· Don't change or harm the forests 2. EarlyAgrarian m.m. · Slash and burn -> woods replaced by brush (võsa) · Typical to Mediterranean region and East-Asia 4. Late Agrarian m.m · Very bad situation primeval fields · Population growing necessity much bigger · Forests preserved on slopes of mountains and where infertile soils were. · West Europe, North America 4. Early Industrial m.m · Development of forestry -> timber industry · Wood from boarderlands and colonies · Subequatorial and equatorial regions valuable woods · Temperate zone coniferous woods soft timber · Transport floating of logs, road transport 5. Late Industrial m.m · Ruinous economy Forestry in different regions of the world: 1. Europe 1) West Europe · A lot of forests were destructed during Late Agrarian times. · During the industrialisation only timber industry
Distribution Composition Popular species Benefits Planting trees Conclusion Introduction Ø An urban forest is a forest or a collection of trees that grow within a city, town or a suburb. Ø Urban forests plays an important role in ecology of human habitats in many ways: they filter air, water, sunlight, provide shelter to animals and recreational area for people. They moderate local climate and slowing wind. History of Urban Forestry Early History Ø Trees have been esthetically important to people since the earliest civilization. Ø Botanical gardens began to evolve during the Middle Ages. Ø The first recording of term ,,arborist". Ø Freely planted trees in London. North American History The popular image of a New England town square with trees and grass did not evolve until the late 1700s and early 1800s.
MY ESTONIA I-VOTING Unique solution that helps to engage people in the governance process 2005, Estonia became the first country in the world to hold nation-wide elections using this method This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC During a designate...
Forestry and the Forest Industry in Japan Today I'm going to do a presentation about a book called ,,Forestry and the Forest Industry in Japan", edited by Yoshiya Iwai. --------------------- Participants in private forestry are classified into six categories: forestry households; companies; shrines and temples; joint holdings; various groups and cooperatives; and habitual joint holdings. Except for shrines and temples, these groups manage forests to produce income. In general, these forests are not very large: the average forest area per establishment was 3.7 ha in 1990. Groups operating forests of less than 100 ha control 67% of the total area. Hence forests are not necessarily owned by a few large concerns. Private ownership of
• Sport facilities • Different institutes • Võrtsjärve Learning centre • Animal clinic • Organic centre Fees • Depends: • 1.Free • 2. 650 – 3900 euros per semester • Dormitories 80 – 150 euros a month What work can you do later? • Vet • Gardener • Farmer • Officer(ametnik) • And so on What makes the university special • The Estonian University of Life Sciences is one of top 100 universities in the world in the field of agriculture and forestry What would I like to learn there? • It is not my cup of tea. Used materials • http://yhikas.emu.ee/en/ • https://www.emu.ee/en/admissions/ • https://www.emu.ee/en/studies/ • https://www.emu.ee/en/home/ • https://www.emu.ee/en/about-the-university/
FOREST
INSECTS
The control of forest insects: general considerations
Participants osalejad Shrine pühamu Joint holding kaasvaldus Habitual harilik Hence seepärast Restoration taastamine Parcel maatükk Assessment uurimine Constitute moodustama Scarcely napilt Salient väljapaistev Agriculture põllumajandus Artificial kunstlik Reforesting taasmetsastamine Seedling võrse Coniferous okas- Timber puit Utilizing kasutades Subsidized riigitoetust saav Afforestation metsastamine Subsidy toetus Affiliated tütar- Prevailing ülekaalus Deteriorate halveneb Labour tööjõud Confront vastu seisma Monetary rahaline Accompanying kaasasolev Silviculture metsakasvatus Revenue tulu Incentive stiimul Entrust usaldama Steep järsk Labour-intensive tööjõumahukas Decline langus Virgin forest põlismets Secondary forest taastunud mets Overstate ülehindama Subsequently järgnevalt Tendency kalduvus Incremental kasvav Pulpwood pabripuit Stumpage puidu langetamise hind Rapidly kiiresti Resemble sarnanema Consistent järjepidev...
