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..................................................... 5 The Passive with ’by/with’ .................................................................. 6 Talking about what other people say ................................................ 6 The Passive Voice The subject is the starting point of the sentence, the thing we are talking about. The new information about the subject comes at the end of the sentence. When the subject is the person or thing doing the action, then we use an active verb: Bell invented the telephone. When the subject is not doing the action, but something is happening or being done to it, or the action is directed at it, then we use a passive verb. The telephone was invented by Bell. NB! The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence. The doer of the action is indicated by a by phrase. When the doer of the action is not important, the ’by phrase’ is omitted:
· Mary has been feeling a little depressed. · Lisa has not been practicing her English. · What have you been doing? IMPORTANT Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs Examples: · Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct · Sam has had his car for two years. Correct Past Perfect [had + past participle] Examples: · You had studied English before you moved to New York. · Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
Anglo Frisian » English 2. How to classify words into different word classes? (definition is that enough?, morphology, distribution and function tests); Grammatical categories for nominals, verbs, adjectives. "A set of words like dog, child, cat, man, bird where the individual words are mutually substitutable is known as a word class..." Definitions a) A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. b) A verb expresses an action, process or state. c) An adjective is a describing word which modifies a noun. "Although such definitions will identify many members of a word class, linguists generally agree that they need to be supplemented by formal tests. e.g. sincerity Sincerity can be frightening misery Lee is misery itself. Such miseries are uncommon Distribution: - a distribution test Kim is an engine driver
ACTIVE TENSES Active form You use an active verb when you want to say that the subject of a sentence does something. · [Thing doing action] + [verb] + · +[thing receiving action] · Examples The professor (subject doing action) teaches (verb) · the students (object receiving action). · Mary (subject doing action) · washes (verb) · the dishes ( object receiving action). The tenses of the verb 1.Present (olevik) 2.Past (minevik) 3.Future (tulevik) 4.Future in the past (kaudne tulevik) Iga aeg võib esineda neljas eri rühmas 1.IndefiniteTenses (üldajad) 2.Continious Tenses (kestvad ajad) 3.Perfect Tenses (perfekti ajad) 4.Perfect Continious Tenses (perfekti kestvad ajad) Indefinite Tenses (üldajad) used to describe actions but do not state whether the action is completed or on- going märgivad tegevuse sooritamise fakti Peter visits us every day.
The Present Simple is the most basic tense in the English language. It is an interesting tense because it can be used Present Simple to express the future. Generally, though, we use it to Basic form describe the present activities or to talk about routines or Subject + Verb + -s (present form) John lives in New York. We play football every day. You are really kind. The meeting starts at 3 PM. Use the Present Simple: with state verbs. to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time. when an event is certain to happen in the future. to talk about events that we can't change (for example, an official meeting or a train departure).
to be cold tonight) CONDITIONALS Type 0 general truth or scientific fact: If/when + present simple > present simple (If you mix red and white, you get pink) Type 1 real or very probable situation: If + present simple > future simple, imperative, can/must/may etc + bare infinitive (If I finish the essay, I will/might go out tonight) NB! Unless + affirmative verb = if + negative verb (Unless he gives me..= if he does not give..) Type 2 unreal present, imaginary situations: If + past simple/past continuous > would/could/might + perfect bare infinitive (If I were you, I would tell her the truth) Type 3 unreal past, regrets, criticism: If + past perfect/past perfect continuous > would/could/might + perfect bare infinitive ( If they had invited me, I would have gone..) DEFINITE ARTICLE ,,THE" We use ,,The":
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and
....................... 3 Present Simple ..................................................................... 4 Future Continuous ............................................................... 4 Future Perfect....................................................................... 6 Other ways of referring to the future ..................................... 7 Other future references......................................................... 8 Future Simple In Future Simple we use the modal verb will + the verb. It is the same in all persons. I will work I’ll work you will study you’ll study he will come he’ll come Negative I/you/he/we/they will not write I/you/he/we/they won’t write Question Will you/he/she/we/they come? 1. We often use will as a neutral way of expressing the future. We use will to say what we know or think about the future.
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