvement in the country. Joe Biden , US vice-president said: "Operation Iraqi Freedom might be over, but American engagement with Iraq will continue.” He continued: "This ceremony not only marks the change of the command but the start of a different chapter in the relationship with Iraq.” Iraqi troops are taking lead responsibilities for their country's security. US government kept a promise, made to the American people and to the people of Iraq by drawing down their forces to roughly 50,000, and they are on track to remove all of their troops by the end of next year according to the agreement signed by President Bush with the Iraqi government.
Newly promoted Lloyd Austin, an US army general noted that "hostile enemies" continue to threaten Iraq and pledged that the US commitment will not change. Meanwhile, the president of the United States, Barack Obama, announced the shift from combat operations to prepare Iraqi forces to assume responsibility for their own security, after seven years of war.
The Iraq War
The Iraq War, Second Gulf War or Operation Iraqi Freedom was a military campaign that began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational force, led by troops from the United States under the administration of President George W. Bush and the United Kingdom under the Prime Minister Tony Blair. Prior to the invasion, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom declared that the possibility of Iraq employing weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threatened their security and their coalition/regional allies. Many people, including former U.S. President Bill Clinton were against the invasion. Visiting the UK, Clinton said: "As a pre-emptive action today , however well-justified, may come back with unwelcome consequences in the future. I don't care how precise your bombs and your weapons are, when you set them off, innocent people will die."

Preparations

In October 2002, a few days before the U.S. Senate voted on the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, about 75 senators were told in closed session that Iraq had the means of attacking the Eastern Seaboard of the U.S. with biological or chemical weapons by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs.) . On February 5, 2003, Colin Powell presented further evidence in his Iraqi WMD program presentation to the UN Security Council that they were ready to be launched against the U.S.
Invasion (March 20 – May 1, 2003)
The first Central Intelligence Agency invasion team entered Iraq on July 10, 2002. This team was composed of members of the CIA's Special Activities Division and was later joined by members of the U.S. military's elite Joint Special Operations Command. Together, they prepared for the invasion of conventional forces. 248,000 soldiers from the United States, 45,000 British soldiers, 2,000 Australian soldiers and 194 Polish soldiers from Special Forces unit were sent to Kuwait for the invasion. At 5:34 a.m. Baghdad time on March 20, 2003 the military invasion of Iraq began. The stated objectives of the invasion were: end the Hussein regime; eliminate whatever weapons of mass destruction could be found; eliminate whatever Islamist militants could be found; obtain intelligence on militant networks ; distribute humanitarian aid; secure Iraq's petroleum infrastructure and assist to create a representative but compliant government as a model for other Middle East nations. The invasion was a quick and decisive operation encountering major resistance , though not what the U.S., British and other forces expected . Iraqi forces achieved some temporary successes and created unexpected challenges for the invading forces, especially for the U.S. military. On April 9 the capital of Iraq, Baghdad, fell, ending president Hussein's 24-year rule. U.S. forces seized the deserted Ba'ath Party ministries and pulled down a huge iron statue of Hussein. In the invasion phase of the war (March 19-April 30), 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed along with 7,299 civilians, primarily by U.S. air and ground forces. Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 U.S. military personnel and 33 U.K. military personnel.
Post-invasion phase
On May 1, 2003, President Bush declared victory due to the defeat of Iraq's conventional forces. After President Bush's speech, coalition forces noticed a gradually increasing number of attacks on its troops in many regions . The Iraqi insurgents were supplied by hundreds of weapons caches, created before the invasion. The rebels were quite successful and killed thousands of soldiers. Post-invasion Iraq coalition efforts commenced after the fall of the Hussein regime. The coalition nations, together with the United Nations, began to work for establishing a stable, democratic state, capable of defending itself.
End of the war
On April 30, 2009, the United Kingdom formally ended combat operations. Prime Minister Gordon Brown characterized the operation in Iraq as a "success story" because of U.K. troops' efforts. The withdrawal of U.S. forces began at the end of June, with 38 bases were handed over to Iraqi forces. On June 29, 2009, U.S. forces were recalled from Baghdad. The last U.S. combat brigades departed Iraq in the early morning of August 19, 2010.

