8.saj tõusis juhtpositsioonile Mercia, kus valitses 726-757 Aethelbald, kes püha Beda sõnul allutas oma võimule suurema osa Britanniast. Mercia võim suurenes veelgi kuningas Offali valitsusajal aastatel 757- 796. Ajaloos tuntud kui valitseja,kes kujundas Inglismaa ja Walesi piiri. On ka tuntud oma piirrajatise poolest, mida tuntakse Offa kraavi nime all. Pärast Offa valitsusaega puhkes Mercias aga kriis ning esile hakkas tõusma Mercia varjus vaikselt tugevnenud Wessex. Aastal 802 sai Wessexi valitsejaks kuningas Egbert. Mercia domineerimine jõudis lõpule 825. aasta Ellenduni lahingus, kui Wessexi valitseja Egbert lõi kuningas Beornwulfi väe. Uueks anglosaksi juhtriigiks tõusiski Wessex. Alfred Suur Oli Wessexi kuningas aastatel 871-899 ning Inglismaa kuningas aastatel 878- 899. Ainus Inglismaa kuningas, kes on endale saanud lisanime Suur. Tuli troonile taanlaste invasiooni ajal. 876-878 taanlaste rünnakud hõlmasid ka tema riigi (varjas end
s Born: 849 at Wantage, Oxfordshire Parents: Aethelwulf, King of Wessex, and Osburh Relation to Elizabeth II: 32nd great-grandfather House of: Wessex Crowned: 871 Married: Ealhswith of Mercia Children: 5 children Died: 899 Buried at: Winchester ·Only King to have epithet"the Great" ·Defended England against Danish invasion and founded the first English navy ·He encouraged the translation of scholarly works from Latin and promoted the development of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. ·A new legal code came into force during his reign. ·At the age of 19 in 868 he is recorded as fighting beside his brother in
name studies. British landlords ruled small, unstable kingdoms and continued some Roman traditions of governance. In the mid-5th cent, Vertigern, a British leader, hired Germanic mercenaries to help defend against peoples of the north (Picts & Scots). In the end they revolted & the process of invasion and settlement began. The first Saxon ,,kings" were Hengist & Horsa in Kent, Aelle in Sussex, Cerdic / Cynric in Wessex. So the first ,,English" became mainly from Northern Germany & Denmark. The resistance of the Celts was long. They were free at the time, not like other Roman provinces on the Continent. Around 500, the Britons seem to have won several victories. One of their leaders was Ambrosius Aurelianus and one of their victories was at the place called Mount Badon. The main leader of the Britons at this time may have been the warrior later called King Arthur. By the 7th cent
actress and one day hoped to find true love. Women were not allowed to act these days so she dressed up as a boy and went to Shakespeares play auditions and succeeded and that's where the inspiration and love story started to build up. Even though William at first didn't even know that Kent was actually a woman and believed he was nephew of his true love. But found out later accidentally. But their love was forbidden as Viola was about to marry Lord Wessex on his fathers demand. Shakespeare and Viola kept meeting each other secretly followed by many events until the day of Shakespeares performance where the love story got happy ending. The movie has an actual problem that is known for nowadays society as well in Indian regions for example when parents decide who their offsprings marry to simply because they find it suiting or useful(for example when daughter marries to richer man ) Just like in the movie
King William I When William died his lands were divided between his eldest two sons. Robert inherited Normandy, while William became king of England. Died from injuries EDWARD V He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Tower of London Alfred the Great - King of Wessex (part of England). All British modern British monarchs trace from the Wessex line. William I, the Conqueror. Founder of the modern British state. Henry II - added Ireland the British possessions John I - signed Magna Carta, the beginigs of the British constitution Edward I - conquered Wales Edward III - started 100 years war Henry V - Last great warrior king Henry VIII - Broke England away from Catholic church. Elizabeth I - laid the seeds of the British Empire, and tons of other stuff
Different peoples, but common language and customs Advance halted by King Arthur Distortions of popular history In folklore, myth (and films) a great English hero, an example of medieval nobility and chivalry In fact a Romanized Celt, lived before medieval times, fought the Anglo-Saxons (people who became "the English") Predominated by the end of the 6th c. Kingdoms established: Wessex, Essex, Sussex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia etc. Kingdoms constantly at war with each other Celtic culture and language survived in Scotland, Wales and Cornwall Anglo-Saxon lifestyle A great impact on the countryside Introduced new farming methods Established numerous villages (formed the basis of English society for centuries) First they were pagan Christianity spread during the 6th and 7th c.
