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Keskkool - Ajalugu - British history (suurbritannia ajalugu)

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HISTORY TEST
5 invasions to Britain until 1066

The Celts

Gaels in 600BC; Cymry(Britons) in 300BC
From present -day Austria, Switzerland
The Celtic language survives in the names of many places in England - Dover , Kent, Thames
The Celts are best known for their art- many bronze objects with elaborate designs; brooches; pins; mirrors ; Celtic stone crosses
The Celts had 3 social orders: warriors, druids(priests) ordinary people

The Romans

(55 BC-Caesar) 43 AD- 410 AD- Claudius

From present-day Italy
Southern Britain became Britannia and was ruled by a roman governor
The Romans built over 20 towns: Colchester, Londinium, Winchester etc.

They were good engineers and built roads and villas that had central heating, glass windows and mosaic floors

122 AD- Hadrian ’s Wall; 138 AD- Antonine Wall
Druids(celtic priests) were banned and Britain was influenced by christianity

The Germanic Invasions

The Anglo- Saxons

5th century - 1066
From Southern Denmark (angles); Germany (saxons); Jutland(jutes)
By the 7th c kingdoms had emerged and later KING ALFRED united the kingdoms
They were pagans and very rural people, built in wood rather than stone
It was the saxon farmstead that laid the foundations of the English village

The Vikings

8th century- 11th century
From Denmark, Norway
They were ship builders and sailors
In 886 the Danelaw peace treaty was made

The Normans/ the final conquest

1066-1154
From present-day France
In the battle of Hastings on 14.10.1066 the normans defeated the English and their leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned the king onf England(william the conqueror)
In 1086 the domesday book was completed- a complete catalogue of who owned what in the country
The french language became dominant
The normans imposed a strict feudal system (anglo-saxons were the peasants who were under the norman nobles and barons)
Built castles , cathedrals

Three facts about the history of parliament
It was in the medieval period that Parliament began its gradual evolution into the democratic body which it is today. The word ’parliament’, which comes from the French word parler (to speak ), was first used in England in the thirteenth century to describe an assembly of nobles called together by the king.
It was divided into two houses during the reign of Henry VII: the House of Commons and the House of Lords .
The class system

After the norman invasion, a strict feudal system was imposed: norman soliders who had inavaded were given the ownership of land and of the people living on it
Nobles, or barons, were responsible directly to the king, lesser lords, were directly responsible to a abaron. Under them were the peasants who had strict duties and obligations and were forbidden to travel without permission .(anglo-saxons)
This was the start of the english class system

The Tudor dynasty

1485- 1603 , Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary I, Elizabeth I
Wars of the Roses
Social reforms, political reforms(Parliament split into two houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.)
Henry VIII established the Church of England.
Spanish Armada was defeated by Sir Francis Drake.
Sir Walter Raleigh- exploration, the beginning of the British Empire
The Renaissance culture began, for example Shakespeare, who created the Globe Theatre. A wealthy and prosperous period in history.

Analysis of 17th century
The 17th century was not a stable century for the country and it’s people.

In politics it was unstable because :

the link between religion and politics became intense -protestantism, especially Puritanism, had grown in englang and puritans regarded the luxorious lifestyle of the king as immoral
people were angry at the way Stuart monarchs raised money without getting the agreement of the house of commons
conflicts between the king and the parliament, which led to the civil war(1642) and the execution of Charles I( 1649 )
during the period after the civil war Britain became a republic and Oliver Cromwell established his military government . Theatres and other forms of amusement were banned because of his puritan ethics 1660 monarchy restored, Charles II asked to reign

The Great Plague in 1665

The Great Fire of London in 1666
In my opinion it was a negative century for the people because so many awful events took place . However, there was also one positive event: The glorious revolution in 1688, it was bloodless and as a result the monarch ’s powers were limited by the government, the bill of rights was drawn up in 1689
Victorian period

