Russia Throughout the History (0)

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RUNNING HEAD: RUSSIA
Russia Throughout the History
U.S Government
Table of Contents

Introduction

History of Russia

Russia nowadays

Important people in Russia throughout the history

Conclusion

References
Introduction- Russia Throughout the History
Russia is a one of the biggest countries is the world. The first clues about Russian history are from as early as the 9th century . Russia has suffered through rough times in war, mad leaders and tough life amongst the locals. Over times the country has had several different names and political systems. They have been an empire ruled by a czar, a communist nation , and a democratic federation. Nowadays the country’s official name is the Russian Federation (" Basic facts about,").
The head of the executive branch in Russia is the president who works with the prime minister. The legislative branch is the Bicameral Federal Assembly which consists of the Federation Council and State Duma . The Judicial branch consists of the Constitutional Court , Supreme Court, and the Superior Court of Arbitration (McClenaghan, 2003).
Russia has over 142 million people. Their major language is Russian and the major religions are Christianity, Islam , Buddhism, and Judaism . The capital of Russia is Moscow ("Basic facts about,").
The History of Russia
In the early history of Russia people were migrating from less fertile land to more fertile land. They were looking for a better place to live and support their families . The country was not called Russia at that time, but it was working its way of becoming an empire. During the 9th century the Scandinavian people who were called the Varangians crossed the Baltic Sea and went to the Eastern Europe . They settled in the city of Novgorod. They also gained control over Kiev, which is in modern day Ukraine . This city became a big trading centre between Scandinavia and the big Russian empire. The empire became very well- known and popular .Over the next couple hundred years the Varangians conquer more areas and the empire grows fast . The ruler of the empire, Vladimir, decided that the main religion is going to be Greek Orthodoxy. The next ruler Yaroslav started making basic laws for the empire ("History and culture," ).
Over the next few hundred years, new invaders- Mongols settled in on the Russian territories. They made big improvements in the empire. For the first time the city Moscow became an important centre. Over time the Rurik dynasty in Russia had had 7 rulers. The first czar was appointed in 1547- Ivan IV the terrible. After Ivan IV the terrible died the “Time of Troubles” began. The next czar was Michael Romanov , whose family ruled the empire for the next 300 years. The Romanov’s couldn’t make many changes in the empire’s economy and political life ("History of russia," ).
At the beginning of the 19th century Napoleon started his invasions to The Russian Empire. The czar at that time was Alexander I. Napoleon made a big mistake with attacking Russia in the winter , because the army was not used to the merciless climate. Napoleon’s army had to retreat and go back to France . The whole world understood now how powerful and strong the Russian empire was ("Invasion of russia," ).
Russian empire became more industrialized and the political system stronger and stronger. The country increased its areas. The government was extremely conservative. By the 20th century people noticed that a czar is not the best choice any more. The next ruler Nicholas started to make some changes in the country ("History and culture," ).
These changes brought together the working class which gave a start to the Social Democratic party . In 1905 Nicholas was forces to accept with the new reforms. Later the Social Democratic party split into two groups- the radical Bolsheviks and the comparatively moderate Menshiviks ("Russian social democrats," ).
In 1914 Russia enters World War I. In 1916 the revolution leads to the abdication of Nicholas II and the fall of the autocracy. Soon Lenin comes to Russia and the Bolsheviks gain the majority in the capital which was Petrograd . The political party gets a new name which is the Russian Communist Party. Now the Soviet times in Russia begin ("Russian social democrats," ).
A Civil War between the “Red” and the “White” armies broke off and had devastating consequences for the whole country. After the Civil War Lenin decided to go back to market economy and rebuild the country’s infrastructure. The first few years helped make great changes in the social and cultural life. People had hope because the Bolsheviks introduced free universal health care, education and social security. Russian Orthodoxy was prohibited and the government started promoting atheism ("The rise of," ).
In 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. At first the new nation had only four members : the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Transcaucasian Soviet republics. Over the years the number grew to 15 (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic) ("The rise of," ).
Moscow regained its status as the capital soon after the revolution. It was now the centre of the country’s power . The Soviet government was based on the one-party rule of the Bolsheviks who eventually turned into the Communist Party ("The rise of," ).
In 1924 Lenin died and the next Communist leader who took over his job was Stalin . Stalin started to make changes right away . He collectivized agricultural lands and created large, state-run farms. Everything was under a strict control and very- well disciplined (McClenaghan, 2003).
Stalin suffered bad losses in the World War II, but managed to conquer Berlin in 1945. The Soviet Union had gained more territory and was now ranked as one of the two great powers in the world, along with the United States. But life in the country was still suffering. Production was once again concentrated on heavy industry. Political freedoms were restricted even more, and another series of purges came out. The country also struggled with the Cold War ("History of russia," ).
After Stalin died the country did better again. Cultural life was slowly restored. In the 1970s when Brezhnev became the leader of the Soviet Union the country went through a long period of bad economy and there were many pessimistic and disappointed people. In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became the general secretary. He understood that the country needed some serious changes. Gorbachev used his new policies, perestroika and glasnost . He loosened the social control and brought new ideas to use. The situation with the economy improved and people now had hope ("History of russia," ).
In the beginning of 1990s, the Soviet Union began to fall apart. Its own republics began to claim independence. When Yeltsin was elected as a chairman of the Parliament he took lead in the independence movements. In 1991 Gorbachev resigned and Yeltsin won the presidential elections. All the previous republics became independent and USSR became the Russian Federation ("History of russia," )!