8.saj tõusis juhtpositsioonile Mercia, kus valitses 726-757 Aethelbald, kes püha Beda sõnul allutas oma võimule suurema osa Britanniast. Mercia võim suurenes veelgi kuningas Offali valitsusajal aastatel 757- 796. Ajaloos tuntud kui valitseja,kes kujundas Inglismaa ja Walesi piiri. On ka tuntud oma piirrajatise poolest, mida tuntakse Offa kraavi nime all. Pärast Offa valitsusaega puhkes Mercias aga kriis ning esile hakkas tõusma Mercia varjus vaikselt tugevnenud Wessex. Aastal 802 sai Wessexi valitsejaks kuningas Egbert. Mercia domineerimine jõudis lõpule 825. aasta Ellenduni lahingus, kui Wessexi valitseja Egbert lõi kuningas Beornwulfi väe. Uueks anglosaksi juhtriigiks tõusiski Wessex. Alfred Suur Oli Wessexi kuningas aastatel 871-899 ning Inglismaa kuningas aastatel 878- 899. Ainus Inglismaa kuningas, kes on endale saanud lisanime Suur. Tuli troonile taanlaste invasiooni ajal. 876-878 taanlaste rünnakud hõlmasid ka tema riigi (varjas end
Ajalooline geograafia 1) Iirimaa 2) sotimaa 3)Wales 4)Mercia 5)Wessex 6) Sussex 7) Essex 8) Kent 9) Danelaw 10) Northumbria 11)Rootsi 12) Skåne 13)Soome 14)Dalmaatsia All Rooma impeeriumi ajal 15)Norra 16)Taani 17)Holstein 18)Schleswig 19)Brandenburg 20)Pommer (Pomerania? Või Pommern?) 21) Preisimaa 22)Masoovia 23)Kujaavia 24)Sileesia 25)Suur-Poola 26) Väike-Poola 27)Galiitsia 28)Leedu 29)Liivimaa 30)Tsehhimaa 31)Moraavia 32)Ungari 33)Horvaatia 34)Vestfaal 35)Ostfaal 36)Reinimaa 37)Lotring 38)Transilvaania 39)Elsass 40)svaabimaa 41)Tüüring 42)Saksimaa 43)Frankimaa 44)Baieri 45)Austria 46)Kärnten 47)Tirool 48)Lombardia 49)Toskaana 50)Apuulia 51)Kirkuriik 52)Sitsiilia 53)Itaalia linnriigid 54)Kataloonia 55)Gascone 56)Leon 57)Aragon ...
Sarson, Sandstone · Stonehenge was constructed in 3 phases Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Who built Stonehenge? o The Druids o The Romans o Neolithic people o The Beaker people o The Greeks o The Saxons o The Wessex people o The Welsh o The Phoenicians Why was Stonehenge built? o for ceremonial burial ground ? o for ancient astronomical calendar? o as a temple for religious ceremonies? o as a cosmic temple dedicated to all twelve gods of the zadiac? o as a dance venue for prehistoric raves ? o as a source of healing energy? o as an eclipse calculator? o as an UFO landing site? The sandstones weigh up to 25 tons each and 30 were used.
Numerous attempts were made throughout this period to create, if not a nation of Wales, then at least larger and more powerful kingdoms within Wales. One of the early leaders of these tentative movements toward nationalism was Rhodri ap Merfyn, later to be known as Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great). In 877 the two "Greats", Rhodri and Alfred clashed, and the Welsh leader and his son were killed. England kings fearful of the power of Rhodri's sons, submitted to the overlordship of Wessex, who were English leaders. Eventually even two other son's of Rhodri the Great were forced to acknowledge Alfred Wessex as their overlord. This step was to have far-reaching consequences for English leaders since they could claim overlordship of pretty much all over the Wales. In 1066 when Normans invaded England Welsh rose in revolt. By the 1100 Normans were driven out of two big costal areas and almost from all of the middle Wales.
