m3/ha/year Main principle of the economy of forests: Annual cutting should be equal to annual increase. Trees are divided into: · Precious trees (ebony, mahagony, sandalwood) · Hard-broadleaf (decidious) trees (oak, beech pöök) · Coniferous trees -> consumption timber -> soft timber (spruce, pine, juniper) · Trees of little value (willow, bird-cherry toomingas) · Trees of special usage (fruits, cork) Forestry: · Planting, taking care of the trees · Protection of forests againts fire and pests · Soil improvement · Special forest plantations · Fertilisation · Plant breeding Forest Industry: · Felling of the trees · Processing of timber · Trees grow: 80-100 years in the wild, 60-70 years with the help of people The usage of forests: 1. Gathering · To live, get food and shelter from the woods · Don't change or harm the forests 2. EarlyAgrarian m.m.
Distribution Composition Popular species Benefits Planting trees Conclusion Introduction Ø An urban forest is a forest or a collection of trees that grow within a city, town or a suburb. Ø Urban forests plays an important role in ecology of human habitats in many ways: they filter air, water, sunlight, provide shelter to animals and recreational area for people. They moderate local climate and slowing wind. History of Urban Forestry Early History Ø Trees have been esthetically important to people since the earliest civilization. Ø Botanical gardens began to evolve during the Middle Ages. Ø The first recording of term ,,arborist". Ø Freely planted trees in London. North American History The popular image of a New England town square with trees and grass did not evolve until the late 1700s and early 1800s
Mobile-ID, and casts a ballot SKYPE Telecommunications application software product At the end of 2010, there were over 660 million worldwide users First released in August 2003 In September 2005, eBay acquired Skype Microsoft bought Skype in May 2011 FORESTRY Forests cover about 50% of the territory Institution dealing with forestry-related research is the Estonian University of Life Sciences This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-S USED MATERIAL https://e-estonia.com/solutions/e-governance/i-voting/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_in_Estonia THANKS FOR PAYING ATTENTION!
Forestry and the Forest Industry in Japan Today I'm going to do a presentation about a book called ,,Forestry and the Forest Industry in Japan", edited by Yoshiya Iwai. --------------------- Participants in private forestry are classified into six categories: forestry households; companies; shrines and temples; joint holdings; various groups and cooperatives; and habitual joint holdings. Except for shrines and temples, these groups manage forests to produce income. In general, these forests are not very large: the average forest area per establishment was 3.7 ha in 1990. Groups operating forests of less than 100 ha control 67% of the total area. Hence forests are not necessarily owned by a few large concerns. Private ownership of
Estonian University of Life Sciences What can be learnt? • A lot of subjects, which are connected of life sciences • Examples: • Veterinary Medicine • Horticulture(aiandus) • Forestry(metsandus) • Environmental Protection(keskkonnakaitse) • Nature tourism What are the requirements to get in? • Estonian exam • Math exam(narrow/wide) • Average mark • Admission exam(vastuvõtueksam) Facilities • Library • Dormitories(ühiselamud) • Sport facilities • Different institutes • Võrtsjärve Learning centre • Animal clinic • Organic centre Fees • Depends: • 1.Free • 2. 650 – 3900 euros per semester • Dormitories 80 – 150 euros a
FOREST
INSECTS
The control of forest insects: general considerations
Participants osalejad Shrine pühamu Joint holding kaasvaldus Habitual harilik Hence seepärast Restoration taastamine Parcel maatükk Assessment uurimine Constitute moodustama Scarcely napilt Salient väljapaistev Agriculture põllumajandus Artificial kunstlik Reforesting taasmetsastamine Seedling võrse Coniferous okas- Timber puit Utilizing kasutades Subsidized riigitoetust saav Afforestation metsastamine Subsidy toetus Affiliated tütar- Prevailing ülekaalus Deteriorate halveneb Labour tööjõud Confront vastu seisma Monetary rahaline Accompanying kaasasolev Silviculture metsakasvatus Revenue tulu Incentive stiimul Entrust usaldama Steep järsk Labour-intensive tööjõumahukas Decline langus Virgin forest põlismets Secondary forest taastunud mets Overstate ülehindama Subsequently järgnevalt Tendency kalduvus Incremental kasvav Pulpwood pabripuit Stumpage puidu langetamise hind Rapidly kiiresti Resemble sarnanema Consistent järjepidev...