1837 -1901.
Queen Victoria was regarded as the personification of contemporary morals
During the 19th century Britain became the world’s no.1 economic power .
the period is described by political stability and economic growth .
Changes in social structure-most ppl now lived in towns, growth of the middle class, a set of values formed that are now called Victorian
Many reforms, public services began(police, the post), Slavery was made illegal throughout the empire
However, the new industrial society forced ppl to live and work in unpleasant surroundings

The Empire
Ireland , Canada , Australia, New Zealand , India, large parts of Africa , the Caribbean . The end of the 18th century (when north-America became independent) until the middle of the 20th century (1936 peaked, the largest). 1922-the Irish free state. 1947- India and Pakistan became independent.
Important people
King Arthur

a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries
according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Romano-Celtic Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century.
his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians

Alfred the Great

King of Wessex in the 9th c
An able warrior and a dedicated scholar
Only english monarch who has the title “great”
Burned cakes

William the Conqueror

The norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, known as William the Conqueror
Defeated the english in the battle of Hastings in 1066(14 oct)
Was crowned king of England

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the parliamentary party in the Civil War
After the victory of the parilamentary forces became ‘ Lord Protector’
Military government, puritan ethics(all amusement was banned)

Admiral Nelson

Commander of the British fleet
Defeated Napoleon ’s French fleet in the Battle of trafalgar
Nelson’s Column in Trafalgar Square in London commemorates the national hero who died during the battle

Winston Churchill

politcian and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War
PM 2 times

Sir Francis Drake

an English sea captain , privateer, navigator, slaver, a renowned pirate, and a politician of the Elizabethan era.
He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Dates

1066- Battle of Hastings
1455-1485- Wars of the Roses(Lancastrians-Yorkists)
1649-1660- England was a republic for the 1st and only time and was called “the Commonwealth ”
1837-1901- the Victorian period
1707- The Act of Union(the Scottish parliament was dissolved and the former 2 kingdoms became one ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’
1921-22- The Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 established the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland) as a separate state, leaving Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. The official name of the UK thus became "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".
1953- Elizabeth II was crowned

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british history the celtic period the normans the romans the germanic invasion 5 invasions to britain facts about the history of the parliament the class system the tudor dynasty the victorian period analysis of the 17th century the empire important people

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History exam *Stonehenge - is a monument located in England. It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society

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1. Ancient Britain: the Celtic tribes. 2000 years ago there was an Iron Age Celtic culture throughout the Br Isles. It seems that the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe from the 8th cent BC onward, intermingled with the peoples who were already there. The Celts were extremely talented people, creative and artistic. More than 1 Celtic tribe invaded Br. The descendants of ancient Celts live in Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and Ireland. They lived in primitive society. Druids priests, more powerful than chiefs. Acted like prophets. 2. Stonehenge From prehistoric period. Was built on Salisbury plain between 2500 and 1500 bc. One of the most famous and mysterious archaeological sites in the world. One of the mysteries is how it was built at all with the technology of the time. Another is its purpose. It appears to function as a kind on astronomical clock and we know it was used by the Druids for ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons. It appears in number of novels. T

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Stonehenge One of the best known ancient wonders of the world, 5000 years old Megalith monument, built by western mediterraneans during 3000-1600 BC Circular structure, large standing stones, aligned with rising sun at teh solstice Attlers and bones were sued to dig pits that hold the stones The Celts in Britain and their legacy 700-200 BC celts invade Britain Gaels or Goehls(Ireland and Scotland),Cymri(Wales) and Brythons(gave name to Brittany) Fierce fighters,superb horsemen.Most of them farmers, lived in thatched houses Good at art, craftmanship, used iron Divided into tribes, ruled by kings, only in face of danger would they choose a single leader Legacy- hill-forts, farms, churches, field system, woodland, pasture, weapons, iron objects, langugae, culture Caesar in Britain The great Roman Emperor Firts came 55 BC to gather information, celts were doing agriculturally well,so romans wanted

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Roman Britain

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