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Sculptures and monuments
St. John's Lutheran Church
St John's Church was probably built in the first third of the 14th century . There is no other brick church decorated with so much terracotta plastic in Europe
Eduard Tubin Monument
The Eduard Tubin monument, marking the 100th birthday of the composer, was dedicated in 2005. The authors of the statue are sculptor Aili Vahtrapuu , architect Veronika Valk, with sound installations by Louis Dandrel.Eduard Tubin (1905-1982) was a versatile composer and conductor, one of the most recognized symphonists throughout history. He served as concert master and conductor at the Vanemuise Theatre . In 1944, when the theatre was destroyed, he left Estonia to Sweden.
Monument to Gustav II Adolf
In 1632, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, then at the war camp near Nürnburg, signed the charter to found Tartu University , which was also named Academia Gustaviana in his honour .
The memorial statue to King Gustav II Adolf (1594-1632) stood next to the main building of the university from 1928, until 1950, when it was removed by the Soviet occupation forces. With Swedish assistance, it was repaired and re- mounted 42 years later , in 1992. The King of Sweden was present both at the original and the re-opening of the monument.  Elisabeth Tebelius-Myren authored the restored work .
Karl Ernst von Baer monument
Karl Ernst von Baer was a naturalist, the founder of comparative embryology and geocryology, recognized worldwide as the discoverer of the ovum in mammals. He was a student of Tartu University, practiced in the sciences in Königsberg and St. Petersburg , and was an academician at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Seven geographical objects worldwide have been named in his honour. A ritual for university students is washing the hair of the Baer statue head on the eve of St. Philip ’s Day.
Kristjan Jaak Peterson monument
Kristjan Jaak Peterson was an Estonian poet, author of odes and pastorales, who was born in Riga and studied in Tartu. The aim of his work became the creation of literature in the original Estonian language
The Kissing Students
The sculpture and fountain “The Kissing Students” located at the Tartu Town Hall Square , has become a symbol of Tartu. Erected in 1998, it was conceived by Mati Karmin.
Legend kõneleb suudlevate tudengite kohta järgmist:Ühel hämaral sügisõhtul jalutas armunud tudengipaar mööda Tartu südalinna. Suudeldes ja naerdes jõudsid nad Raekoja platsile. Äkki muutus taevas tumedaks, pilved kogunesid linna kohale ja hakkas sadama paduvihma. Noormees avas vihmavarju ja võttis neiu oma embusesse. Kirglikult ja kaua suudlesid nad siis, seistes kesk voolavat vihma, südamed löömas ühes taktis. Nende armastus paisus üha suuremaks ja suuremaks tõustes taevastesse kõrgustesse. “Oh jääks see igavesti nii”, sosistas tüdruk. “Armas taevas, jäägu see nii alatiseks” ja sulges silmad uueks suudluseks.
… Samal hetkel müristas kõu ja välgusähvatuses muutusid noored armastajad kivikujuks.
Sculpture: Oscar Wilde and Eduard Vilde
The statue of the two writers . The imaginary conversation between the Irish writer Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) and Estonian writer Eduard Vilde (1865-1933), depicted in the statue, might have taken place in the year 1892, but actually, the two men never did meet. A copy of the sculpture was given as a gift from the town of Tartu to the Irish city of Galway in 2004.
Father and Son
The bronze sculpture, “Father and Son”, created by sculptor Ülo Õuna (1944-1988), was placed on Küüni Street , on Children ’s Day (’ childrens protection day’), 1 June 2004.
Bridges
Tartu Stone Bridge
In the 18th century the first stone bridge in the Baltics was built at the end of the Town Hall Square, with two triumph arches and a lifting centre , which was dedicated to Catherine II and was opened for traffic in 1784. The bridge was destroyed in World War II, now it can only be admired by way of the model bridge, which was created in 2004. Tartu was hit by a great fire in 1775, during the course of which a large part of the city center burned down. Catherine II ordered the restoration of the town and assigned 25,000 rubles for building the stone bridge. The bridge was meant as her gift to the town of Tartu. Preparatory work was begun in the spring of 1776, and the bridge was completed and opened for traffic in 1784. The Stone Bridge became one of the symbols of Tartu.