Riigi tööleht 3 – metsandus, kalandus, põllumajandus. Märts 2010 Riik:Suurbritannia Nimi: Metsandus 1. Ava järgmine link. http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57478/en/ . Vali oma riik. Leia vastused järgmistele küsimustele. 1. Kui suure osa riigi pindalast katavad metsad (%)? 2. Millised on valdavad puuliigid?Leidsin esimeselt töölehelt, et peamised puuliigid on tamm, pöök, mänd, kask. 3. Leia 2-3 riigi metsa/metsanduse kohta sobivat fakti/iseärasust/probleemi, mis Sinu arvates on iseloomulikud just Sinu riigile. Puudus info. 2. Lingilt http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/en/ vali oma riik
Manufacturing. Australia imports more manufactured goods than it exports. The nation has to import many of its producer goods factory machinery, construction equipment and so on. Australia's iron and steel industry produces enough of the metals to meet the needs of other industries. The leading manufactured products are food, cars, paper, chemicals, clothing and shoes. Most of the factories are located in and around Sydney ad Melbourne. Forestry and fishing. Forests cover about 6 per cent of Australia. The majority of Australia's trees are eucalyptuses. The wood of eucalyptus is used for making paper, floorboards and furniture. Although Australia is surrounded by water, its fishing resources are limited. They catch shellfish, lobsters, oysters, prawns and scallops, also salmon and tuna. Tourism. Australia has a variety of tourist attractions. They include wildlife
http://foris.fao.org/static/data/fra2010/fig0.2.jpg ?Kuidas on muutunud metsa pindala riikides? Aastane muutus ajavahemikus 2005-2010 Kahanemine (tuh ha) Suurenemine (tuh ha) Väike muutus (kasv või kahanemine) Nimeta riike, kus metsa pindala kiiresti väheneb? Miks? Mis riikides metsa pindala suureneb? Miks? http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/62219/en/ Miks metsade pindala muutub? METS metsamaa vähenemine MUU MAA metsa raiumine, hävimine (tulekahju, tormi jmt tõttu) metsa looduslik juurdekasv,
1. Agriculture - Tractors - Combine harvesters - Agricultural loaders - Agricultural trailers - Agricultural implements (seeders, plows, sprayers etc) 2. Construction - Excavators - Backhoe-Loaders - Loaders - Cranes - Dozers - Road construction - Graders 3. Transportation - Tractor units / trucks - Trailers / Semi trailers - Buses - Transportation other 4. Handling/Lifting - Forklift trucks 5. Forestry - Harvesters - Forwarders 6. Ground care - lawn mowes / sweepers etc.
Seedlings seemik(seemnest kasvatatud taim). Noored puud, mida kasutatakse ettevalmistatud maade taasmetsastamiseks. Silviculture metsakasvatus. Kunst ja teadus mis kontrollib puude kasvu, koostist, tervisehoidu ja kvaliteeti. Soil erosion - pinnase erosiooni. Uhutakse ära mulla pealmine viljakas kiht paduvihmade ja üleujutuste mõjul. Sustainable forestry - säästev metsandus. Weed umbrohi. Taimed, mis kasvavad haritud maal inimese tahte vastaselt.
Current situation • The long term development plan of the Estonian energy industry foresees a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and an increase in the share of biofuels: by the year 2010 renewable energy must account for 5.1% of total energy consumption Current situation (2) • In Estonia we have abandoned arable land about 400 000 ha, part of it is overgrowing naturally, and another part has been afforested • For short-rotation forestry in Estonia, ecologically and economically the most suitable tree is probably grey alder, which is a highly productive and soil improving species Grey alder • The stock of grey alder (Alnus incana) in Estonia in 2005 was 35 millions m³. A majority of Estonian grey alder stands grow in private forests where they make up 13.7% of all stands; in state forests their share is 1.7%. Grey alder (2) • The annual mean increment of Estonian
Deforestation traffic clogging up the city streets rapid growth of unplanned industries the use of CFCs in packaging and manufacturing products Detergents Overpopulation Killing animals like birds, big cats, lions, tigers What it causes? Temperature raising Melting polar ice sheets Currents change its circulation e.g. The Gulf Stream El nino Pollution sea-water to swell up. Natural system Animals deaths Sea level rise reduce mankind's ability to grow foods, destroy wildlife. Agriculture, forestry and fishery damaged Is it dangerous is very dangerous for our existence and survival. sun's scorching heat comes to earth in a direct way the earth's surface becomes seriously heated. What should we do to prevent the dangerous effects of GW? We should not cut off trees Rather we should plant more and more trees Mills, factories, brick-fields should be set up in a very good planned way. There should be well drainage system to pass away waste materials, wastages and poisonous chemicals.
