CONDITIONALS 0 or 1? TYPE 0 ZERO CONDITIONAL In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple 'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION present: ZERO CONDITIONAL (TYPE 0) 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If you heat ice, it melts. If it rains, you get wet TYPE 0 'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE (CONDITION) (RESULT) If + simple present If + simple present If plants don't get they die. enough water, If you mix red and blue, you get purple Make sentences (type 0) Heat water/ boil Mix yellow and red/get orange Conditional Type 1 · First Conditional: real possibility · We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this conditi...
Conditionals (...) Conditionals (...) If I were you, I would apologise. If I were you, I would apologise. I would apologise if I were you. I would apologise if I were you. There are 4 types of conditionals: 0,1,2,3 There are 4 types of conditionals: 0,1,2,3 Type 0. Type 0. If + Present Simple (V1(s/es)), ____ Present Simple (V1(s/es)) If + Present Simple (V1(s/es)), ____ Present Simple (V1(s/es)) · General truths, scientific facts · General truths, scientific facts Ex: If you heat water, it boils. Ex: If you heat water, it boils. Type 1
Conditionals Table of Contents Conditionals ......................................................................... 2 A. Real Conditionals ............................................................. 2 B. Unreal Conditionals ......................................................... 3 Linking words used in Conditionals ...................................... 4 Conditionals Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are unlikely, some are impossible. A. Real Conditionals Real Conditionals refer to situations that are true, have happened, generally happen or are likely to happen. The First Conditional expresses a possible condition and a probable result: If I have time, I will help you. In the if-clause we use the Present Simple, in the main clause will + the verb.
Conditionals TYPE I If - osalause Peamine osalause Present Simple will + I põhivorm If I study, I will pass the exams. I will pass the exams, If I study. TYPE II If - osalause Peamine osalause Past Simple would/might/could + I põhivorm If I studied, I would pass the exams. If I studied, I could pass the exams. If I studied, I might pass the exams. TYPE III If - osalause Peamine osalause Past Perfect would/might/could + have + III põhivorm/-ed If I had studied, I would have passed the exams. If I had studied, I could have passed the exams. If I had studied, I might have passed the exams. If I had earned some money, I would have bought a car.
It expresses an unreal situation and its probable result. The situation or condition is improbable, impossible, imaginary, or contrary to known facts. FIRST v. SECOND CONDITIONAL If John runs fast, he will win the race. This is still possible to happen. If John ran fast, he would win the race. This is unlikely to happen because John doesn't run fast. THE DIFFERENCE: FIRST and SECOND CONDITIONAL Both conditionals refer to the present and future. The difference is about probability, not time. First conditional: real and possible situations Second conditional: unlikely to happen THIRD CONDITIONAL Jack wanted to buy a house last year but he couldn't do that because he didn't have any money. If I had had a lo t o f m o ne y, I would have bought a b ig h o us e . THIRD CONDITIONAL Yesterday, Susan wanted to phone Paul but she couldn't do
Conditionals: II and III II CONDITIONAL • to imagine a different reality • An unreal situation • If I were a parent, I would give candy to my kids every day. • If he won the lottery, he would quit his job. • If I had wings, I would fly to Africa. How to use it? • IF + PAST SIMPLE, + WOULD + VERB • If I were a parent, I would give candy to my kids every day. • If he won the lottery, he would quit his job. • If I had wings, I would fly to Africa. • NB! The verb „be“ is always „were“ with this conditional. • If I were you,... • If he were here,... Wou can also turn it around: The result first and then the condition. • WOULD + VERB+ IF +PAST SIMPLE • Note: There is no comma when the „IF“ is between the two clauses. • I would give candy to my kids every day if I were a parent. • He would quit his job if I won the lottery. • I would fly to Africa if I had wings. III CONDITIONAL • a past regret • different outcome...
(When they were younger they walked/used to walk to school; NOT I used to walk to work yesterday) Be going to · Plans, intentions, ambitions for the future (I'm going to be a doctor, when I grow up) · Actions already decided to do in near future (Steve is going to work with his dad..) · Predictions based on wht we see, or know, especially if there's evidence (The sky is very clear, it's going to be cold tonight) CONDITIONALS Type 0 general truth or scientific fact: If/when + present simple > present simple (If you mix red and white, you get pink) Type 1 real or very probable situation: If + present simple > future simple, imperative, can/must/may etc + bare infinitive (If I finish the essay, I will/might go out tonight) NB! Unless + affirmative verb = if + negative verb (Unless he gives me..= if he does not give..)
