Inglise keele ajavormid (0)

FUTURE SIMPLE
Will + infinitive (will go)
BE GOING TO
Am/is/are going to + infinitive (is going to rain)
1.A decision at the moment of speaking:
A: 'I'm cold'.
B: 'I'll close the window '.
2. Prediction based on opinion:
I think the Conservatives will win the next election.
3.A future fact :
He will be ten next year .
4.Promises / requests / refusal / willingness:
I'll help you with your homework .
Will you give me a hand?
5.In the same way as the future continuous , but with state verbs :
I'll be at the station when you arrive .
' Shall ' is used mainly in the forms 'shall I ?' and 'shall we?' in British English . These forms are used when you want to get someone 's opinion, especially for offers and suggestions:
•Shall I open the window? (=do you want me to open the window).
•Where shall we go tonight ? (=what's your opinion?).
1.Future plans made before the moment of speaking:
A: 'We've run out of milk .'
B: 'I know, I'm going to buy some.'
2.Prediction based on present evidence :
Look at those boys playing football! They're going to break the window.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
AM/IS/ARE + ING (AM WORKING )
PRESENT SIMPLE
INFINITIVE ( WORK ; WORKS )
We talk about things that we have already arranged to do in the future.
•I've got my ticket . I'm leaving on Thursday.
•I'm seeing Julie at 5 and then I'm having dinner with Simon .
•He's picking me up at the airport .
•The company is giving everyone a bonus for Christmas .
In many situations when we talk about future plans we can use either the present continuous or the 'going to' future. However , when we use the present continuous, there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made.
•I'm going to see him./I'm seeing him.
•I'm going to do it./I'm doing it.
We talk about events in the future which are 'timetabled'.
•My plane leaves at 6 in the morning .
•The shop opens at 9.30.
•The sun rises a minute earlier tomorrow .
Note the difference between:
*The plane leaves in ten minutes (= statement of fact)
*The plane's going to leave in ten minutes (= prediction based on present situation, meaning "...and if you don't hurry up you're going to miss it!")
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
WILL BE + ING (WILL BE GOING)
The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. It is used:
1)To project ourselves into the future and see something happening :
This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.
2)To refer to actions /events that will happen in the normal course of events:
I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.
3)In the interrogative form, especially with 'you', to distinguish between a simple request for information and an invitation :
Will you be coming to the party tonight? (= request for information)
Will you come to the party? (= invitation)
4)To predict or guess about someone's actions or feelings, now or in the future:
You'll be feeling tired after that long walk, I expect .
5)Events in progress in the future:
When you are in Australia will you be staying with friends ?
This time next week you will be working in your new job.
At four thirty on Tuesday afternoon I will be signing the contract.
6)Events/actions in normal course of events:
I'll be going into town this afternoon, is there anything you want from the shops?
Will you be using the car tomorrow? - No, you can take it.
I'll be seeing Jane this evening - I'll give her the message .
7)Asking for information:
Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?
Will Jim be coming with us?
8)Predicting or guessing:
You'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
He'll be coming to the meeting , I expect.
You'll be missing the sunshine now you're back in England.
Past Simple (II/ed; ?/- DID+I)
We use the past simple for:

• an action that occurred at a definite time ( stated or implied) in the past.
  

I started work at 7 o´ clock this morning.

• action that happened immediately after one another in the past.
  

Maggie walked across the room and opened the door .

• habits or states which are now finished .
  

Pete lived in California for a couple of years when he was younger.
The time expressions we use with the past simple are:
yesterday ,then ,when ,How long ago...? ,last night / week/ month / year/ Friday/ October etc., three
days / weeks etc. ago, in 1999 etc.
Past Continuous (was/were doing)
We use the past continuous:

• for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We don’t mention when the
  

action started or finished.
At 10 o’clock last night I was watching TV.

• for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past
  

continuous for the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action which
interrupted it (shorter action).
He was driving to work when his mobile phone rang .

• for two or more simultaneous actions in the past.
  

Jack was listening to the radio in the living room while I was doing my homework in my bedroom.

• to describe the atmosphere, setting etc. and to give background information to a story.
  

It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and we were all getting ready for our trip to the zoo.
The time expressions we use with the past continuous are: while, when, as, all morning /evening/ day/ week etc.
Past Perfect (had +III/ed)
We use the past perfect for:

• an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past.
  

I had spoken to Georgia before I left work the previous evening.

• an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible at a later point in the past.
  

She had just had a shower and her hair was still wet.
The time expressions we use with the past perfect are:
before, after, already, just, for, since , till / until , when by the time, never etc.
Past Perfect Continuous (had been doing)
We use the past perfect continuous:

• to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past, before
  

another action or stated time in the past, usually with for or since
We had been chatting for about an hour when Carol arrived .

• for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past.
  

He had been running and he was hot and thirsty.
The time expressions we use with the past perfect continuous are: for, since, how long, before, until etc.
PRESENT SIMPLE
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period .
•I take the train to the office.
2. For facts.
•The President of The USA lives in The White House.
3. For habits.
•I get up early every day.
•They travel to their country house every weekend .
4. For things that are always / generally true.
•The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
5. For timetables.
The bus leaves at 10 tomorrow.
SPELLING 3rd person singular:
1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.
•go – goes •kiss – kisses
• catch – catches •fix – fixes
•wash – washes •buzz – buzzes
2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.
•marry – marries •study – studies
NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.
•play – plays
QUESTIONS and NEGATIVE SENTENCES
•You don't speak Arabic.
•John doesn't speak Italian.
•Do you need a dictionary?
•Does Mary need a dictionary?
SIGNAL WORDS
always*; often; usually; sometimes; seldom; never*; every, at weekends; on Mondays; twice / once a week
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1) actions happening at the moment of speaking
Peter is reading a book now.
2) fixed plan in the near future
She is going to Basel on Saturday.
3) temporary actions
His father is working in Rome this month.
4) actions happening around the moment of speaking (longer actions)
My friend is preparing for his exams .
5) trends
More and more people are using their computers to listen to music.
6) repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)
Andrew is always coming late.
SPELLING:
stop – stopping; run – running; begin – beginning
lie – lying
make - making
SIGNAL WORDS
at the moment
now
at present
(tonight; today ; this weekend; tomorrow)
Listen!
Look!
PRESENT PERFECT
1) Result of an action in the past is important in the present
I have cleaned my room.
2) Recently completed action
He has just played handball .
3) State beginning in the past and still continuing
We have lived in Canada since 1986.
4) together with lately, recently, yet
I have been to London recently.
SIGNAL WORDS
just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1)puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)
She has been writing for two hours .
2)action that recently stopped or is still going on
I have been living here since 2001.
3)finished action that influenced the present
I have been working all afternoon.
SIGNAL WORDS
all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week