Medical plants in the Republic of Korea 1998 Natural Products Research Institute NIMI Forestry I KUUpÄEV Tartu aasta Achyranthes japonica (Miq.) Nakai Japanese chaff flower · Used parts are roots · Oedema, rheumatism, contraceptive emmenagogue,abortifacient · Height:50-100cm · Thick roots · Sticky seeds Tartu 2012 Aconitum koreanum Korean monk's hood · Rhizomes are used for : Treating chilled legs and arms Articular pain · Height:70 cm · Width: 1-2 cm · Toxic Tartu 2012 Acorus calamus var
Töös on välja toodud põhinäitajad nagu tootmis- ja ekspordimahud ning nende erinevused eelnevate aastatega. Ülesehituselt jaguneb töö kolme peatükki, kus esimeses antakse ülevaade Venemaa metsandussektorist, teises metsatööstussektorist ja viimases seda mõjutavatest teguritest. 3 1. Ülevaade Venemaa metsandussektorist Metsaga kaetud ala on Venemaal 776,1 miljonit hektarit ning kogu mets kuulub riigile (vt. Tabel 1.1) (Russian Forestry Review 2007). Venemaa territooriumil asub ligikaudu 20% maailma metsavarudest ja metsaressurssidel põhinev tööstuslik toodang moodustab umbes 5% Venemaa tööstustoodangust. Metsatööstuse roll erineb piirkonniti väga tugevalt ning on suurim Loode-Venemaal. Venemaa metsade puidutagavarast moodustab 50% puidumassiks sobilik puit, 30% on suuremõõdulised palgid ehituseks ning 20 % moodustab küttepuit (Kyyrönen 2009)
Ive- relating to- corrective, active Ous- full of- riotous, poisonous Er- one who- maker, hunter Hood- state, condition- manhood, likelihood Ness- state, condition- greatness, happiness Ship- condition, skill- friendship, workmanship Ess- feminine- lioness, patroness Ee- one who- employee, payee Ism- state, condition- socialism, colloquialism Ive- quality of- detective, captive Ist- one who- pianist, humorist Ment- state of being- refreshment, establishment Ry- qualities of- dentistry, forestry Tion- state, condition- creation, transition En- made of- darken, lighten
· Metsamaterjalide tootmine · Jahiressurside majandamise arendamine · Bioloogilise mitmekesisuse kaitse metsades · Metsandusalane teadustegevus, haridus ja täiendõpe · Metsatööstus · Metsamaterjali tootmine · Puidutarbimine · Siseriiklik ja rahvusvaheline puidukaubandus. Puidu pikaajalised pakkumise ja nõudluse trende hinnatakse Riiklikus Metsanduse ja Metsatööstuse Arengukavas (European Forestry Commission). Leedu metsandussektorit puudutava metsanduspoliitika ja seadusandluse eest vastutab Keskkonnaministeeriumi metsanduse osakond. Metsandusega seotud haldusaparaati kuuluvad riiklik keskkonnakaitseinspektsioon, riiklik metsandusettevõte (General Forest Enterprise) ja kaitsealade riiklik teenistus. Kõik need institutsioonid kuuluvad sarnaselt metsanduse osakonnale Keskkonnaministeeriumi egiidi alla (Mizaras, Mizaraite, Lebedys, Pivoriunas, Belova 2005). 3.2
In 2010, according to ONS provisional data, headline gross value added (GVA) in Wales was £44,517m, making the Welsh economy the tenth largest of the UK's twelve regions (counting Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland alongside the nine English Government Office Regions) ahead of only Northern Ireland and the North East of England. The modern Welsh economy is dominated by the service sector. In 2000, services contributed 66% to GVA, the manufacturing sector contributed 32%, while agriculture, forestry and fishing contributed 1.5%. In November 2008, the average price of a house in Wales was £126,181, a fall of 11.7% since the previous year. The average house price in England and Wales as a whole was £161,883.[24] In August 2008, average house prices in Wales ranged from £109,000 in Blaenau Gwent to £238,000 in Monmouthshire. Wales economy
Tamme-keerukärsakas Paju-keerukärsakas Kasutatud kirjandus: Apoderus coryli Wikipedia. Külastatud aadressil http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apoderus_coryli_egg.jpg. Bosques Templados. Külastatud aadressil http://bioclub.tripod.com/pag5002c.htm. Deporaus betulae. Külastatud aadressil http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_MWS36267. Discover Life. Külastatud aadressil http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Attelabidae. Forestry images tamme. Külastatud aadressil http://www.lucianabartolini.net/pagina_coleotteri-1.htm. Kim Windmolders. Külastatud aadressil http://www.flickr.com/photos/faunaface/4653884489/?rb=1. Kuresoo, R., Relve, H., & Rohtmets, I. (2001). Eesti elusloodus. Tallinn: Varrak Martin, M. (2004). Lepp loomade toidulauana. Külastatud aadressil http://www.eestiloodus.ee/index.php?id=792 Merivee, E & Remm, H. (1973). Mardikate määraja. Tallinn: Valgus. Paju keerukärsakas
erosions and so on. 5.slaid scope of history Forests sometimes need to be updated. We need to take down trees with diseases. But we cant cut down trees which have cultural information in them. There may have some text beaten in from thousands years ago. Here is a tree which has old bicycle in it. 6.slaid Scientist may strive and work out ,,safe" genetical plant modificating but do we investigate these trees enough, before we start using in forestry? We will never know what could happen. It may not happen today or tomorrow but it can happen in next century. Essentially are GMO trees used by fruit-farmers. Here is a picture of genetically changed tree leaf. (pappel) poplar (Fruit-tree farmers are using it essentially) 7.slaid We have found law-like behaviours in ecosystems. For example when the forest is overflooded, there will be swamp. Our knowledge is getting wider every day