Avaneb kaart, millelt näed metsade paiknemist riigis. Lehe vasakus servas saad menüüst valida lingi metsatüüpide kohta /forest types . Kopeeri kaart. Analüüsi metsavarade levikut/paiknemist riigis ja põhjenda, miks metsad just nii paiknevad (kasuta ka atlase loodusgeograafilisi kaarte). Milline/-sed on valdav/-avad metsatüüp/-bid? Leidsin küll kaardi, aga ei suutnud leia vasakul kirjeldatavat linki nimega Forest Types. Proovisin nende asemel Countries- Forests and the forestry section ja forestry policies, kuid ka seal ei olnud Suurbritannia kohta informatsiooni. 3. Lingilt http://www.fao.org/forestry/country/57478/en/ leia hõive ja GDP näitajad – vasakul link Economy and products ja siis employment and GDP. Kuidas on hõive ja GDP näitajad perioodil (näidatud aastad; pane need kirja ka) muutunud (näed tabelitest)? Põhjenda muutusi. Selle kohta puudus informatsioon. 4.Milliseid metsatööstuse tooteid eksporditakse ja imporditakse? Nimeta olulisemad (2-3)
Manufacturing. Australia imports more manufactured goods than it exports. The nation has to import many of its producer goods factory machinery, construction equipment and so on. Australia's iron and steel industry produces enough of the metals to meet the needs of other industries. The leading manufactured products are food, cars, paper, chemicals, clothing and shoes. Most of the factories are located in and around Sydney ad Melbourne. Forestry and fishing. Forests cover about 6 per cent of Australia. The majority of Australia's trees are eucalyptuses. The wood of eucalyptus is used for making paper, floorboards and furniture. Although Australia is surrounded by water, its fishing resources are limited. They catch shellfish, lobsters, oysters, prawns and scallops, also salmon and tuna. Tourism. Australia has a variety of tourist attractions. They include wildlife
Avaldatud Creative Commons litsensi ,,Autorile viitamine+ jagamine samadel tingimustel 3.0 Eesti (CC BY-SA 3.0) alusel vt http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ee Maailma metsatööstus Koostaja: Ülle Liiber Avaldatud Creative Commonsi litsentsi ,,Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel 3.0 Eesti (CC BY-SA 3.0)" alusel, vt http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ee/ Ü. Liiberi foto 2011 - rahvusvaheline metsa-aasta Mida on kujutatud rahvusvahelise metsa-aasta logol? Miks üldse on kuulutatud üks aasta "metsa- aastaks"? http://ecojesuit.com/accelerated-loss-rates-and-a-few-success-stories-2011-is-the-international-year-of-forests/719/ Kui poleks metsa, poleks ka metsatööstust ... · Metsad katavad maismaast 31%, so 4033 mln ha. · 93% metsadest on looduslikud ja 7%...
1. Agriculture - Tractors - Combine harvesters - Agricultural loaders - Agricultural trailers - Agricultural implements (seeders, plows, sprayers etc) 2. Construction - Excavators - Backhoe-Loaders - Loaders - Cranes - Dozers - Road construction - Graders 3. Transportation - Tractor units / trucks - Trailers / Semi trailers - Buses - Transportation other 4. Handling/Lifting - Forklift trucks 5. Forestry - Harvesters - Forwarders 6. Ground care - lawn mowes / sweepers etc.
Seedlings seemik(seemnest kasvatatud taim). Noored puud, mida kasutatakse ettevalmistatud maade taasmetsastamiseks. Silviculture metsakasvatus. Kunst ja teadus mis kontrollib puude kasvu, koostist, tervisehoidu ja kvaliteeti. Soil erosion - pinnase erosiooni. Uhutakse ära mulla pealmine viljakas kiht paduvihmade ja üleujutuste mõjul. Sustainable forestry - säästev metsandus. Weed umbrohi. Taimed, mis kasvavad haritud maal inimese tahte vastaselt.
Current situation • The long term development plan of the Estonian energy industry foresees a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and an increase in the share of biofuels: by the year 2010 renewable energy must account for 5.1% of total energy consumption Current situation (2) • In Estonia we have abandoned arable land about 400 000 ha, part of it is overgrowing naturally, and another part has been afforested • For short-rotation forestry in Estonia, ecologically and economically the most suitable tree is probably grey alder, which is a highly productive and soil improving species Grey alder • The stock of grey alder (Alnus incana) in Estonia in 2005 was 35 millions m³. A majority of Estonian grey alder stands grow in private forests where they make up 13.7% of all stands; in state forests their share is 1.7%. Grey alder (2) • The annual mean increment of Estonian
Deforestation traffic clogging up the city streets rapid growth of unplanned industries the use of CFCs in packaging and manufacturing products Detergents Overpopulation Killing animals like birds, big cats, lions, tigers What it causes? Temperature raising Melting polar ice sheets Currents change its circulation e.g. The Gulf Stream El nino Pollution sea-water to swell up. Natural system Animals deaths Sea level rise reduce mankind's ability to grow foods, destroy wildlife. Agriculture, forestry and fishery damaged Is it dangerous is very dangerous for our existence and survival. sun's scorching heat comes to earth in a direct way the earth's surface becomes seriously heated. What should we do to prevent the dangerous effects of GW? We should not cut off trees Rather we should plant more and more trees Mills, factories, brick-fields should be set up in a very good planned way. There should be well drainage system to pass away waste materials, wastages and poisonous chemicals.
