Inglise keele kordamine (5)

Inglise keele kordamine
TIME CLAUSES
Present Simple

• Permanent states , facts (Tom works ..)
  
• Repeated and habitual actions , routines (She usually goes..)
  
• Laws of nature and general truths (The sun sets in the west )
  
• Timetables and programmes
  
• Sporting commentaries, rewiews ( Beckham wins the ball, crosses and Owen scores)
  
• Feelings and emotions (I love Tallinn..)
  

Time expressions used with present simple: usually, often, always, every day/week etc, in the morning / evening etc, at night /the weekend , on Fridays etc.
Present Continuous

• Actions taking place at or arount the moment of speaking (The kids are watching TV..)
  
• Fixed arrangements in the near future (I’m going to the dentist tomorrow)
  
• Currently changing ang developing situations (The number of burgularies is increasing)
  
• With „Always“ to express anger or irritation at a repeated action (You’re always forgetting..)
  

Time expressions used with present continuous: now, at the moment, at present, these days , nowadays , still , today , tonight etc.
Present Perfect

• Action happened at an unstated time in the past. Emphasis on the action, time is unimportant or unknown. (I have washed the car)
  
• Action started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with stative verbs (I have known her for six years )
  
• Recently completed action (I have finished my essay )
  

Time expressions used with present perfect: for, since , already , always, just, ever, never , so far, today, this week/month etc. lately, recently, still (in negations) etc.
Present Perfect Continuous

• To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present (We have been cleaning the house all morning)
  
• To express anger, irritation or annoyance (She has been using my computer without asking )
  
• Fo repeated actions in the past continuing to the present. (She has been going to the gym)
  

Time expressions used with present perfect continuous: how long..?, for, since, all day/morning etc, lately, recently
Past Simple

• Action occurred at a definite time in the past (Postman delivered the parcel ..)
  
• Actions that happened immediatly after one another in the past (She opened the curtains and looked out of the window )
  
• Habits and states which are now finished (Paul worked in a factory when he was younger)
  

NB! Used to can be used instead of past simple for habits and states
Time expressions used with past simple: yesterday, then, how long ago..?, last night/week/Friday etc three days etc ago, in 1990 etc
Past Continuous

• Action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. Past continuous for the action in progress and past simple for action that interrupted it. (We were playing in the garden when in started to rain)
  
• 2 or more simultaneous actions in the past (I was cooking while Mary was watching TV)
  
• Action which was in a progress at a started time in the past. We don’t mention when it was started or finished. (at 11 o’ clock I was driving home)
  
• To describe the atmosphere, setting etc and to give background information to a story (The birds were singing , sun was shining..)
  

Time expressions used with past continuous: while, when, as, all morning/day etc
Past Perfect

• Action which happened before another past action or bf a started time in the past (Lucy had finished her homework by 6)
  
• Action which finished in the past and whose result was visible at a later point in past (He had sprained his ankle few days ago and he was still limping)
  
• General situation in past (Everything had seemed normal at first )
  

Time expressions used with past perfect: before, after, already, just, fot, since, until , when, by the time, never etc.
Past Perfect Continuous

• Emphasis on duration of an action which started and finished in past or bf a started time (I had been walking a lot bf I realised I was lost )
  
• Action which lasted for some time in the past and result was visible (She had been swimming and her hair were still wet)
  

Time expressions used with past perfect continuous: for, since, before, until etc
Future Simple

• Decisions made at the moment of speaking (It’s hot, I’ll open the window)
  
• Predictions, based on what we think, believe, or imagine (He will probably call you)
  
• Promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes , offers (Will you help me?)
  
• Actions, events , situations, which will definately happen in future and we can’t control (Sue will be 3 years in June )
  

Future Continuous

• Actions which will be in pogress at a started time in future (This time text bank I’ll be working ..)
  