The railway was finished on 7th November 1885, after five years of building. Provinces Canada consists of five regions: the Pacific Region, the Prairie Provinces, Central Canada, the Atlantic Provinces and the North. The Pacific Region, which is the western part of Canada, consists of one province: British Columbia. It became a province in 1871. Its capital is Victoria and the biggest city is Vancouver. Name of British Columbia was chosen by Queen Elizabeth. The main industries are forestry, tourism (Vancouver Island, Stanley Park, skiing, golfing, hiking), mining (metal and coal mines) and fishing. The Prairie Provinces, that are located in the middle and south of Canada, consist of three provinces: Manitoba (capital Winnipeg), Alberta (capital Edmonton) and Saskatchewan (capital Regina). Agriculture is very important in that region. There are many farms where they grow wheat, barley and oats. The most important landmarks of the region are the
Many businesses are cutting back by employing lower-paid part time workers. Ühe töökoha jagamine võimaldab naistel ka lapsi kasvatada. Job sharing also enables women to raise the children. 2/3 tööjõust töötavad täistööajaga. Two thirds of the workforce are working full-time. Unit 2. Industries and sectors Catering-toitlustamine Coal-kivisüsi Construction-ehitus Corporate.ühendatud, a/s Drill-harjutama,puurima Forestry-metsandus Hire-üürima.palkama Implementation-elluviimine,täideviimine Industry-tööstus Industrial-tööstuslik Insurance-kindlustus Machinery-masinad Manufacture-tööstuslikult tootma Mining-kaevandamine Productive-tootmis-(sektor) Product-toode Raw-toor-;toores Supply-varu,varustama Tertiary-kolmanda astme Primary sector-esmane sector, põllumajandus Secondary sector-teisene sector Industrial sector- tööstuslik sector e secondary Service sector- teenindussektor e tertiary
· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand 25.01.2014 · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand 25.01.2014 · http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=26&c=nz&l=en 25.01.2014 · http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=25&c=nz&l=en 25.01.2014 · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areas_of_New_Zealand 25.01.2014 · http://www.citypopulation.de/NewZealand-UAEst.html 26.01.2014 · http://www.newzealandnow.govt.nz/working-in-nz/great-job-opportunities/agriculture- forestry-jobs 26.01.2014 · http://www.mpi.govt.nz/portals/0/documents/forestry/statistics/forestry-stats/facts- figures-11-12.pdf 26.01.2014 · http://www.newzealand.com/travel/media/topic-index/four-seasons/four- seasons_home.cfm 26.01.2014 · http://www.un.org/esa/forests/pdf/national_reports/unff5/new_zealand.pdf 26.01.2014 · http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/minerals/mineral-resources 26.01.2014 · http://prolife.org.nz/over-population-abortion/populationpyramid-php/ 26.01.2014
puhkamiseks, samuti keskkonnakaitse, Mets kultuuri ja teaduse jaoks Metsa tuleb kaitsta, sest seal elab rohkem haruldasi taime- ja loomaliike kui mis tahes teises elukoosluses Kasutatud allikad Loodusõpetuse õpik 6. klassile 2. osa, Kaljula, Sirje; Relve, Hendrik, Tallin 2005, lk 47- 85 http://www.slideshare.net/laurigtx/6kl-mets http://bio.edu.ee/taimed/general/kooslus.html http://deq.mt.gov/ClimateChange/NaturalResources/Forestry/ forestProfiles.mcpx http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohttaimed http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_kuusk http://www.klint.envir.ee/klint/eng/7.html http://flickrhivemind.net/Tags/eesti,lahemaanationalpark/Interesting http://bio.edu.ee/taimed/general/metsp.htm http://leilimetsalood.blogspot.com/
That being said, the fight's not over yet. Fortunately, more people than ever are both aware of and active in the protection of the environment. To protect the environment, waste management and recycling are crucial. When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through mining and forestry. Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and protects natural habitats for the future. As recycling saves energy it also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, which helps to tackle climate change. I see this as a more sufficient way compared to saving electricity for example (but which, of course, is important too), for it’s generally easier to just recycle. It's really easy to carelessly waste energy–– leaving a light bulb on here and there, keeping the air conditioning on at home
Insects · Around 20,000 species · Biggets groups Picture12 Picture13 Picture14 Reptiles · 5 species in total · Grass snake is not poisionous · Viper is poisionous · Nature protection Picture15 Grass snake Picture16 Danger · Forestry · Hunting · Pollution of the water bodies · Agriculture Picture17 Summary · Nature overall is very beautiful and varied in Estonia. It is different than in other countries worldwide. My opinion · In my opinion Estonia is very good place to live, because there are not many dangerous animals. Nature is beautiful. We have a lot of beautiful animals in the forests. Thank you for listening! References 1 · https://en.m.wikipedia
