....................................................................... 5 The Passive with ’by/with’ .................................................................. 6 Talking about what other people say ................................................ 6 The Passive Voice The subject is the starting point of the sentence, the thing we are talking about. The new information about the subject comes at the end of the sentence. When the subject is the person or thing doing the action, then we use an active verb: Bell invented the telephone. When the subject is not doing the action, but something is happening or being done to it, or the action is directed at it, then we use a passive verb. The telephone was invented by Bell. NB! The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence. The doer of the action is indicated by a by phrase. When the doer of the action is not important, the ’by phrase’ is omitted:
Windows are not made of wood. Simple Present · · New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue. [VERB] + s/es in third person USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Examples: Future · You speak English. · Do you speak English?
Anglo Frisian » English 2. How to classify words into different word classes? (definition is that enough?, morphology, distribution and function tests); Grammatical categories for nominals, verbs, adjectives. "A set of words like dog, child, cat, man, bird where the individual words are mutually substitutable is known as a word class..." Definitions a) A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. b) A verb expresses an action, process or state. c) An adjective is a describing word which modifies a noun. "Although such definitions will identify many members of a word class, linguists generally agree that they need to be supplemented by formal tests. e.g. sincerity Sincerity can be frightening misery Lee is misery itself. Such miseries are uncommon Distribution: - a distribution test Kim is an engine driver
ACTIVE TENSES Active form You use an active verb when you want to say that the subject of a sentence does something. · [Thing doing action] + [verb] + · +[thing receiving action] · Examples The professor (subject doing action) teaches (verb) · the students (object receiving action). · Mary (subject doing action) · washes (verb) · the dishes ( object receiving action). The tenses of the verb 1.Present (olevik) 2.Past (minevik) 3.Future (tulevik) 4.Future in the past (kaudne tulevik) Iga aeg võib esineda neljas eri rühmas 1.IndefiniteTenses (üldajad) 2.Continious Tenses (kestvad ajad) 3.Perfect Tenses (perfekti ajad) 4.Perfect Continious Tenses (perfekti kestvad ajad) Indefinite Tenses (üldajad) used to describe actions but do not state whether the action is completed or on- going märgivad tegevuse sooritamise fakti Peter visits us every day.
The Present Simple is the most basic tense in the English language. It is an interesting tense because it can be used Present Simple to express the future. Generally, though, we use it to Basic form describe the present activities or to talk about routines or Subject + Verb + -s (present form) John lives in New York. We play football every day. You are really kind. The meeting starts at 3 PM. Use the Present Simple: with state verbs. to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time. when an event is certain to happen in the future. to talk about events that we can't change (for example, an official meeting or a train departure).
INGLISE KEELE KORDAMINE TIME CLAUSES Present Simple · Permanent states, facts (Tom works..) · Repeated and habitual actions, routines (She usually goes..) · Laws of nature and general truths (The sun sets in the west) · Timetables and programmes · Sporting commentaries, rewiews (Beckham wins the ball, crosses and Owen scores) · Feelings and emotions (I love Tallinn..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT SIMPLE: usually, often, always, every day/week etc, in the morning/evening
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and
Ways of expressing the Future Table of Contents Future Simple ...................................................................... 2 Be going to ........................................................................... 3 Present Continuous .............................................................. 3 Present Simple ..................................................................... 4 Future Continuous ............................................................... 4 Future Perfect....................................................................... 6 Other ways of referring to the future ..................................... 7 Other future references......................................................... 8 Future Simple In Future Simple we use the modal verb will + the verb. It is the same in all persons. I will work I’ll work
7. Verb: The principal forms of the verbs: Verbil on 4 põhivormi: Regular verb Irregular verb 1. the base form Talk Speak üldoleviku tüvivorm 2. the past form/ -ed form Talked Spoke üldmineviku vorm 3. the past participle (-ed Talked Spoken participle) mineviku kesksõna 4. the present participle (- Talking Speaking ing participle) oleviku kesksõna The tenses: Expressing the future: Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Present Base Have / has + to be + base+ ing has/ have been +s + pariticiple base+ -ing
FUTURE SIMPLE BE GOING TO Will + infinitive (will go) Am/is/are going to + infinitive (is going to rain) 1.A decision at the moment of 1.Future plans made before the speaking: moment of speaking: A: 'I'm cold'. A: 'We've run out of milk.' B: 'I'll close the window'. B: 'I know, I'm going to buy some.' 2.Prediction based on opinion: 2.Prediction based on present I think the Conservatives will win the evidence: next election. Look at those boys playing football! 3
Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities. 0 Zero conditional If-clause present (past) simple Main clause present (past) simple Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth. that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple. If/When you don't water flowers, they die. (present simple in both parts of the sentence) If/When I asked her to come with us, she always said no.