In 1941 the Soviet forces blew up the bridge, and in 1944 the last remaining part was destroyed.
Arched Bridge
Since 1959 , at the place where the historical Stone Bridge spanned the banks of the Emajõgi River for more than one and a half centuries , stands the Arched Bridge for pedestrians.
Market Bridge (Turu Bridge)
The Market Bridge was completed in 2003, and in the same year was voted the „act of the year” by the citizens of Tartu.
Angel ’s Bridge on Toome Hill
The Angel’s Bridge, located on Toome hill, was built in the 19th century and spans Lossi Street. The writing on the bridge, “otium reficit vires “ ( rest restores strength ), invites one to use Toome hill as a place of rejuvenation. The bridge, designed by J.W. Krause , was built in 1814-1816 and replaced an earlier temporary bridge. The bridge was thoroughly renovated in 1913, at which time a bust- portrait of the university’s first rector, G. Fr. Parrot, and a dedication text, was placed on the bridge’s Toome Hill face (sculptor C. v. Wetter- Rosenthal ). 
The Devil ’s Bridge
The Devil’s Bridge was built in 1913 in honour of the 300th jubilee of tsarist Russia ’s Romanov Dynasty, which is memorialized on the bridge by the dates 1613-1913. The bridge is dedicated to Emperor Alexander I, who signed the founding treaty for the tsarist university - the second official opening of Tartu University, and whose embossed relief decorates the bridge side facing Vallikraavi Street.
Toome Hill
Toome Hill was a gift of Tsar Paul I to the University – till then the clearing was used mainly as a grazing area for townspeople’s cows and goats. Toome Hill has been a centre of settlement activity throughout the centuries. The oldest trees in the park are now 200 years old. There are many sculptures and buildings of architectural value – the former Toome Cathedral , now the History Museum of Tartu University, the Observatory , the Old Anatomical Theatre, State Court , and the Angel’s and Devil’s Bridges. On the Angel’s bridge, the symbolic gate to Toome Hill, are inscribed the wordsotium reficit vires’ (rest restores strength).
Heritage and Historic Buildings
Town Hall Square (Raekoja plats )
The central Tartu Town Hall Square is surrounded by buildings built in the classical style. Since 1998 the square is decorated by the “Kissing Students” fountain. Throughout centuries the centre of town activity has been Town Hall Square, the history of which goes back to ancient times . At that time the market place was the square lying between the fortress on Toome Hill and the harbour on the banks of the Emajõgi River. This tradition persisted for centuries. During the midieval period the Town Hall was built here . The present building is the third one in the same place.
Compared with the long history of Tartu, the buildings are relatively young: it is rare to find buildings originating from earlier than the last quarter of the 18th century. This is due to the many wars and fires which have passed over the town.  During the Great Fire of 1775, nearly the entire town centre burned to the ground . Just after that fire the town began to take on the appearance that it displays today , and the Town Hall building originates from that time. 
Town Hall
The Town Hall of today is the third one in that spot : previous ones were destroyed in fires. The town’s most important market – der Grosse Markt – was located just outside the building.  The town hall has withstood many changes throughout the years. The first floor has been completely redesigned. In addition to the pharmacy there were also bank rooms. Smaller changes have been made on the second floor. Despite these changes, the town hall has maintained its historic appearance.
Till this day the Tartu Town Council and Town Government are housed in the town hall – an indication of Tartu’s conservativeness.
Tartu’s coat of arms is derived from the medieval town stamp. The key and sword above the gate are the attributes of the Tartu bishopric as well as the town’s patron saints Peter and Paul.
At the end of the 16th century southern Estonia was under Polish rule . In 1584 King Stefan Batory gave Tartu its flag.
Every day at 12, 6, and 9 o’ clock p.m. a tune sounds from the town hall’s bell tower.
Main Building of Tartu University
The main building of Tartu University is one of the most outstanding examples of classical architecture in Estonia. The main building was built in 1804-1809 according to university architect Johann Wilhelm Krause’s plans . The opening ceremony of the university’s main building took place on 3 July 1809. Since that day, all major university events are celebrated in the main hall. Because of superb acoustics many concerts are held here, and its spaciousness allows for conferences to be held. The hall was re-opened on 3 May 2002 following its last renovation.