ja 49 põhjalaiuskraadi vahel ja 15 kuni 59 idalaiuskraadil. Kõige haritavamad põllukultuuri liigid on nisu, mais ja riis.Püsikultuuridest on kõige haritavamad sitrus, lateks ja kohvi. Horvaatias on põllumajanduslikult haritavat maad 25,82% ning püsikultuure 2.19%. Niisutatavat maad on 2008 aasta seisuga 310 km2. http://wiki.gomaailm.ee/wiki/horvaatia/ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/hr.html http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/18310/en/hrv/ http://www.klimadiagramme.de/Europa/kroatien.html 2. Horvaatias on vihmased talved ning soojad ja kuivad suved. Temperatuur vaevu langeb külmumisele. 3. Põllumajandus moodustab 5,5% Horvaatia SKT-st ja 5% tööhõivest, 2008 aasta andmetel põhinedes. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/hr.html 4. Kõige suuremat kasu toovad Horvaatia põllumajanduses loomakasvatussaadused, kuna kõige tähtsam toodang on värske
kasvada erinevates kliimavöötmetes. Männi puidul on head mehhaanilised omadused ja seda saab kasutada mitmetes erinevates tööstustes. Männi puidu kvaliteet võib erineda isegi siis kui tegemist on ühe ja sama puuga. KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS 1. Mandre, M. (2000). State of Scots pine on a dune in South-West Estonia. – Metsanduslikud Uurimused XXXII, lk 91–97. 2. Pikk, M. (2004). Mechanical properties of Juvenile Wood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Forest Site Type. Baltic Forestry X, lk 72-78. 3. Laas, E. (1987). Dendroloogia. Tallinn: Valgus. 824 lk. 4. Sibul, I. (2007-2010). Dendroloogia üldkursus. (Okaspuude lühikonspekt EMÜ AR, MH, LV, ME, MT ja ER eriala üliõpilastele). Eesti Maaülikooli metsandus- ja maaehitusinstituut. Tartu. 5. Teder, M. (2016). Eestis kasvab maailma kõrgeim mänd. –Postimees. [e-ajakiri] http://www.postimees.ee/3576513/eestis-kasvab-maailma-korgeim-mand (19.03.2016)
(Koostage struktuuridiagramm, et riike omavahel võrrelda ja analüüsida.) Mis riik neljast suudab ennast ise puidu ja puidu ning paberitoodetega varustada, mis riik sõltub impordist? Mis riigi osatähtsus on maailma metsatööstuses suurim? Mille põhjal otsustasite? Millised võiksid olla peamised metsadega seotud probleemid nendes riikides? Andmete kogumine Leidke vajalikud andmed metsatööstuse kohta FAO aruandest (forestry statistics): ÜLLE LIIBER, TÜ LOTE 2011 Ühiskonnageograafia gümnaasiumis ARVUTITUND http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2000e/i2000e05.pdf Andmete töötlemine ja analüüs Sisestage andmed Excelisse ja koostage nende põhjal võrdlevad diagrammid. Tulemuste kokkuvõte ja järeldused Tehke tulemustest kokkuvõte ja järeldused
g. cultivated and wild berries, mushrooms, ecologically pure produce etc -are for export. The figures of productivity of the Estonian agriculture are surpassed by those of many climatically better situated countries, but the local produce contain considerably less chemicals and organic farming is gaining popularity. The forest is among Estonia's most important natural resources and a source of a considerable amount of raw material. Although just 1.2% of Estonia's workforce is engaged in forestry and the branch gives somewhat more than 1.7% of Estonia's production, it provides raw material for timber, paper and furniture industries, which make up another 8% of the overall production and which employ more than 7% of the workforce. The larger part of the output of Estonia's forestry and related industries goes for export, whereas Estonia increasingly exports goods of a higher value. The production and export
Electoral district:Harju (v.a Tallinn) ja Raplamaa Date and place of birth: 25 September 1965, Tallinn Education: 1988 University of Tartu, chemistry (cum laude) Tallinn Secondary School No. 44, 1983 Green Party Members Name: Valdur Lahtvee Date and place of birth: 19 January 1958, Antsla, Võru County Education: Estonian Agricultural Academy, forestry engineer 1981 Põlva Secondary School 1976 Membership in representative bodies: 11th Riigikogu; Congress of Estonia 1989 Party affiliation: Estonian Green Party 2005, Estonian Centre Party 1998 1999, Estonian Green Party 19881998 Questions 1. Does Estonian Greens have 1500 members? 2. Is Edgar Savisaar the chairman of EG? 3. Was EG formed in 1988? 4. Is the vicechairman Marek Strandberg? 5
- Journal of Ecology, 97, 289-298. Kulakowski, D., Veblen, T.T. 2002. Blackwell Science, Ltd Influences of fire history and topography on the pattern of a severe wind blowdown in a Colorado subalpine forest.- Journal of Ecology, 90, 806-819. Laas, E., Uri, V., Valgepea, M. 2011. Metsamajanduse alused. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus. 862 lk. Mitchell, S.J. 2012. Wind as a natural disturbance agent in forests: a synthesis.- Forestry, 00, 1-11. Nummi, P., Kuuluvainen, T. 2013. Forest disturbance by an ecosystem engineer: beaver in boreal forest landscapes.- Boreal Environment Research, 18(A), 13-24. Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M.J., Lexer, M.J. 2011. Unraveling the drivers of intensifying forest disturbanceregimes in Europe.- Global Change Biology, 17, 2842-2852. Stadelman, G., Bugmann, H., Wermelinger, B., Bigler, C. 2014. Spatial interactions
Loetud: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mg.html, 05.02.2015 Coutries of the World (2014) International Rankings. Loetud: http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/mongolia/mongolia_international_rankings_2014.html, 05.02.2015 Encyclopaedia Britannica (2015) Mongolia. Loetud: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389335/Mongolia/27446/Agriculture-forestry- and-fishing#toc27445, 05.02.2015 GRID Arendal (2012) Climate Change in Mongolia. Loetud: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/climate-change-in-mongolia_4e72#õ, 05.02.2015 International Energy Agency (2014) Loetud: http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/? year=2012&country=MONGOLIA&product=ElectricityandHeat, 05.02.2015 U.S