Medical plants in the Republic of Korea 1998 Natural Products Research Institute NIMI Forestry I KUUpÄEV Tartu aasta Achyranthes japonica (Miq.) Nakai Japanese chaff flower · Used parts are roots · Oedema, rheumatism, contraceptive emmenagogue,abortifacient · Height:50-100cm · Thick roots · Sticky seeds Tartu 2012 Aconitum koreanum Korean monk's hood · Rhizomes are used for : Treating chilled legs and arms Articular pain · Height:70 cm · Width: 1-2 cm · Toxic Tartu 2012 Acorus calamus var
Töös on välja toodud põhinäitajad nagu tootmis- ja ekspordimahud ning nende erinevused eelnevate aastatega. Ülesehituselt jaguneb töö kolme peatükki, kus esimeses antakse ülevaade Venemaa metsandussektorist, teises metsatööstussektorist ja viimases seda mõjutavatest teguritest. 3 1. Ülevaade Venemaa metsandussektorist Metsaga kaetud ala on Venemaal 776,1 miljonit hektarit ning kogu mets kuulub riigile (vt. Tabel 1.1) (Russian Forestry Review 2007). Venemaa territooriumil asub ligikaudu 20% maailma metsavarudest ja metsaressurssidel põhinev tööstuslik toodang moodustab umbes 5% Venemaa tööstustoodangust. Metsatööstuse roll erineb piirkonniti väga tugevalt ning on suurim Loode-Venemaal. Venemaa metsade puidutagavarast moodustab 50% puidumassiks sobilik puit, 30% on suuremõõdulised palgid ehituseks ning 20 % moodustab küttepuit (Kyyrönen 2009)
Ive- relating to- corrective, active Ous- full of- riotous, poisonous Er- one who- maker, hunter Hood- state, condition- manhood, likelihood Ness- state, condition- greatness, happiness Ship- condition, skill- friendship, workmanship Ess- feminine- lioness, patroness Ee- one who- employee, payee Ism- state, condition- socialism, colloquialism Ive- quality of- detective, captive Ist- one who- pianist, humorist Ment- state of being- refreshment, establishment Ry- qualities of- dentistry, forestry Tion- state, condition- creation, transition En- made of- darken, lighten
· Metsamaterjalide tootmine · Jahiressurside majandamise arendamine · Bioloogilise mitmekesisuse kaitse metsades · Metsandusalane teadustegevus, haridus ja täiendõpe · Metsatööstus · Metsamaterjali tootmine · Puidutarbimine · Siseriiklik ja rahvusvaheline puidukaubandus. Puidu pikaajalised pakkumise ja nõudluse trende hinnatakse Riiklikus Metsanduse ja Metsatööstuse Arengukavas (European Forestry Commission). Leedu metsandussektorit puudutava metsanduspoliitika ja seadusandluse eest vastutab Keskkonnaministeeriumi metsanduse osakond. Metsandusega seotud haldusaparaati kuuluvad riiklik keskkonnakaitseinspektsioon, riiklik metsandusettevõte (General Forest Enterprise) ja kaitsealade riiklik teenistus. Kõik need institutsioonid kuuluvad sarnaselt metsanduse osakonnale Keskkonnaministeeriumi egiidi alla (Mizaras, Mizaraite, Lebedys, Pivoriunas, Belova 2005). 3.2
Wales English (a.80%) Welsh (a.20%) Offical languages Capital and largest city: Cardiff Goverment: Constitutional monarchy Total area: 20,779 square kilometers Population: 3,006,400 (estimate June 2010) Currency: Pound sterling (GBP) Facts about Wales Pictures about Wales Wales is a generally mountainous country on the western side of central southern Great Britain, between the Irish Sea to the north and the Bristol Channel to the south. It is part of the United Kingdom, and is bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean, St George's Channel and Irish Sea to its west. It is about 274 km from north to south and at least 97 km wide, with a total area of 20,779 km2. It has over 1,200 km of coastline, and includes offshore islands of which the largest is Anglesey. Wales geography and environment The Economy of Wales. In 2010, according to ONS provisional data, hea...
Tamme-keerukärsakas Paju-keerukärsakas Kasutatud kirjandus: Apoderus coryli Wikipedia. Külastatud aadressil http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apoderus_coryli_egg.jpg. Bosques Templados. Külastatud aadressil http://bioclub.tripod.com/pag5002c.htm. Deporaus betulae. Külastatud aadressil http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_MWS36267. Discover Life. Külastatud aadressil http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Attelabidae. Forestry images tamme. Külastatud aadressil http://www.lucianabartolini.net/pagina_coleotteri-1.htm. Kim Windmolders. Külastatud aadressil http://www.flickr.com/photos/faunaface/4653884489/?rb=1. Kuresoo, R., Relve, H., & Rohtmets, I. (2001). Eesti elusloodus. Tallinn: Varrak Martin, M. (2004). Lepp loomade toidulauana. Külastatud aadressil http://www.eestiloodus.ee/index.php?id=792 Merivee, E & Remm, H. (1973). Mardikate määraja. Tallinn: Valgus. Paju keerukärsakas
erosions and so on. 5.slaid scope of history Forests sometimes need to be updated. We need to take down trees with diseases. But we cant cut down trees which have cultural information in them. There may have some text beaten in from thousands years ago. Here is a tree which has old bicycle in it. 6.slaid Scientist may strive and work out ,,safe" genetical plant modificating but do we investigate these trees enough, before we start using in forestry? We will never know what could happen. It may not happen today or tomorrow but it can happen in next century. Essentially are GMO trees used by fruit-farmers. Here is a picture of genetically changed tree leaf. (pappel) poplar (Fruit-tree farmers are using it essentially) 7.slaid We have found law-like behaviours in ecosystems. For example when the forest is overflooded, there will be swamp. Our knowledge is getting wider every day.