Gunpowder Cellar
The Gunpowder Cellar was dug into the side of the hill in 1767 as part of the complex of the bishop’s citadel. It was used as a gunpowder cellar until 1809. Until 1982 it served as a storage room for many different enterprises , and was later developed into a eating place. Today the building hosts a beer restaurant carrying the same name.
Ruins of Toome Cathedral
The name of Tartu’s “Toome Hill” is derived from the “ Toomkirik ” or Toom Cathedral of the area’s bishopric. For that time the cathedral was truly massive, being the largest religious building in all of the Liivimaa territory. Building of the cathedral began in the 13th century and was completed in 15th century as a triple-aisled basilica.In the course of the Reformation and Livonian War the church was damaged. The fire of 1624 completed the destruction. In 1807 the university library was built into the choral room of the church, which was housed there until 1982. Now the Tartu University History Museum is located there, and observing platforms have been renovated in the tower ruins.
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Tartu vaatamisväärsused - Toy museum-angel devil bridge
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Turism
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London History The Romans AD 43- AD 410 The Romans finally invaded Britain in AD 43 from Kent. The Romans lead by Julius Caesar attempted to invade Britain twice before that in 55 and 54 BC but the invasions were unsuccessful. They made their way to the river Thames and sailed up it. The Romans knew it was important to control a crossing point at the river Thames, so they decided to build a settlement on the north bank. Although small settlements had been built on the banks of the Thames, the Romans were the ones who built the first city. They called their city Londinium. The Roman engineers noticed that the point where the swampy river narrowed would make an ideal crossing point, they built London Bridge. Less than 20 years later the native Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against the Romans in revenge for mistreatment and burnt Londinium to the ground. The well disciplined Roman army defeated her forces and Londinium was rebuilt. By AD 100 it had also become the capital o

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THE CITY OF LONDON History The City of London occupies one square mile in the middle of the capital. It once made up entire town of London, surrounded by the wall first built by Romans. The Romans also built a bridge over the Thames and there has been one in the same area ever since. The Roman Londinium grew up on the northern side of the bridge. In AD 61 the native Celtic tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against the Romans. They burnt down Londinium to the ground and killed most of its inhabitants. Roman armies eventually defeated Boudicca and Londinium was rebuilt. At the end of the fourth century AD the Roman Empire began to crumble and the Roman armies were recalled from Britain to defend Rome itself. Once they had left, tribes such as Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded and settled in from Holland, Germany and Denmark. Together they are known as Anglo-Saxons. They were farming people who preferred living outside towns. For a while London p

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inglise teaduskeel
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Introduction Tallinn, the capital city of the Republic of Estonia and of the Harju county, is a town in North Estonia on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. It has nearly half a million inhabitants and covers an area of almost 160 sqkm. It is also an important economic and cultural centre and one of the main ports in the Baltic States. Tallinn is one of the oldest cities on the Baltic Sea. It is unique for its well-preserved architecture from the 13-15 centuries. In contrast to the ancient town-walls and towers, Tallinn of today offers modern hotels, restaurants, sport and cultural centres. Every five years national song and folk dance festivals take place in Tallinn. The yachting regatta of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games was held at Pirita. History Tallinn means in English "Danish town". The place is believed to have been settled by Finno-Ugric people about 2500 BC. It was first marked on a map of the world by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in 1154. The Estonians were the first to bui

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Names of town ● Lindanise - it was first used in 1219, derived from mythical Linda, the wife of Kalev and the mother of Kalevipoeg, national hero. ● Koluvan - found in old Russian chronicles, the name possibly deriving from the Estonian mythical hero Kalev ● Reval - used after 1219; comes from two german words ‘reh’ and ‘fall’, meaning the falling of the deer - as they fall down the Toompea hill, probably when escaping from the Danish occupation or just the hunters. ● Tallinn - used after Estonia gained its independence in 1918, origin is definitely estonian; meaning Taani-linn, tali- linn. Liberty Square ● The central square of Tallinn, it was renovated in 2008. There used to be Harju gate, which can now be seen through glass. ● The statue of Liberty, 2009; represents freedom, Estonia has been under many foreign powers, starting with Danes, Sweden, German and Russia. The clock of liberty, 2004. Kiek in de Kök ?

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