Economy Most of Canada's manufacturing industry is in Ontario and Québec, where motor vehicle production comprises the largest sector within this industry. Other important manufacturing sectors include food and beverages, paper and allied products, primary metals, fabricated metals, petrochemicals and chemicals. The Atlantic, Prairie and Pacific regions of Canada have more natural resource-based economies. The Atlantic provinces focus on fishing, forestry and mining, while Prairie provinces are dependent on agriculture and mineral fuels. British Columbia's primary sectors are forestry and mining, as well as tourism. Major Exports: automobile vehicles and parts, machinery and equipment, high- technology products, oil, natural gas, metals, and forest and farm products. Major Imports: machinery and industrial equipment including communications and
1992. In 1999 euro was take in use only by business.In 2002 Euro became a reality.Estonia- in 1995 Estonia decided that they want to become a member.In 1998 there were negotiations between EU and Estonia.In 2004 Estonia became the official member of the European Union. There are 27 member countries and 3 applicant countries-Turkey, F.Y.R of Macedonia and Croatia. The orientation of the firms is divided into 6 points: 1. Enterprises orientated to resource and energy- forestry and mining 2. Enterprises orientated to labour- industrial electronics 3. Enterprises orientated to market- consumers 4. Enterprises orientated to high-technology 5. Enterprises orientated to big investments-highways,power stations 6. Enterprises orientated to agglomeration-car industry Modern structure of an enterprise Leader firms need a capital for starting. Then they start to develop a product and they have to
transport branches and by storage companies. With the success of EURo-pallets, many low quality pallets came into the market. This led to the creation of The European Pallet Association in 1991. Only certified companies are allowed to produce these types of pallets. SLAID 3 How to make sure what pallet you have? All the information is burnt on the pallet. Pallets produced in Northen-America have this kind of markings. It has a International Plant Protection Convention and Forestry Commission logo. Country code with manufactures code shows where it is made. Markings also have treatment code, this shows how this pallet is treated and with what sort of chemicals. Most common treatment codes are : [HT] = Heat treatment / [MB] = Methyl Bromide(pestiside to kill bugs) / [KD] = Kiln Dried. SLAID 4 On this slide are the markings used for pallets that are produced with EPAL licence. These pallets have three markings: The Brandings of the
Metsad katavad maakera pinnast 9,4 % (ainult maismaad arvestades 30 % ehk 3,9 mld ha). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ÜRO Toidu- ja Põllumajandusorganisatsiooni (FAO) järgi on mets: maa-ala, mis on suurem kui 0,5 hektarit ning kus kasvavad üle 5 meetri kõrgused puud ning puuvõra katab üle 10% sellest maa-alast. Metsaks ei loeta valdavalt põllumajandusliku/aiandusliku või linnalise maakasutusega alasid (näiteks aiandeid ja parke). www.fao.org/forestry/en/ Riikide metsasus Metsa suhe rahvaarvu Suurema metsamaa pindalaga riigid maailmas (mln ha) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 Venemaa 7 Kongo DV 13 Venezuela 2 Brasiilia 8 Indoneesia 3 Kanada 9 Peruu 4 USA 10 India
eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Italy/Coal.html 20. märts 2006 Geothermal Energy http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/geothermal.html 20. märts 2006 ITPROD.pdf (application/pdf Object) http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/Textbase/stats/pdf_graphs/ITPROD.pdf 20. märts 2006 ITELEC.pdf (application/pdf Object) http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/Textbase/stats/pdf_graphs/ITELEC.pdf 20. märts 2006 Reformierakond http://www.reform.ee/ee/huvitavat/seisukohad/rahvastikupoliitika 21. märts 2006 FAO Forestry Department country pages http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/countryinfo/en/ita/ 21. märts 2006 An Energy Summary of Italy http://www.cslforum.org/italy.htm 22. märts 2006 Italy-Sicily-vineyard-near-Agrigento-AJHD.jpg http://mirror-uk-rb1.gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/places-and- sights/_more1999/_more04/Italy-Sicily-vineyard-near-Agrigento-AJHD.jpg 23. märts 2006 Italy Facts http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/europe/european-union/italy/facts-about- italy.htm 23. märts 2006
vajalikku oskusi ja teadmisis sellest tehnoloogiast. 9 Kasutatud kirjandus Invent Baltics OÜ & Regio AS. (2013). Maa kaugseire ja satelliitnavigatsioon – rakendused, kasutusvõimalused ning mõju Eestis. – Eesti Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeerium ning Ettevõtluse Arendamise Sihtasutus. Kättesaadav: https://www.eas.ee/images/doc/sihtasutusest/uuringud/innovatsioon/kosmoseuuring-2013.pdf (05.12.2017) Kane, K. (1997). GIS and Forestry. – GIS Lounge. Kättesaadav: http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/gis/Final_Projects/1997/KKane/Project.html (05.12.2017) Mankelow, J. Minerals GIS. – Mineral Resources. Kättesaadav: file:///C:/Users/Ketlin/Downloads/424%20(1).pdf (08.12.2017) McKendry, J., E., Eastman, J., R. (1991). Applications of GIS in Forestry: A Review. Kättesaadav: https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32604618/GISInForestryReviewPaper.pd f?