The Russian Government Today
The Russian Federation is a democracy , although it is massively influenced by one man power- the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister today is Vladimir Putin . Basically the country is described as a federal presidential republic ("Russian political system," ).
In 1993 Russia adopted a new constitution in a national referendum . The constitution set a new government structure and contained of a list of individual rights . It provided strong powers for the President. The President has a power to issue decrees and directives that have the force of law without legislative review, although the constitution notes that they must not go against the constitution or other laws)(McClenaghan, 2003).
The Law on Presidential Elections requires that the winner has to receive more than 50% of the votes. If candidate doesn’t receive more than 50% of the votes, the top two candidates in term of votes must face each other in a run-off election. Under the original 1993 constitution, the President was elected for a four- year term but now the constitution states that the term is six years. The President is eligible for a second term, but not for the third. The first President of Russia was Boris Yeltsin, who started his term after the Soviet Union’s fall. After Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin held the term for 8 years. Now Putin is the Prime Minister and Dmitri Medvedev is the President. When Putin’s term as the President ended, he became the Prime Minister and now he has more power than the President. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with the approval of the State Duma. The he is the first one to the presidency in case when the President dies or resigns ("Russian political system," ).
Russia’s legislature , called the Federal Assembly is a bicameral body , that consists of the Federation Counil and the State duma. The lower house in the Russian Federal Assembly is the State Duma. It is the more powerful house, so all bills are considered by them . The Duma doesn’t have as much power to force the resignation of the Government. The President is allowed to disregard the votes of the Duma. The Duma has 450 members who are known as deputies. All the seats in the State Duma are elected by proportional representation (the deputy has to have at least 7% of the vote to qualify for the seat ). Under the original 1993 constitution the elections were held after every four years. In November 2008, the constitution was amended to make the Duma's term five years ("Russian political system," )
The upper house in the Russian Federal Assembly is the Federation Council. It has 168 members and they are called senators. There are 168 members in the federation Council. The country is divided into smaller areas; 47 oblasts, 8 krais, 2 federal cities, 5 autonomous okrugs and one autonomous oblast. Each of these have different powers. Senators are elected by the provincial legislature and the provincial governor and confirmed by the legislature ("Russian political system," ).
The main political party in Russia is called the United Russia. It was founded in 2001 as a result of troubles between many political parties . They describe themselves as centrists. It is created by Vladimir Putin and supports him in the Duma and the Federation Council. The main opposition party is the Communist Party of the Russian Federation led. There are three other parties that have seats in the State Duma. They are the ultra -nationalist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, the fake opposition party A Just Russia, and the nationalist People's Union ("The russian government," )
The Russian Judiciary system consists of the Constitutional courts, the Supreme Court, and the Superior Court of Arbitration. The Constitutional Court is a court of limited subject matter jurisdiction. The court has power to rule on violations of constitutional rights, to examine appeals from various bodies, and to participate in impeachment of the President. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges whose term is life. They are appointed by the President, whose decision is agreed by the Federation Council. One of the main judges is the Chairman and another one is the Deputy Chairman(“Russian political system,”).
Although Russia is a democracy, many people still think that Vladimir Putin is a dictator. He has all the powers in the country and he changes the laws however is convenient for him. He is smart and does everything according to the law, so no one can say anything bad. People in Russia obviously like him and his governing ; otherwise he wouldn’t have been reelected several times. Because of that some people are still scared that Russia may return to their previous policies during the USSR.
Conclusion
Russia is one of the biggest countries in the world. It has had a lot of power over time, and still is a very powerful country. Russia has been a much feared country, but has still seen many other countries try to attack them. Most of them didn’t succeed. If Russia would have had a successful leader from the beginning of the Revolution, they could have been the most powerful and strong nation in the world today. They have also done a lot of harm to other nation and that is why they don’t have very good relationships whit everyone else . I think if Russia wants to improve the situation in the country and help their people, they should get rid of Vladimir Putin. They should find a person who truly wants to help the nation and is willing to make sacrifices because of that. They need someone who would be able to communicate intelligently and improve the relationships with other nations. It seems like Putin only wants power and he doesn’t want to acknowledge that all of his ideas are not great for the country. If it continues like that Russia might go back to cruel Communism times.
References

Basic facts about russia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://russiapedia.rt.com/basic-facts-about-russia/

History and culture of russia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.geographia.com/russia/rushis01.html

History of russia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac

Invasion of russia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.napoleonguide.com/campaign_russia.ht m

McClenaghan, W.A. (2003). Magruder's american government. Upper Saddle River , NJ: Prentice hall.

Russian political system. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.rogerdarlington.co.uk/Russianpoliticalsystem.html

Russian social democrats. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.allrussias.com/soviet_russia/ideology_3.asp

The rise of the ussr. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://russiapedia.rt.com/russian-history/the-rise-of-the-ussr

The russian government. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Jta/Ru/RuGOV0.ht m

The world book encyclopedia vol 16. (2004). Chicago, IL: World book, Inc.

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