8. Parallelism the repetition of the same ideas, sometimes in slightly different form. A-S prose: · Venerable Bede lived in the 7th century, a well-educated man, a theologician who knew all the religious texts. Wrote only in Latin. Most well-known work Ecclesiastical history (religious history). The history of England from Caesar's invasion until 731. · Aelfric a monk who lived in the 11th century. · Alfred, King of Wessex (at one point there were 7 kingdoms Sussex, Essex, Wessex, Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Kent). Wrote in his native A-S dialect, his greatest work is called ,,The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". History of England, even more detailed than Bede's. The Norman period / the late Medieval period The Kingdom was more or less unified and was conquered by William who came from Normandy. Originally he was the Duke of Normandy. The Normands were Vikings who had
Queen's House George IV, decided to double the size of the house and transform it into a palace History In 1837 Queen Victoria became the first monarch to use Buckingham Palace as their official residence Many parts of the house have been demolished and rebuilt in time The building was completed just before the outbreak of the First World War Today Headquarters of the Monarchy London residence of the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex The offices of the Royal Household Used for State entertaining Banquets, lunches, dinners, receptions and the Royal Garden Parties Interior 77,000 square metr es of floorspace 775 rooms Lavishly furnished Paintings by Rembrandt, Rubens, Claude Sculpture by Canova and Chantrey Visiting Millions of tourists Open August-September Changing of the Guard Buckingham Palace Garden The Queen's Gallery Conclusion
Royals and their favourite music ROYAL FAMILY TREE Kate MIddleton: Abba Kate Middleton, the Duchess Of Cambridge, requested Swedish band Abba's classic wedding- reception dance staples such as Dancing Queen at the post-royal wedding dinner dance in 2011. Prince Charles: Leonard Cohen You might suspect that Prince Charles has highbrow musical taste - he adores Bach - but he also once revealed in a TV interview that Leonard Cohen was "wonderful". Cohen appeared at a 1998 Prince's Trust concert.. Prince Harry: Skream Ollie 'Skream' Jones is a 'Dubstep' producer based in Croydon. His debut album Skream! was released in 2006 although he prefers the term ‘UK bass’ to 'Dubstep'. Prince Harry, who sang a bit of Bob Marley in public on his tour of Jamaica in March 2012, has seen Skream close up - after he performed at a charity event at Buckingham Palace Princess Margaret: The Beatles Princess Margaret was part of the Swinging Sixties scen...
It was the most popular name for girls in the United States in 2008, but fell back to second place in 2009. Emma of Normandy Emma (985 6 March 1052 in Winchester, Hampshire), was a daughter of Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, by his second wife Gunnora. She was Queen consort of England by successive marriages: first as second wife to Æthelred the Unready of England; and then second wife to Cnut the Great of Denmark. She acted as regent in Wessex in 1040. Two of her sons, one by each husband, and two stepsons, also by each husband, became kings of England, as did her great-nephew, William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy.