desert and not used commercially. The most extensive land use in Australia is livestock grazing in arid and semi-arid regions and covers 430 million hectares or 56 percent of Australia. In total, the area of agricultural land is 473 million hectares or nearly 62 percent of the continent. Although agriculture is still an important player in the Australian economy, mining, manufacturing, service and construction now contribute more to the economy than agriculture. Forestry tends to be confined to regions of Australia with higher rainfall and covers nearly 2 percent of the continent. Use of land Australia has many forests of importance due to significant features, despite being one of the driest continents. Australia has approximately 147 million hectares of native forest which represents some 19% of land use. Mining in Australia is a significant primary industry and contribut to the Australian economy
· One of the four constituent nations which form the UK · They have their own money, system of law, history, stamps, deep- rooted customs, traditions and ancient language- Gaelic · Most people speak the Scottish dialect becoming endangered language · Weather unpredictable · Breathtaking scenery Scottish Industries · Traditional -coal mining, steel production, shipbuilding · Today offshore oli and gas, finacial services, high technology, fishing, forestry, whisky, tourism, computer production, HISTORY · Completely different from other countries · Resistance to foreign domination · The Celtic influence began in the 6th c., - Gaelic language · In 1296 William Wallace, started a war of independence · Sacred Scottish Stone of Destiny was taken from Scone · In 1314 Robert the Bruce defeated the English at Bannockburn · In 1503 James IV of Scotland hoped to gain independence for Scotland but wasn't successful
extremely rare, with only an estimated 20 to 30 still remaining in the wild. The wildlife and conservation group WWF says the South China tiger is actually native to the Hainan most forests of south-east China, and because there are so few individuals left, it is regarded by many scientists as being "functionally extinct" in the wild. But a group called Save China's Tigers has been working on a captive- breeding programme and hopes to reach an agreement with China's State Forestry Administration to reintroduce captive-bred animals into the wild. If all goes well, the first individuals could be reintroduced to coincide with the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. Rare insect hit by housing scheme Britain's rarest beetle, the streaked bombardier, could soon become extinct in the UK when a new housing development is built over the single site at which it can be found, a brownfield site on the Thames Estuary in East London.