The railway was finished on 7th November 1885, after five years of building. Provinces Canada consists of five regions: the Pacific Region, the Prairie Provinces, Central Canada, the Atlantic Provinces and the North. The Pacific Region, which is the western part of Canada, consists of one province: British Columbia. It became a province in 1871. Its capital is Victoria and the biggest city is Vancouver. Name of British Columbia was chosen by Queen Elizabeth. The main industries are forestry, tourism (Vancouver Island, Stanley Park, skiing, golfing, hiking), mining (metal and coal mines) and fishing. The Prairie Provinces, that are located in the middle and south of Canada, consist of three provinces: Manitoba (capital Winnipeg), Alberta (capital Edmonton) and Saskatchewan (capital Regina). Agriculture is very important in that region. There are many farms where they grow wheat, barley and oats. The most important landmarks of the region are the
Unit 1. The ways of working. Commute-edasi-tagasi liikuma,pendeldama Employee-töötaja Employer-tööandja Flexible-paindlik Freelance-vabakutseline Intention-kavatsus Mill-vabrik Premises-valduse,territoorium Replace-asendama,välja vahetama Restriction-piirang,kitsendus Shift-vahetus Flexible working hours-paindlik töögraafik Flexitime-paindlik aeg Teleworking-kaugtöö Job share-töökoha jagamine (works in a bank job share) Career break-tööpaus,palgata Long hours culture-ületundide tegemine To keep in contact To go freelance Work shifts Working part-time – osaline tööaeg Have my career –käia tool Cut back-kulusid vähendama Short-term – lühiajaline (almost all on short-term contracts) Come in from school-koju tulema By e-mail,fax,phone Renew her contract for another 3 months Kas sulle meeldiks töötada osalise tööajaga? Would you like to work part-time? Teie lepingut uuendatakse veel 6 kuuks. Your contract will be renewed for another 6 mon...
Kool Nimi Klass UUS-MEREMAA Referaat Juhendaja: Tartu 2014 Sisukord Sissejuhatus Valisin referaadi teemaks Uus-Meremaa uurimise, sest mulle väga meeldib see riik, ja ma tahaks sinna kunagi reisida. Ja just sellepärast tahangi rohkem teada selle riigi kohta. Referaadis on juttu Uus-Meremaa majandusest, arengust, tööstusest ja veel paljust huvitavast. Minu eesmärgiks on uurida Uus-Meremaa arengut, ning riigi sise- ja välisoludest. Teema valdkond on seotud geograafiaga. Uus-Meremaa Riigi geograafiline asend Uus-Meremaa asub Okeaania edelaosas ...
Mets *** *** 26. nov 2012 Mis on mets? Mets on taimekooslus, mis on kujunenud puude koos kasvamisel Eesti mets Keskkonnatingimused metsas Mets kasutab ära palju päikesekiirgust Suurem osa neeldub puude ja põõsaste võradesse Temperatuur on metsa all lagedate aladega võrreldes ühtlasem Ka niiskus jaotub metsas ühtlasemalt Metsas kasvab sadu rohttaimede liike ja elab tuhandeid putukaliike Metsade elukooslusega on seotud rohkesti taime- ja loomaliike Metsarinded Mets jaotub justkui korrusteks, mida kutsutakse metsarinneteks Kõrgeima rinde moodustavad puud- mänd, kuusk jne Puurindest allpool asub põõsarinne- pihlakas, toomingas, sarapuu jne Põõsarindele järgneb puhmarinne, kuhu kuuluvad puitunud varrega taimed- kanarbik, mustikas, pohl jne Veidi madalamal paikneb Kasemets rohurinne- ...
Efficient initiatives to help protect the environment Just like our bodies, the environment functions best when it's in balance. Unfortunately, we're not quite there. Many of us believe that we lead lives that respect nature but our consumption habits give us away. Many little habits that seem to be sustainable are in fact polluting. Along with pollution, issues like depletion of resources, the rise of consumerism, and the "throw away" culture have led to serious issues. That being said, the fight's not over yet. Fortunately, more people than ever are both aware of and active in the protection of the environment. To protect the environment, waste management and recycling are crucial. When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through mining and forestry. R...
Insects · Around 20,000 species · Biggets groups Picture12 Picture13 Picture14 Reptiles · 5 species in total · Grass snake is not poisionous · Viper is poisionous · Nature protection Picture15 Grass snake Picture16 Danger · Forestry · Hunting · Pollution of the water bodies · Agriculture Picture17 Summary · Nature overall is very beautiful and varied in Estonia. It is different than in other countries worldwide. My opinion · In my opinion Estonia is very good place to live, because there are not many dangerous animals. Nature is beautiful. We have a lot of beautiful animals in the forests. Thank you for listening! References 1 · https://en.m.wikipedia
Horvaatia põllumajanduse iseloomustus 1. Horvaatia asub Kesk-Euroopas, Balkoni poolsaarel. Aadria mererannikul asub Horvaatia, mis on Euroopa ilusamaid ja looduskaunimaid riike. Ta asub Kesk-Euroopa ajast ühe tunni ees ning Eesti ajast ühe tunni taga. Naaberriigid põhja poolt on Sloveenia, Ungari, ida ja lõuna poolt on Bosnia & Hertsegoviina, Serbia, Montenegro, lääne poolt on Aadria meri. Horvaatia põhijõed on Drava ja Sava, mis voolavad kokku Danube jões. Horvaatia pealinn Zagreb asub enda põhiosaga 45 ja 49 põhjalaiuskraadi vahel ja 15 kuni 59 idalaiuskraadil. Kõige haritavamad põllukultuuri liigid on nisu, mais ja riis.Püsikultuuridest on kõige haritavamad sitrus, lateks ja kohvi. Horvaatias on põllumajanduslikult haritavat maad 25,82% ning püsikultuure 2.19%. Niisutatavat maad on 2008 aasta seisuga 310 km2. http://wiki.gomaailm.ee/wiki/horvaatia/ https://www.cia.gov/libra...