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example: "I'm going to the cinema". He said he was going to the cinema. Basic tense chart The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): present simple past simple I'm a teacher. He said he was a teacher past continuous. present continuous He said he was having lunch with his I'm having lunch with my parents. parents. past perfect simple
A – AN - THE Time Expressions • we don't use an article: at night, at noon, every We don't usually use an article week, every day, every night, last morning, last • to talk about things in general. • before the names of countries, cities, towns and villages. week, all night, all day, tomorrow, yesterday,... • with plural nouns and uncountable nouns when talking about them • use the with in the morning, in the afternoon, generally. during the night, the winter, the summer, the day Examples: She has got long hair
· · Past tenses Past Simple is used for: Past actions which happened one immediately after the other. E.g. She stood up, went up to her and grabbed her wrists. Completed actions or events, which happened at a stated past time. E.g. I went to the cinema last night. Past habits or states. E.g. my grandfather always wore a hat. Complete actions not connected to the present with a stated or implied time reference. E.g. Beethoven created wonderful classical pieces. Time expressions used with Past Simple: yesterday, last week/month etc, ago, then, just, now, when, in 1991, etc Past continuous is used for: Actions in the middle of happening at a stated past time. E.g. She was flying to Paris this time last Monday. A past action in progress interrupted by another past action. The longer
Spell in turns some names using the alphabet for international airlines. 1 KLM 9 ENIRO 2 FARWEK 10 SAUREX 3 TALLEGG 11 MIZDE 4 VESITERM 12 LADA 5 STOW 13 SCHWUNG 6 KALEV 14 MAIASMOKK 7 YAMAHA 15 ISKU 8 ESTRAVEL 2 Affirmative tense Use Signal Words Negative/Questions · action in the present taking always, Present Simple A: He speaks. place once, never or several every ..., N: He does not speak. normally, often, Q: Does he speak? times
Get/ Have something TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE WHEN? done Present Simple Am/is/are + Every day, year, often, I pv + do/does Have/ get + sth+ III pv Lihtolevik III pv usually, always Past Simple Yesterday, last year,
PASSIVE VOICE Active: S + V + O Passive: S + Be + PP(V3ed) + by + O (tense) EX: My father planted this tree last year. This tree was planted by my father last year. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Simple Present Tense Active: S + V(s/es) + O Passive: S + am/is/are + PP + by + O EX: He reads books every day. Books are read (by him) every day. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Present Continuous Tense Active: S + am/is/are + Ving + O Passive: S + am/is/are + being +PP + by + O EX: He is writing a novel at the moment. A novel is being written (by him) at the moment. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Present Perfect Tense Active: S + Has/Have + V3ed + O Passive: S + has/have + been +PP + by + O EX: He has just finished a novel. A novel has just been finished (by him). TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Simple Past Tense
........................ 3 Linking words used in Conditionals ...................................... 4 Conditionals Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are unlikely, some are impossible. A. Real Conditionals Real Conditionals refer to situations that are true, have happened, generally happen or are likely to happen. The First Conditional expresses a possible condition and a probable result: If I have time, I will help you. In the if-clause we use the Present Simple, in the main clause will + the verb. We can also use the Present Continuous or Perfect in the if-clause and a Modal Verb in the main clause. If we are having a party tomorrow, we shouldn’t go out tonight. If you have finished with the computer, you should turn it off. It can also be used in offers and suggestions, or warnings and threats. If you need a ticket, I can get you one. If you don’t study harder, you won’t pass the exam.
1. Active/Passive Active - the professor teaches the students. Passive - The students are taught by the professor 2. Present Simple [VERB] + s/es in third person. Tegevus on korduv või tavapärane. You speak English. I play tennis. Cats like milk. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. I am here now. Active= Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Passive= Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. 3. Present Continuous [am/is/are + present participle]. Tegevus toimub/ei toimu praegusel hetkel. You are watching TV. You are learning English now. I am studying to become a doctor. I am meeting some friends after work. Active= Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Passive= Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. 4. Past Simple [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. Tegevus algas/lõppes minevikus täpsel ajal. . You called Debbie. I saw a movie yesterday. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim
tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words always, every ..., action in the present Simple Present A: He speaks. never, normally, N: He does not speak. taking place once, never or often, seldom, Q: Does he speak? several times sometimes, usually if sentences type I
problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud. Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas. 5. Subject Pronouns nosotros / noh-soh-trohs / yo yoh I we
Golden Grammar rules 1. Don't use an with own. Sue needs her own room. (NOT Sue needs an own room.) I'd like a phone line of my own. (NOT ... an own phone line.) 2. Use or rather to correct yourself. She's German or rather, Austrian. (NOT She's German or better, Austrian.) I'll see you on Friday or rather, Saturday. 3. Use the simple present play(s), rain(s) etc to talk about habits and repeated actions. I play tennis every Saturday. (NOT I am playing tennis every Saturday.) It usually rains a lot in November. 4. Use will ..., not the present, for offers and promises. I'll cook you supper this evening. (NOT I cook you supper this evening.) I promise I'll phone you tomorrow. (NOT I promise I phone you tomorrow.) 5. Don't drop prepositions with passive verbs. I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted
Present Simple and Continuous Table of Contents Present Simple ..................................................................... 2 The spelling of endings in the Present Simple ....................... 2 When to use the Present Simple ........................................... 3 The verb 'be' ......................................................................... 4 Present Continuous.............................................................. 5 The spelling of endings in the Present Continuous................ 5 When to use the Present Continuous.................................... 6 State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs ................... 7 Present Simple In the Present Simple we use the verb without an ending. I work you live we think they dance NB
PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PRESENT PAST SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT SIMPLE CONTINIOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE CONTINUOUS SIMPLE CONTINUOUS Lihtolevik Kestev olevik Täisminevik Kestev Lihtminevik Kestev minevik Enneminevik Kestev täisminevik enneminevik I pv Am/is/are, I pv, Has/have, III Has/have, II pv, -ed Was/were, -ing Had, III pv Had, been, -ing
Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can be observed and measured (cat, garage, soldier). Abstract nouns refer to abstractions that cannot be observed and measured (competition, conscience). verb tegusõna, In a clause, the verb is an obligatory and the most walk, put, do, be, must pöördsõna, verb central element. It denotes actions, events, processes and states. Verbs are either regular (cough, coughs, coughing, coughed) or irregular (speak, speaks, spoke, speaking, spoken). There are three main grammatical
PAST TENSES Past Simple Used to talk about a completed past action which happened at a completed time in the past. We went to Tallinn yesterday. I saw him a long time ago. We met last week. Used to talk about a series of events that happened one after another. He walked to school, took off his coat, went to class and fell asleep. Used to report what people said. He said that he was tired. He asked to go home. Used after "It's time" (even though we're talking about now)
.................................................................. 6 Expressing possibility/probability......................................... 7 Asking about possibilities ..................................................... 7 Infinitives ............................................................................. 8 Introduction Modal Verbs are can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to. They are known as modal auxiliary verbs because they ‘help’ another verb, i.e. they are always used with another verb in its base form. e.g. I can swim. Do you think I should go? Characteristics of Modal Verbs • There is no -s in the third person singular: She can ski. He must be tired. It might rain. • They are used to form questions and negatives: Shall we go for a walk? What should I do? He can’t dance. You mustn’t tell lies! • Modal auxiliary verbs don’t usually have past forms. Other expressions are
First Conditional: A real possibility in the future A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example: I Condition Result Possibility F she gets good she will go to If the condition is met, then she definitely If grades, university. will go he gets good he may go to
sentences. They are attached together with a free morpheme because otherwise they have no meaning. For example: Cat- Cat/s, work- work/ed, left-hand/ed/ness. S can show plurality, -ed can show tense etc. Morph – The concrete realisation of a morpheme. For example: outrageous- Out/rage/ous consists of three morphs which represent morhpemes. Allomorph – Is a variant of a morpheme. It
We can report people's words by using direct speech or direct speech reported speech. speech `I'm tired!', Helen said. Helen said (that) she was tired. The main verb of the sentence is usually past ( Tom said that... / I told her that...) and the rest of the sentence is usually past too. Sequence of tenses if the verb in the main sentence is in the past tense the other verbs are usually in one of the past tense too. Present Simple Past Simple I'm a teacher. He said (that) he was a teacher Present Progressive Past Progressive I'm having lunch with my He said (that) he was having parents. lunch with his parents. Past Simple Past Perfect He said (that) he had bought a I bought a new car. new car.
INGLISE KEEL Sisukord Sisukord.................................................................................................................................. 2 Ajavormid Tense vorms.......................................................................................................3 Lihtolevik The present simple..................................................................................... 3 Lihtminevik The past simple....................................................................................... 3 Lihttulevik The future simple...................................................................................... 3 Kestev olevik The present continuous......................................................................... 3 Kestev minevik The past continuous
INGLISE KEEL Sisukord Sisukord 2 Ajavormid Tense vorms 3 Lihtolevik The present simple 3 Lihtminevik The past simple 3 Lihttulevik The future simple 3 Kestev olevik The present continuous 3 Kestev minevik The past continuous 4 Kestev tulevik The future conrinuous 4 Täisminevik The present perfect 4 Enneminevik The past perfect 4 Ennetulevik Future perfect 5 Üldminevik Past tense 5 Üldtulevik Future indefinite 5 Artiklid ja eessõnad 7 Eessõnad 7 Kesksõnad 8
Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous Table of Contents Present Perfect Simple.............................................................................2 When to use the Present Perfect Simple ...........................................2 Present Perfect Continuous ...................................................................3 When to use the Present Perfect Continuous..................................4 Time expressions with Present Perfect...............................................5 Present Perfect Simple The Present Perfect is the present tense of have + a past participle I have washed / I’ve washed you have written /you’ve written he/she/it has worked /he’s/she’s/it’s worked we have forgotten /we’ve forgotten they have gone /they’ve gone
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