forest. Plantation is actually a large farm, piece of land or estate that is use for cultivation. Plantation is usually adopted in tropical and subtropical regions. In these farms and lands cultivation of different crops is done on a large scale for international or distant markets rather than for local or domestic consumption. These crops include rubber seeds, oil seeds, sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, coffee and sisal. Plantation done for industrial purpose is called forestry. It is it done to get larger amount of wood in a shorter span of time. Human uses of plantations: o Their only use is cultivating crops. Used sources http://hubpages.com/hub/Types-Of-Forests http://www.sabalolodge.com/tropical-rainforest.html
Sinna hulka kuuluvad ka üleraie, raie keelatud metsaaladel ja ilmsed varguse ning sellega tulenevad suured metsa puudujäägid. Illegaalselt raiutud puit smuugeldatakse lähinaabritele makse maksmata ja seejärel eksporditakse see uuesti tagasi Indoneesiasse. Suur osa illegaalsest puidumajandamise võrgustikust majandab mingi piirkonna tasandil ja illegaalne metsaraie moodustab praeguseks Indoneesias ligikaudu 40-60% kogu metsavarumisest. (FAO Forestry ,,Issues and concerns") Arvestades seda, et see näide ei erine palju üldisest kehtivast maailmapildist, siis võib tõdeda, et olukord on tegelikult tõsine (tuleks arvestada, et kui midagi negatiivset toimub, siis sellel on omadus ajapikku järjest süveneda). Õnneks on Indoneesia ja nii mõned teisedki riigid selle probleemiga tegelenud (CGIF, ITTO, CIFOR ja muude ühingutega liitumine ning nende loomine), mis on andnud neile praegu ka eelise FLEGT süsteemis hakkama saamisel
Development of Environmental GIS Database and its Application to Desertification Study in Middle East. Chiba: Chiba University 2. Satapathy, D. S. (2008) Application of geospatial technologies for environmental impact assessment: An Indian Scenario https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233000565_Application_of_geospatial_techn ologies_for_environmental_impact_assessment_An_Indian_Scenario (21.11.2016) 3. McKendry, J.E., Eastman, J.R. (1991). Applications of GIS in Forestry: A review. http://www.nrac.wvu.edu/classes/for326/GISInForestryReviewPaper.pdf. (21.11.2016) 4. Peterson, U., Eerme, K., Lang, M., Nilson, T., Kuusk, A., Väljataga, K. (2008) Kaugseire koht ja tähendus loodusandmete kogumises ning andmetöötluses http://www.keskkonnaagentuur.ee/publications/2406_PDF.pdf (28.11.2016) 5. Dejonghe, P., François J. (2006) The use of ArcPad® and ArcGIS® in Forest Management. Tampere https://www.theseus
10.my brother helps to sew nice clothes. Klassi 2. lesanne: -sgitegemine ja toitlustamine chemistry-keemia math-matemaatika -tehniline joonistamine -sekreterit -kirjandus -geograafia -kehaline horticulture-aiandus pysics-fsika aesthetics- driving- book-keeping- English-inglise keel biology-bioloogia tractors- cattle breeding- knitting- welding-keevitamine bakery- construction- accountancy- computer studies-arvuti petus accountancy- computer studies- forestry-metsandusi Russian-venekeel music-muusika handicraft-ksit enterpreneurship-ettevtlus engineering- mechanisation-mehaniseerimine economics- busines and management- Estonian-Eesti keel history-ajalugu cars-autod plumbing- woodwork- sewing- carpentry-vaibandus german-saksakeel primary,elementary basic education is compulsory in estonia mandatory secondary vocational higher school final certifacate diploma
htm http://www.miksike.ee/documents/main/lisa/9klass/8teema/loodus/hispaania.htm http://www.miksike.ee/documents/main/referaadid/hispaania.htm http://www.miksike.ee/en/forum.html?thread_id=3226&forum=13 http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057/Spain.html http://www.estemb.es/est/esileht/hispaania_ariinfo/newwin/aid-400 http://www.vm.ee/est/kat_211/1288.html http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania http://www.hot.ee/hanneshotee/hispaania.html http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/61587/en/esp/ http://www.vm.ee/?q=node/4590 http://www.fedex.com/us/international/irc/profiles/irc_es_profile.html
tegevus. • Borssele jaam toimib tänaseni. Kasutatud kirjandus • ENE 3, Tallinn kirjastus “Valgus” 1988, lk 457- 458 • ENE 3 Tallinn kirjastus “Valgus” 1988, lk 458- 459 • Pere atlas Varrak 2008, lk 42-43 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodewaard_nuclear_power_plant • http://www.environmental-expert.com/companies/keyword-rainwater-tanks-3497/location- netherlands-antilles/industry-served-forestry-wood • http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasutaja:Nikitoooooo/Hollandi_rahvastik • http://fish.mongabay.com/data/Netherlands.htm • http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/international/index_et.htm • http://faostat.fao.org/site/666/default.aspx • http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/aquaculture/index_et.htm • http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/NLD/en#CountrySector-Overview • http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland • https://www.google.ee/search?q=veebimaterjalid.rakgym.edu.ee
cifor.org/7992/reforming-brazils-forest-law-defeat-or- discernment/#.UTzmOhzIZtH] (21.04.13) FAO [http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al464E/al464E.pdf] (21.04.2013) FAOSTAT [http://faostat.fao.org/site/626/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=626#ancor] (21.04.2013) Global Forest Watch [http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/brazil/forests.htm] (21.04.2013) Mongabay (2006). Brazil [http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20brazil.htm] (21.04.2013) Prof. Dr. Fernando Seixas (2010). Facts of Brazilian Forestry Sector [http://www.irrquebec.org/fichiers/bresil___22___fichier.pdf] (21.04.2013) Reisiguru [http://www.reisiguru.ee/riikID/114] (21.04.2013) Vikipeedia [http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilt:LocationBrazil.svg] (21.04.2013) WWF GLOBAL (2012). Brazilian Forest Law. [http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/brazil_forest_code_law.cfm] (21.04.2013) Yana Marull (2012). Rousseff pressed to veto Brazil forestry law [http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iqEyrxE2P- yf2_hdfD9UojtBNWQw?docId=CNG
annaabi.ee 