First Conditional: A real possibility in the future A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example: I Condition Result Possibility F she gets good she will go to If the condition is met, then she definitely If grades, university. will go he gets good he may go to If He is not sure about g...
CONDITIONALS · Type 0 Present Simple if + I, I o If you boil water, it evaporates.(Loodusseadus) · Type 1 if + I , will + I o If you study more, you will get better marks. (Kui õpid rohkem, saad paremaid hindeid.) · Type 2 if II, would + I o do If you studied more, you would get better marks. (Kui õpiksid, saaksid) · Type 3 if had + III, would have + III o if I had studied more, I wouldn't have had that many mistakes. o If you had studied more, you would have got better marks. (Kui oleksid õppinud, oleksid saanud) · Kasutusel ka variant kus kõik tüübid segi, sellisel juhul tõlgi endajaoks lause ära ja mõtle loogiliselt. If-Clause Main Clause SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING (peaaegu sama, mis if) Type 2 Type 1 ...
Conditionals: 0 and I What is a conditional sentence? • Conditional sentences have at least two clauses: IF clauses and THEN clauses • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow, then I will see a movie. If he spoke Chinese, then he would work as a guide in China. If they had been faster, then they would have won the race. IF Clauses (the condition) • IF clauses present the condition. • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow… If he spoke Chinese… If they had been faster… THEN Clauses (the results) • THEN clauses present the results. • Examples: … then I will see a movie. …. then he would work as a guide in China. … then they would have won the race. IF and THEN Clauses • The word “then” is optional, but the clause is still the result of the condition. So it is a “THEN” clause, without the word “then.” 0 CONDITIONAL • Situations that are always true if something happens. • Instructions, rules • If I am late, my father t...
beautiful (al. 3 silpi) more beautiful the most beautiful tired more tired the most tired boring more boring the most boring Erandid: good/ well better the best Bad/ ill worse the worst many/ much more the most little smaller/ less the smallest/ least VII. CONDITIONALS (TINGIMUSLAUSED) KASUTATAKSE SIIS, KUI SOOVITAKSE RÄÄKIDA VÕIMALIKEST SÜNDMUSTEST JA OLUKORDADEST JA NENDE TAGAJÄRGEDEST. If _________________, ______________. ___________________ if _____________. ! alati ei pruugi IF-i lauses olla! 2 4 conditionals: Zero cond. käibetõed, sagedased sündmused First cond. üsna tõenäolised sündmused Second cond. ebatõenäolised sündm. Third cond. miski, mis oleks võinud minevikus toimuda, aga ei
Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities. 0 Zero conditional If-clause present (past) simple Main clause present (past) simple Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth. that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple.
Preparation Sheet for Test December 6, 2012 Grammar: Conditionals 2+3, Wishes, Would Rather And the following Vocabulary: Descending-kahanev sheer lunacy-puhas hullumeelsus emerge-tekkima triumphant- võidukas kick-löök punch- leap-hüpe hand-gliding-libisemine fly fishing-lend püük co-operative-ühistu nerve-racking-närvesööv accurate-täpne determined-kindlaks määratud daring-uljus archery, archer, arrows-vibulaskimine badminton-sulgpall snooker-biljard range-valik pitch shuttlecock-sulgpall racquet cue-kii championship-võistlused
I’m having a great time – there’s lots to do here. 4. The rules about commas are not very strict. In general they are more likely around longer phrases. FANBOYS (for, and, but, or, yet, so). (2 subjects) It was a great camera, but I can’t afford it. (1 subject) It was a great camera but a bit too expensive. 5. Quotation marks/inverted commas a) Laura said, “You haven’t put up those shelves yet.” b) ‘Sod off,’ he replied. 6. Conditionals (with ‘if’ clause first) If you hate take-offs, you shouldn’t fly. (but) You shouldn’t fly if you hate take-offs. 7. However at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence. a) However, Jim never got the feeling that his mates had completely abandoned him. b) Smallpox is an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treat. BUT c) However you look at it, it was a wicked thing to do. 8. Introductory phrases In fact, he didn’t care about the whole thing at all. 9
actions which will definitely happen in the future as a result of routine or arrangement 10) We will have returned home by Sunday afternoon. actions which will be finished before a stated future time 11) By the end of this week, she will have been working to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain here for 6 years. future time Conditionals · Type 0 If you boil water, it evaporates. (Loodusseadus) · Type 1 If you study more, you will get better marks. (Kui õpid rohkem, saad paremaid hindeid.) · Type 2 If you studied more, you would get better marks. (Kui õpiksid, saaksid) · Type 3 If you had studied more, you would have got better marks. (Kui oleksid õppinud, oleksid saanud) Mixed conditionals If-Clause Main Clause Type 2 Type 1
............................................................................................................................................ 9 Conditionals (tingimusega laused) .............................................................................................