Casualties

Casualties of the conflict in Iraq since 2003 have come in many forms, and the accuracy of the information available of Iraq War casualties varies greatly . For troops in the U.S.-led multinational coalition, the death toll was carefully tracked and updated daily, and the names and photographs of those killed in action as well as in accidents have been published widely. Regarding the Iraqis, however, information on military and civilian casualties were less precise and less consistent. Presumably the number of civilian casualties is about 100000 .
Documented Iraq civilian deaths from violence .
Criticism and cost
The Bush Administration faced heavy criticism from popular and official sources both inside and outside of the United States, many U.S. citizens found parallels with the Vietnam War. According to the Center for Public Integrity, the Bush administration made a total of 935 false statements between 2001 and 2003 about Iraq's possible threat to the United States. Both proponents and opponents of the invasion criticized the prosecution of the war effort along a number of other lines. Most significantly, critics have assaulted the U.S. and its allies for not devoting enough troops to the mission, not planning for post-invasion Iraq, and for allowing widespread human rights abuses. As the war progressed, critics also railed against the high human and financial costs. The financial cost of the war was more than £4.55 billion ($9 billion) to the U.K., and over $845 billion to the U.S., the total cost to the U.S. economy estimated at $3 trillion.
Conduction
The information about this theme was comparatively easy to find, especially thanks to the recently publicised documents about the Iraq War by the Wikileaks. Before that the Iraq War was one of the most classified event in the U.S history with over 300000 classified documents. I got a lot of help from the newspapers articles as well, where I could found a lot of speeches from the directive people of the United States.
The relationships between the United States and Iraq have been quite colourful and unconstant over the decades. Despite the 1980s, when the U.S supported Iraq both militarily and financially , the relations have been mostly unstable. In my opinion the USA itself caused the danger that Iraq might own weapons of mass destruction. In Iran-Iraq war the U.S was so obsessed with the idea that Iran should lost the conflict, they left Iraq unsupervised. Iraq got great help from the leading country of the world and thanks to that it grew stronger, to the point where it became dangerous. When the United States felt the threat, it just showed some power and invaded Iraq. Because the invasion was not planned well, the conflict wore on and due to that it caused a lot of casualties and big financial expenditure. Although the motives and the consequences of the war have been reflected a lot, I think they are still quite fuzzy and some details are still unpublished. Despite all this I hope that Iraqis are strong enough to get over the terrorism and are able to built up their own, democratic country.
Resources
Internet:

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War on terror

undermined our ability to effectively confront the real challenges we face from fanatics who may use terrorism against us. Although the term is not officially used by the administration of US President Barack Obama, it is still commonly used by politicians, in the media and officially by some aspects of government, such as the Army's Global War on Terrorism Service Medal. In the meantime, the "war on terror" has gravely damaged the United States internationally. For Muslims, the similarity between the rough treatment of Iraqi civilians by the U.S. military and of the Palestinians by the Israelis has prompted a widespread sense of hostility toward the United States in general. It's not the "war on terror" that angers Muslims watching the news on television, it's the victimization of Arab civilians. And the resentment is not limited to Muslims. A recent BBC poll of 28,000 people in 27 countries that sought respondents' assessments of the role of

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Terrorism and fighting against it

Estonia), it's dangerous for all of us. Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack in U.S., there have been so called War on Terror. The War on Terror is an international military campaign led by the United States and the United Kingdom with the support of other NATO and non-NATO countries. The campaign was started in 2001 with the US/UK invasion of Afghanistan in response to the September 11 attack. Since then, other operations have got started, the largest being the War in Iraq, beginning with a 2003 invasion. Originally, it was funded against al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations with the purpose to depose them. The phrase War on Terror was first used by former U.S. President George W. Bush and other higher U.S. officials to designate a global military, political, legal and ideological battle against organizations designated as terrorist and against the people who were accused of having a connection to them, offer them support or were

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Konspekt USA history

Pennsylvania- 1731: Benjamin Franklin -the first library in the colonies. New York- (before it was new Amsterdam) the dutch, the english. · Life in Middle Colonies- Farmers lived in very small houses outside the town. Wheat, barley, rye, fruits, Clocks, watches, guns, locks, cloth, and hats Benjamin Franklin- Fire department, library, freedom of the press No college for woman and African-Americans · Southern Colonies Maryland- religious freedom North and South Carolina- arguments between the two groups Georgia- last of the 13 colonies, Place to get rid of the people in England the King did not like/want, prisoners · Life in southern colonies- Large plantations- tobacco, rice, cotton Cheap labour Slaves Primary seaports in Charleston and South Carolina · Westward expansion 1803 President Thomas Jefferson sent a secret message to Congress calling for a expedition in the west. (Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean) France owned the territory

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Syria (Helimun)

The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when addressing international problems. There are currently 192 Members of the United Nations. The Aims of the United Nations: -To keep peace throughout the world. -To develop friendly relations between nations. -To work together to help people live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy in the world, to stop environmental destruction and to encourage respect for each other's rights and freedoms. -To be a centre for helping nations achieve these aims. The Principles of the United Nations: -All Member States have sovereign equality. -All Member States must obey the Charter. -Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means.

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The President of the United States and his family

Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. Other domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the DoddFrank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, and the Budget Control Act of 2011. In May 2012, he became the first sitting U.S. president to openly support legalizing same-sex marriage. In foreign policy, he ended the war in Iraq, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered U.S. involvement in the 2011 Libya military intervention, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden. Obama's parents and childhood Barack Hussein Obama was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii. Obama's mother, Ann Dunham, grew up in Wichita, Kansas, where her father worked on oil rigs during the Depression

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English history

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brothers. *The Battle of Hastings 1066 Harold claimed the throne of England for himself soon after the previous king had died. His cousin William thought that he would be the next king, so he took Harold's crowning as a declaration of war. William planned to invade England, and take the crown for himself. The Battle of Hastings was the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. The battle took place at Senlac Hill between the Norman army of Duke William, and the English army led by King Harold II. Harold was killed during the battle. Although there was further English resistance for some time to come, this battle is seen as the point at which William gained control of England. *The Norman Conquest The Norman conquest of England began with the invasion of William, Duke of Normandy and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. The Norman Conquest was an important event in English history

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