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Canada - history and provinces. (0)

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History
First people who lived in Canada came by a land bridge from Russia and Greenland . They were the ancestors of nowadays indigenous people of Canada. They just searched better for living places and followed their prey and they didn’t even know they were on a different continent .
The first explorers were Norse seafarers known as Vikings . As they sailed from Iceland to Greenland in AD 985, they were blown far off their course and they saw the coast what must have been Labrador. The forested areas of Canada’s coast encouraged further explorations , because their settlement lacked lumber. They established a colony , what they called Vinland on Newfoundland . It died out during the 14th and 15th centuries.
500 years later Europeans started looking for a waterway to Asia , because travelling with spices over land wasn’t very safe anymore . The first explorer was Christopher Kolumbus who reached America’s shore in 1492, although he thought it was Asia. The next explorer was John Cabot in 1497 . He sailed to Newfoundland. The first European who explored further inland was Jacques Cartier in 1534.
The King of France wanted to settle nowadays eastern Canada and call it New France. To avoid the high costs building the settlements, King of France made an agreement with a fur trading company – if the company brought settlers to New France, they’d have monopoly to trade for furs and they would receive all the profits.
First attempts of colonization failed. In 1604, French nobleman and a mapmaker named Samuel de Champlain established first permanent French settlement in the New World on an island . This area was called Acadia. When they moved to more sheltered harbour, the settlement was called Port Royal . By 1607, France wanted to establish a new French settlement along the St. Lawrence River . French went there and came back and in 1610 , some of them returned. They were the ancestors of the French speaking Acadian people in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick today .
Champlain is also known as the “ Father of New France”, as he picked out the location of the first French settlement along the St. Lawrence River. The settlement was called Quebec . Most of the settlers died because of the winter and although Champlain tried to get more settlers, his efforts failed.
By 1663, the population of New France was still very small. The settlers were trading and not farming or making settlements. Also war between French and the Iroquois made the settlers feel unsafe. Louis XIV ended the rule of fur traders and made New France a royal colony governed by the King. That ensured more settlers to come to New France. Still, by 1700, New France was not a great farming colony like the King had wanted and France didn’t also have money or the time to spend on that colony.
France and Britain didn’t have good relations ; they fought over colonies , fur trade and religion . In 1756 Seven Years’ War started between them. The British colonists wanted new farmland and French fur traders had forts, which they refused to move .
By 1758, the British had conquered the French fortress of Louisbourg at the entrance of the St. Lawrence River. This was the beginning of the end for French rule in North America. In September 1759, the British attacked the French on the Plains of Abraham and won. The following spring they also conquered Montreal .
The British renamed the new French-speaking region Quebec. They allowed the French to keep their Roman Catholic religion, civil law system and language , so that they would not try to break away from Britain.
From 1775 to 1784 , many British came to the former New France area from south . The people in American colonies were fighting for independence and those people who fled north were the one who wanted to remain loyal to Britain (United Empire Loyalists). Britain created two new colonies: New Brunswick and Upper Canada. New Brunswick was created in 1784. Upper Canada became part of Quebec in 1791. Upper Canada was the English -speaking colony and Lower Canada was the French-speaking colony. They were reunited in 1841 , called Canada West and Canada East and the capital of them was Montreal. They become provinces of Ontario and Quebec in 1867.
Uniting all the Canadian provinces soon became a necessity. There were five reasons why it was good to unite the provinces: they wanted to be protected from the USA, they wanted to defend themselves against the Fenians, trading would be much easier , they wanted to build a railway from east to west and Britain didn’t want to support Canadian provinces anymore likewise Canadian provinces wanted to break away from Britain. 1st July 1867 the Dominion of Canada was formed of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The first Prime Minister of Canada was MacDonald. The railway was finished on 7th November 1885, after five years of building.
Provinces
Canada consists of five regions : the Pacific Region, the Prairie Provinces, Central Canada, the Atlantic Provinces and the North.
The Pacific Region, which is the western part of Canada, consists of one province : British Columbia . It became a province in 1871. Its capital is Victoria and the biggest city is Vancouver . Name of British Columbia was chosen by Queen Elizabeth . The main industries are forestry , tourism (Vancouver Island, Stanley Park, skiing , golfing, hiking ), mining ( metal and coal mines) and fishing .
The Prairie Provinces, that are located in the middle and south of Canada, consist of three provinces: Manitoba (capital Winnipeg), Alberta (capital Edmonton) and Saskatchewan (capital Regina ). Agriculture is very important in that region. There are many farms where they grow wheat, barley and oats. The most important landmarks of the region are the Canadian Shield , Lake Winnipeg and the Rocky Mountains, but it mostly consists of plains.
Central Canada consists of Quebec (capital Quebec City) and Ontario (capital Toronto ). It’s not situated in the middle of Canada, more to the east, but it’s the main centre of industry and economy . In Ontario there is also the capital of Canada – Ottawa . Mining ( iron and steel ) and agriculture (fruit, grape and vegetables) are important there. Hunting , skiing, snowmobiling, wildlife and casinos are important part of tourism.
The Atlantic Provinces consist of four provinces: New Brunswick (capital Fredericton), Nova Scotia (capital Halifax), Prince Edward Island (capital Charlotte) and Newfoundland & Labrador (capital St. John’s). It’s situated in the east of Canada. Population of the whole region is 2,3 million people. The climate is mild, humid and windy. The main industries are fishing, mining and forestry. The most popular landmark is the Appalachians.
The North consists of Nunavut (capital Iqaluit), Northwest Territories (capital Yellowknife) and Yukon Territory (capital Whitehorse). These areas have very low density of population. Mining is popular in each of them, mostly they mine gold , zinc , copper and even diamonds there. In Yukon Territory there is the highest point of Canada – Mount Logan , which is 5600 metres high. Most of the North is tundra and mostly Inuit live there.
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