Expository passages where we develop an opening sentence (without attempting to prove it). ● There are two types of elephants: the African elephant and the Asian elephant. African elephant has large ears and both females and males have tusks. The Asian elephant has smaller ears and only males develop tusks. Conditional statements of the form “if...then…”. ● If it rains, then I will take my umbrella. Conditional itself is not an argument. Conditionals are formed by an Antecendent (‘it rains’) and a Consequent (‘I will take my umbrella’). The antecendent is a sufficient condition for the consequent while the consequent is a necessary condition for the antecendent. A (antecendent) then B (consequent). If A happens, B has to happen! Umbrella is necessary for the rain. If I take my umbrella, it’s not necessary that it rains.
3. Conditional sentences. It is common to talk about the First, Second, and Third Conditional: Conditional I If I see John, I'll tell him. Kui ma näen Johni, siis ütlen ta Conditional II If I saw John, I would tell him. Kui ma näeksin Johni, siis ma ütleksin talle. Conditional III If I had seen John, I would have told him. Kui ma oleksin näinud Johni, siis ma oleksin talle öelnud. Other patterns 1 It is common to use modals in conditionals: If only you'd asked me, I would have lent you the money! If you must smoke, do it outside, please. If you want my opinion, I'd sell the car and buy something more reliable. 2 Some conditionals use the present simple in both parts If it rains, the water comes in through the roof. A good rule is to avoid using `would' in the if-clause. This is almost always true. Translate: 26
6 Don't put Jamie off while he's computers. Students' own answers concentrating. Boy That's true. Girl And I think the Internet has Challenge! 8E Mixed conditionals certainly made the world a Students' own answers page 70 better place. Everyone can now 1 1 b 2 e 3 d 4 a 5 c access information which was 8B Modals in the past only available to a minority of
3 The more tired she is, the more 6 a pedestrian crossing bad-tempered she gets. Challenge! Students' own answers 7 a water feature 4 The harder you work, the more 8 a shopping mall money you'll earn. 4E Conditionals page 34 9 a landscaped area 5 The further he is from home, the 1 1 hadn't invented, would be 2 1 proposals 5 within more homesick he feels. 2 didn't exist, would have 2 criteria 6 affordable 6 The more sophisticated the emigrated / would emigrate, 3 renewable 7 developed
a very large range of possible correct answers. Truth-Condition Theories: Davidson's program 119 A second rejoinder The difficulty about lack of truth-value is not confined to nondeclarative sentences. For one thing, it has been argued that certain grammatically declarative sentences lack truth conditions and have only epistemic "assert- ibility" conditions. Most notably, Adams (1965) and others have defended the view that indicative conditionals lack truth conditions and truth-value. Moreover, some philosophers hold (following the Positivists) that certain grammatically declarative sentences are not fact-stating even though they might be taken by the naive to be so. According to the emotivists in moral philosophy, moral judgments are only evincings or ventings, semantically just like groans, grunts of protest, cheers, and the like. If so, then such "factually defective" sentences do not have truth-values
statements talkaboutmemories of earlv childhood; breaking the news; describing people;introducing people futuretenses;Conditionals note-takin g; T/F/ discussweekendactivities; a letterof complaint TypeO & 1; the definite Doesn'tsay;multiple speculations; article holidayexperiences; a semi-formaltransactional choice accepting/refusin
statements talkaboutmemories of earlv childhood; breaking the news; describing people;introducing people futuretenses;Conditionals note-takin g; T/F/ discussweekendactivities; a letterof complaint TypeO & 1; the definite Doesn'tsay;multiple speculations; article holidayexperiences; a semi-formaltransactional choice accepting/refusin
statements talkaboutmemories of earlv childhood; breaking the news; describing people;introducing people futuretenses;Conditionals note-takin g; T/F/ discussweekendactivities; a letterof complaint TypeO & 1; the definite Doesn'tsay;multiple speculations; article holidayexperiences; a semi-formaltransactional choice accepting/refusin
statements talkaboutmemories of earlv childhood; breaking the news; describing people;introducing people futuretenses;Conditionals note-takin g; T/F/ discussweekendactivities; a letterof complaint TypeO & 1; the definite Doesn'tsay;multiple speculations; article holidayexperiences; a semi-formaltransactional choice accepting/refusin
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