kasvada erinevates kliimavöötmetes. Männi puidul on head mehhaanilised omadused ja seda saab kasutada mitmetes erinevates tööstustes. Männi puidu kvaliteet võib erineda isegi siis kui tegemist on ühe ja sama puuga. KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS 1. Mandre, M. (2000). State of Scots pine on a dune in South-West Estonia. – Metsanduslikud Uurimused XXXII, lk 91–97. 2. Pikk, M. (2004). Mechanical properties of Juvenile Wood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Forest Site Type. Baltic Forestry X, lk 72-78. 3. Laas, E. (1987). Dendroloogia. Tallinn: Valgus. 824 lk. 4. Sibul, I. (2007-2010). Dendroloogia üldkursus. (Okaspuude lühikonspekt EMÜ AR, MH, LV, ME, MT ja ER eriala üliõpilastele). Eesti Maaülikooli metsandus- ja maaehitusinstituut. Tartu. 5. Teder, M. (2016). Eestis kasvab maailma kõrgeim mänd. –Postimees. [e-ajakiri] http://www.postimees.ee/3576513/eestis-kasvab-maailma-korgeim-mand (19.03.2016)
Ühiskonnageograafia gümnaasiumis ARVUTITUND Kuidas hinnata metsatööstuse arengutaset? Taustinfo Igal aastal väheneb maailma metsade pindala, kuid samas kasvab pidevalt nõudlus puidu, puidutoodete ja paberi järele. Paljudes riikides laastatakse metsi röövraiega, järskudelt nõlvadelt raiutud metsade asemele kujunevad sageli erosioonist puretud jäätmaad. Palkide eksport toob kasumit küll metsaärimeestele, kuid jätab riigi ilma palju suuremast tulust, mida saaks puidu väärindamisega oma riigis. Selleks, et metsa kui olulist taastuvat loodusvara pidevalt kasutada, tuleb seda mõistlikult majandada ning raiutud puit parimal viisil ja täielikult ära kasutada. Metsaraie tagajärjel tekkinud uhtorud Madagaskaril. Vastake küsimustele ...
g. cultivated and wild berries, mushrooms, ecologically pure produce etc -are for export. The figures of productivity of the Estonian agriculture are surpassed by those of many climatically better situated countries, but the local produce contain considerably less chemicals and organic farming is gaining popularity. The forest is among Estonia's most important natural resources and a source of a considerable amount of raw material. Although just 1.2% of Estonia's workforce is engaged in forestry and the branch gives somewhat more than 1.7% of Estonia's production, it provides raw material for timber, paper and furniture industries, which make up another 8% of the overall production and which employ more than 7% of the workforce. The larger part of the output of Estonia's forestry and related industries goes for export, whereas Estonia increasingly exports goods of a higher value. The production and export
Electoral district:Harju (v.a Tallinn) ja Raplamaa Date and place of birth: 25 September 1965, Tallinn Education: 1988 University of Tartu, chemistry (cum laude) Tallinn Secondary School No. 44, 1983 Green Party Members Name: Valdur Lahtvee Date and place of birth: 19 January 1958, Antsla, Võru County Education: Estonian Agricultural Academy, forestry engineer 1981 Põlva Secondary School 1976 Membership in representative bodies: 11th Riigikogu; Congress of Estonia 1989 Party affiliation: Estonian Green Party 2005, Estonian Centre Party 1998 1999, Estonian Green Party 19881998 Questions 1. Does Estonian Greens have 1500 members? 2. Is Edgar Savisaar the chairman of EG? 3. Was EG formed in 1988? 4. Is the vicechairman Marek Strandberg? 5
- Journal of Ecology, 97, 289-298. Kulakowski, D., Veblen, T.T. 2002. Blackwell Science, Ltd Influences of fire history and topography on the pattern of a severe wind blowdown in a Colorado subalpine forest.- Journal of Ecology, 90, 806-819. Laas, E., Uri, V., Valgepea, M. 2011. Metsamajanduse alused. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus. 862 lk. Mitchell, S.J. 2012. Wind as a natural disturbance agent in forests: a synthesis.- Forestry, 00, 1-11. Nummi, P., Kuuluvainen, T. 2013. Forest disturbance by an ecosystem engineer: beaver in boreal forest landscapes.- Boreal Environment Research, 18(A), 13-24. Seidl, R., Schelhaas, M.J., Lexer, M.J. 2011. Unraveling the drivers of intensifying forest disturbanceregimes in Europe.- Global Change Biology, 17, 2842-2852. Stadelman, G., Bugmann, H., Wermelinger, B., Bigler, C. 2014. Spatial interactions
Mongoolia energiamajnduse iseloomustus Energiavarade iseloomustus Mongoolia kõige enam levinud ja ühtlasi kõige olulisem energiavara on kivisüsi, millel riigi majandus suuresti ka põhineb. Suured söemaardlad (joonis 1) asuvad riigi põhja- ja keskosas: pealinna Ulaanbaatari lähistel ja Darhani linna ümbruses, samuti ka täiesti lääneservas. Nüüdseks on avastud ja kasutusele võetud teisigi kivisöe leiukohti Mongoolia lõunapiiri läheduses- Gobi kõrbes. Mongoolias leidub mingil määral ka naftat, kuid see pole majanduslikult nii tähtis kui süsi. Naftat kaevandatakse riigi idaosas ja Gobi kõrbes. Traditsiooniliselt kasutatakse seal kivisüsi, nafta leiukohad on suhteliselt hiljuti avastatud ning seetõttu on see Mongoolia jaoks uus energiatootmise valdkond. Kivisüsi tootmiselt on riik maailmas 22. kohal, nafta tootmiselt on Mongoolia 89. riik maailmas. Mongoolia majandus on kivisöepõhine. Selle tootmise eesmärk on peamiselt oma rahva ja tööstuse...