• Actions which will definately happen as a result of routine or arrangement (I will be visiting my parents this weekend)
  
• Asking politely or someone ’s plans for near future (Will you be finishing this book soon?)
  

Future Perfect

• Actions that will have finished before started time. (We will have finished our course by July )
  

Time expressions used with future perfect: before, by, by then, by the time, until/ till (only in neg.)
Future Perfect Continuous

• Emphasise duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. (By May Luke will have been living in Manchester for five years)
  

Time expressions used with future perfect continuous: by...for
NB! Future is NOT use with words : while, before, after, until, as, when (if not a question word), whenever, once , as soon as, as long as, by the time, unless , if (if it doesn’t show uncertainity, ignorance), suppose /supposing, in case
Used to
We use used to + infinitive to refer to past habits or states. Not at a definite time! (When they were younger they walked/used to walk to school; NOT I used to walk to work yesterday)
Be going to

• Plans, intentions, ambitions for the future (I’m going to be a doctor , when I grow up)
  
• Actions already decided to do in near future (Steve is going to work with his dad..)
  
• Predictions based on wht we see, or know , especially if there ’s evidence (The sky is very clear, it’s going to be cold tonight)
  

CONDITIONALS
Type 0 – general truth or scientific fact : If/when + present simple -> present simple (If you mix red and white, you get pink )
Type 1 – real or very probable situation: If + present simple -> future simple, imperative, can/must/may etc + bare infinitive (If I finish the essay, I will/might go out tonight)
NB! Unless + affirmative verb = if + negative verb (Unless he gives me..= if he does not give..)
Type 2 – unreal present, imaginary situations: If + past simple/past continuous -> would/ could /might + perfect bare infinitive (If I were you, I would tell her the truth)
Type 3 – unreal past, regrets, criticism: If + past perfect/past perfect continuous -> would/could/might + perfect bare infinitive ( If they had invited me, I would have gone..)
Definite article „the“
We use „The“:

• With noun, talking about sth specific (Jo owns a car. The car is red.)
  
• Unique nouns (The Earth)
  
• Newspapers, cinemas, theaters, museums , ships, organisations (The United Nations)
  
• Rivers , groups of islands , mountain ranges , deserts, oceans, countries (with States, Republic , Kingdom), names /nouns with of, geographical terms (the North )
  
• Musical instruments , dances (the piano )
  
• Families, nationalities (The Chinese )
  
• Titles (the President ) NB! NOT with real names (Prince Charles)
  
• With adjectives/adverbs in superlative form (Most mustn’t be followed by a noun!)
  
• With words day, afternoon, morning, evening NB! At night, at noon etc
  
• Historical periods/events
  
• With Only, last, first
  
• Words station , cinema, theatre , library, coast, shop, sea, beach , country , city, jungle, world, ground , weather
  

We don’t use „The“:

• Uncountable an plural nouns when talking about sth general (Coffee is a popular drink )
  
• Proper nouns ( Harry works in a bookshop)
  
• Names of sports , games, activities , days, months, elebrations, colours , drinks, meals .
  
• Languages, unless they’re followed by „ language “ (I speak Spanish, BUT the French language is spoken in Canada )
  
• Countries like Germany , India, Australia NB! Exeptions are The Netherlands , the Gambia , the Vatican .
  
• Streets, squares, bridges, parks , railway stations, mountains, individual islands, lakes , continents
  
• Posessive adjectives or posessive case (That is my car)
  
• Restaurants, shops, hotels etc which are named after people who started them (McDonald’s)
  
• Words: bed, hospital , college, court , prison, school, university when refferred to the purpose , why they exist. (The injured girl had to be taken to hospital. BUT we went to the hospital to visit Tina)
  
• Word work (= place of work)
  
• Words: home, mother , father etc when we talk about home/parents
  
• By + means of transport (They travelled to Glasgow by train )
  
• Illnesses (He’s got pneumonia ) NB! The flu, the measles , the mumps
  
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