Economy Most of Canada's manufacturing industry is in Ontario and Québec, where motor vehicle production comprises the largest sector within this industry. Other important manufacturing sectors include food and beverages, paper and allied products, primary metals, fabricated metals, petrochemicals and chemicals. The Atlantic, Prairie and Pacific regions of Canada have more natural resource-based economies. The Atlantic provinces focus on fishing, forestry and mining, while Prairie provinces are dependent on agriculture and mineral fuels. British Columbia's primary sectors are forestry and mining, as well as tourism. Major Exports: automobile vehicles and parts, machinery and equipment, high- technology products, oil, natural gas, metals, and forest and farm products. Major Imports: machinery and industrial equipment including communications and
1992. In 1999 euro was take in use only by business.In 2002 Euro became a reality.Estonia- in 1995 Estonia decided that they want to become a member.In 1998 there were negotiations between EU and Estonia.In 2004 Estonia became the official member of the European Union. There are 27 member countries and 3 applicant countries-Turkey, F.Y.R of Macedonia and Croatia. The orientation of the firms is divided into 6 points: 1. Enterprises orientated to resource and energy- forestry and mining 2. Enterprises orientated to labour- industrial electronics 3. Enterprises orientated to market- consumers 4. Enterprises orientated to high-technology 5. Enterprises orientated to big investments-highways,power stations 6. Enterprises orientated to agglomeration-car industry Modern structure of an enterprise Leader firms need a capital for starting. Then they start to develop a product and they have to
transport branches and by storage companies. With the success of EURo-pallets, many low quality pallets came into the market. This led to the creation of The European Pallet Association in 1991. Only certified companies are allowed to produce these types of pallets. SLAID 3 How to make sure what pallet you have? All the information is burnt on the pallet. Pallets produced in Northen-America have this kind of markings. It has a International Plant Protection Convention and Forestry Commission logo. Country code with manufactures code shows where it is made. Markings also have treatment code, this shows how this pallet is treated and with what sort of chemicals. Most common treatment codes are : [HT] = Heat treatment / [MB] = Methyl Bromide(pestiside to kill bugs) / [KD] = Kiln Dried. SLAID 4 On this slide are the markings used for pallets that are produced with EPAL licence. These pallets have three markings: The Brandings of the
METSAMAJANDUS METSATÖÖSTUS METSAVARUD · Metsavarusid iseloomustab metsamaa pindala, metsasus ja puiduvaru · Metsasus metsamaa pindala osatähtsus (%des) mingi piirkonnas üldpindalas Metsad katavad maakera pinnast 9,4 % (ainult maismaad arvestades 30 % ehk 3,9 mld ha). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ÜRO Toidu- ja Põllumajandusorganisatsiooni (FAO) järgi on mets: maa-ala, mis on suurem kui 0,5 hektarit ning kus kasvavad üle 5 meetri kõrgused puud ning puuvõra katab üle 10% sellest maa-alast. Metsaks ei loeta valdavalt põllumajandusliku/aiandusliku või linnalise maakasutusega alasid (näiteks aiandeid ja parke). www.fao.org/forestry/en/ Riikide metsasus Metsa suhe rahvaarvu Suurema metsamaa pindalaga riigid maailmas (mln ha) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 ...
eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Italy/Coal.html 20. märts 2006 Geothermal Energy http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/geothermal.html 20. märts 2006 ITPROD.pdf (application/pdf Object) http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/Textbase/stats/pdf_graphs/ITPROD.pdf 20. märts 2006 ITELEC.pdf (application/pdf Object) http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/Textbase/stats/pdf_graphs/ITELEC.pdf 20. märts 2006 Reformierakond http://www.reform.ee/ee/huvitavat/seisukohad/rahvastikupoliitika 21. märts 2006 FAO Forestry Department country pages http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/countryinfo/en/ita/ 21. märts 2006 An Energy Summary of Italy http://www.cslforum.org/italy.htm 22. märts 2006 Italy-Sicily-vineyard-near-Agrigento-AJHD.jpg http://mirror-uk-rb1.gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/places-and- sights/_more1999/_more04/Italy-Sicily-vineyard-near-Agrigento-AJHD.jpg 23. märts 2006 Italy Facts http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/europe/european-union/italy/facts-about- italy.htm 23. märts 2006
vajalikku oskusi ja teadmisis sellest tehnoloogiast. 9 Kasutatud kirjandus Invent Baltics OÜ & Regio AS. (2013). Maa kaugseire ja satelliitnavigatsioon – rakendused, kasutusvõimalused ning mõju Eestis. – Eesti Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeerium ning Ettevõtluse Arendamise Sihtasutus. Kättesaadav: https://www.eas.ee/images/doc/sihtasutusest/uuringud/innovatsioon/kosmoseuuring-2013.pdf (05.12.2017) Kane, K. (1997). GIS and Forestry. – GIS Lounge. Kättesaadav: http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/gis/Final_Projects/1997/KKane/Project.html (05.12.2017) Mankelow, J. Minerals GIS. – Mineral Resources. Kättesaadav: file:///C:/Users/Ketlin/Downloads/424%20(1).pdf (08.12.2017) McKendry, J., E., Eastman, J., R. (1991). Applications of GIS in Forestry: A Review. Kättesaadav: https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32604618/GISInForestryReviewPaper.pd f?
desert and not used commercially. The most extensive land use in Australia is livestock grazing in arid and semi-arid regions and covers 430 million hectares or 56 percent of Australia. In total, the area of agricultural land is 473 million hectares or nearly 62 percent of the continent. Although agriculture is still an important player in the Australian economy, mining, manufacturing, service and construction now contribute more to the economy than agriculture. Forestry tends to be confined to regions of Australia with higher rainfall and covers nearly 2 percent of the continent. Use of land Australia has many forests of importance due to significant features, despite being one of the driest continents. Australia has approximately 147 million hectares of native forest which represents some 19% of land use. Mining in Australia is a significant primary industry and contribut to the Australian economy
· One of the four constituent nations which form the UK · They have their own money, system of law, history, stamps, deep- rooted customs, traditions and ancient language- Gaelic · Most people speak the Scottish dialect becoming endangered language · Weather unpredictable · Breathtaking scenery Scottish Industries · Traditional -coal mining, steel production, shipbuilding · Today offshore oli and gas, finacial services, high technology, fishing, forestry, whisky, tourism, computer production, HISTORY · Completely different from other countries · Resistance to foreign domination · The Celtic influence began in the 6th c., - Gaelic language · In 1296 William Wallace, started a war of independence · Sacred Scottish Stone of Destiny was taken from Scone · In 1314 Robert the Bruce defeated the English at Bannockburn · In 1503 James IV of Scotland hoped to gain independence for Scotland but wasn't successful
Rare animals Rare Chinese tiger seen in the wild Researchers have confirmed that a wild tiger, photographed by a farmer in the Qinba Mountains of Shaanxi Province, Central China, is indeed that of the critically endangered South China tiger. The South China tiger classified as one of only five subspecies of tiger still alive today is extremely rare, with only an estimated 20 to 30 still remaining in the wild. The wildlife and conservation group WWF says the South China tiger is actually native to the Hainan most forests of south-east China, and because there are so few individuals left, it is regarded by many scientists as being "functionally extinct" in the wild. But a group called Save China's Tigers has been working on a captive- breeding programme and hopes to reach an agreement with China's State Forestry Administration to reintroduce captive-bred animals into the wild. If all goes...
forest. Plantation is actually a large farm, piece of land or estate that is use for cultivation. Plantation is usually adopted in tropical and subtropical regions. In these farms and lands cultivation of different crops is done on a large scale for international or distant markets rather than for local or domestic consumption. These crops include rubber seeds, oil seeds, sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, coffee and sisal. Plantation done for industrial purpose is called forestry. It is it done to get larger amount of wood in a shorter span of time. Human uses of plantations: o Their only use is cultivating crops. Used sources http://hubpages.com/hub/Types-Of-Forests http://www.sabalolodge.com/tropical-rainforest.html
Sinna hulka kuuluvad ka üleraie, raie keelatud metsaaladel ja ilmsed varguse ning sellega tulenevad suured metsa puudujäägid. Illegaalselt raiutud puit smuugeldatakse lähinaabritele makse maksmata ja seejärel eksporditakse see uuesti tagasi Indoneesiasse. Suur osa illegaalsest puidumajandamise võrgustikust majandab mingi piirkonna tasandil ja illegaalne metsaraie moodustab praeguseks Indoneesias ligikaudu 40-60% kogu metsavarumisest. (FAO Forestry ,,Issues and concerns") Arvestades seda, et see näide ei erine palju üldisest kehtivast maailmapildist, siis võib tõdeda, et olukord on tegelikult tõsine (tuleks arvestada, et kui midagi negatiivset toimub, siis sellel on omadus ajapikku järjest süveneda). Õnneks on Indoneesia ja nii mõned teisedki riigid selle probleemiga tegelenud (CGIF, ITTO, CIFOR ja muude ühingutega liitumine ning nende loomine), mis on andnud neile praegu ka eelise FLEGT süsteemis hakkama saamisel
Development of Environmental GIS Database and its Application to Desertification Study in Middle East. Chiba: Chiba University 2. Satapathy, D. S. (2008) Application of geospatial technologies for environmental impact assessment: An Indian Scenario https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233000565_Application_of_geospatial_techn ologies_for_environmental_impact_assessment_An_Indian_Scenario (21.11.2016) 3. McKendry, J.E., Eastman, J.R. (1991). Applications of GIS in Forestry: A review. http://www.nrac.wvu.edu/classes/for326/GISInForestryReviewPaper.pdf. (21.11.2016) 4. Peterson, U., Eerme, K., Lang, M., Nilson, T., Kuusk, A., Väljataga, K. (2008) Kaugseire koht ja tähendus loodusandmete kogumises ning andmetöötluses http://www.keskkonnaagentuur.ee/publications/2406_PDF.pdf (28.11.2016) 5. Dejonghe, P., François J. (2006) The use of ArcPad® and ArcGIS® in Forest Management. Tampere https://www.theseus
today is the 6th of November. rakvere vocational school my speciality is a cook monday tuesday wendsday thursday friday saturday sunday my birthday is on the 27th dec my address is i was born in 1996 country city town parish cummune municipal village flat avenue street road kindergarten(nursery) to decide vocational school profession education speciality construction of cars to establish restuarant to continue to mend to repair 1.In the future 2.i have to stay in my new school do practical work 3.i entered vocational school. 4.at the age of seven 5.i was born in 23.10.1984 6.during my session 7.for almost four years 8.i want to be weiter 1. i was born in 3 nev 1984 2.i went to school at the age of seven 3.i have to studie almost four years 4.in september i went to vocational school 5.im interested in cars 6.in school we do practical work too 7.in the future im going to keep the family resourant school final cer...
HISPAANIA Hispaania on riik edela Euroopas, Pürenee poolsaarel. Hispaania on võrdlemisi mägine maa. Rohkem mägised on kirde , põhja, kesk ning lõuna alad. Hispaania keskosa hõlmab kuiv kiltmaa. Laiguti on poolkõrbe. Hispaania lõunaosal on palju ühist Põhja- Aafrikaga. Metsarohke põhja- ja looderannik sarnaneb rohkem Kesk- Euroopaga. Põhja ja loode osas on parasvöötmele iseloomulikud metsapruun- ja leetpruunmullad. Ülejäänud maad iseloomustavad kõvalehise metsa ja võsa rusk- pruunmullad ja hall pruunmullad. Pruunmuldade omapäraks on võrdlemisi paks huumushorisont, mis tagab pruunmuldade suure viljakuse. Maa on osa kohtades väga kuiv, mille tõttu niisutatakse maad. Põllumajandustootjad võtavad suurtes kogustes vett nõudvad niisutusmeetodid kasutusele tootlikkuse võimaliku suurendamise otstarbel. Hispaanias saadakse näiteks rohkem kui 60% põllumajandustoodete koguväärtusest sellelt 14%-lt põllumajandus...
HOLLAND Andra Toom 11B Rakvere Gümnaasium Sisukord 1) Asukoht 2) Põllumajandus 3) Metsandus 4) Kalandus 5) Rahvastik 6) Majandus 7) Linnastumine 8) Energiamajandus 9) Kasutatud kirjandus Asukoht • Holland ehk Madalmaad on maa Lääne-Euroopas. • See piirneb idast Saksamaaga ja lõunast Belgiaga ning läänest Põhjamerega. • Peamiselt 51. ja 54. põhjalaiuse vahel. Põllumajandus • Põllumajandusega tegelemist mõjutavad oluliselt kliima, pinnamood, mullad jt loodusolud. • Holland on kõrge arengutasemega kapitalistlik tööstus- põllumajsnduslik-maa. • Põllumajanduslikust maast, mis hõlmab rohkem kui 65% kogu Hollandi pindalast, on 34% põllumaad, 60% heina- ja karjamaad ja 6% aedu ja lilleistandikke Kliima Valitseb parassoe mereline kliima Keskmine temperatuur jaanuaris on 2-3 oC ja juulis 18- 19 oC Kõrgeim õhutemperatuur on olnu...
cifor.org/7992/reforming-brazils-forest-law-defeat-or- discernment/#.UTzmOhzIZtH] (21.04.13) FAO [http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al464E/al464E.pdf] (21.04.2013) FAOSTAT [http://faostat.fao.org/site/626/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=626#ancor] (21.04.2013) Global Forest Watch [http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/brazil/forests.htm] (21.04.2013) Mongabay (2006). Brazil [http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20brazil.htm] (21.04.2013) Prof. Dr. Fernando Seixas (2010). Facts of Brazilian Forestry Sector [http://www.irrquebec.org/fichiers/bresil___22___fichier.pdf] (21.04.2013) Reisiguru [http://www.reisiguru.ee/riikID/114] (21.04.2013) Vikipeedia [http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilt:LocationBrazil.svg] (21.04.2013) WWF GLOBAL (2012). Brazilian Forest Law. [http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/brazil_forest_code_law.cfm] (21.04.2013) Yana Marull (2012). Rousseff pressed to veto Brazil forestry law [http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iqEyrxE2P- yf2_hdfD9UojtBNWQw?docId=CNG
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