DURHAMI KATEDRAAL Inglismaa Romaani stiil 1018 avati VIIMSE KOHTUPÄEVA RELJEEF Prantsusmaa Romaani stiil GERO RIST Saksamaa 187 cm 965-970.a Puit Rist on originaal, kuid detailid risti taga lisati 1683 Barokki ajal Romaani stiil HILDESHEIMI PRONKSUKSED Saksamaa 1020 Romaani stiil BAJEUX´ VAIP Prantsusmaa 70m Depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of En gland , and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. FREIDRICH BARBOSSA RELIKVIAAR Saksamaa Friedrich Barbarossa (1122 või 1124 – 10. juuni 1190) oli Saksa kuningas alates 1152, Saksa-Rooma Rooma keiser alates 1155 kuni surmani 1190. aastal. GOOTIKA Varagootika - 12. sajandi teine pool Kõrggootika - 13. - 14. sajand Hilisgootika - 15. sajand - 16. sajandi algus. PARIISI JUMALAEMA KIRIK (NOTRE DAME) 1163-1345 ehitati
1837 after Queen Victoria came to the throne. George III bought Buckingham House in 1761 for his wife Queen Charlotte to use as a comfortable family home close to St James's Palace, where many court functions were held. Buckingham House became known as the Queen's House, and 14 of George III's 15 children were born there. Buckingham Palace is not only the home of the Queen and Prince Philip but also the London residence of the Duke of York (Prince Andrew) and the Earl and Countess of Wessex (Prince Edward and his wife) and their daughter. The 19 State Rooms at the palace are regularly used by the Royal family to entertain guests on their State, ceremonial and official visits to the United Kingdom. During August and September the Queen makes her yearly visit to Scotland allowing the palace to open up these lavish rooms to the public. In 1993 the Royal family took the massive decision to open Buckingham Palace to tourists and the public as a way to increase
(King of England, b. 14-Dec-1895, d. 06-Feb-1952 lung cancer) Mother: Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (Queen Mother, b. 04-Aug-1900, d. 30-Mar-2002 ) Sister: Princess Margaret (Countess of Snowdon, b. 21-Aug-1930, d. 9-Feb-2002 stroke) Husband: Prince Philip (Duke of Edinburgh, b. 10-Jun-1921, m. 20-Nov-1947) Son: Prince Charles (Prince of Wales, b. 14-Nov-1948) Daughter: Princess Anne (Princess Royal, b. 15-Aug-1950) Son: Prince Andrew (Duke of York, b. 19-Feb-1960) Son: Prince Edward (Earl of Wessex, b. 10-Mar-1964) How is The Queen's real birthday marked ? To mark the real birthday of The Queen, a 41 gun royal salute is fired by the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery in Hyde Park at 12:00 noon. There is also a 62-gun royal salute fired by the Honourable Artillery Company at the Tower of London at 1:00pm. Gun salutes are customarily fired, both on shore and at sea, as a sign of respect or welcome. No particular ceremony is held on The Queen's true
The Romans bring along the Christian faith The beginning of Christianization of the Celts. The Romans withdrew their forces together with the fall of the Roman empire. Anglo Saxon Invasion 5th 6th century AD. Germanic tribes from Scandinavia: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes settle in what today is known as England and force the Celtic tribes to move to Scotland, Ireland, Wales. The Angles settled in Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia; The Saxons in Essex, Sussex, Wessex and the Jutes in Kent. 569 AD Pope Gregory the great sends missionaries led by St. Augustine to Britain. The Benedictines establish a chain of monasteries; Britain is linked to the Latin civilization of the roman Church and Christian cultures of Western Europe. Aethelbert 1 of Kent becomes the first Christian King of England. By the end of the 7 th century all the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Britain accepted the Christian faith. 3.) Describe Old English Poetry in terms of form and content.
According to those who compiled the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle, the first thing Edward did, despite his religious views, was to deprive his mother of all of her estates and reduce her to relative poverty. It is said that Edward blamed her for his miserable and lonely childhood. For the first eleven years of Edward's reign the real ruler of England was Godwin, Earl of Wessex. In 1045, he married Godwin's only daughter, Edith. Godwin was the most important nobleman in England. They had no children as Edward had taken a vow of celibacy. Even this marriage couldn't prevent a breach between Godwin and Edward in 1049. A number on Normans were killed in a scrap in Dover and Kent in 1051. Edward still had influential friends in Normandy and he wanted the people of Dover punhised for this. Edward asked Earl Godwin to be the punisher
The invaders came from three powerful Germanic tribes the Saxons, Angles and Jutes. The Jutes settled in Kent and south coast, angles settled in east and north midlands and the Saxons settled between then. They all drove most of the Celts to Wales and in north to Scotland. Hardly anything is left from the Germanic culture. The AngloSaxons established a number of kingdoms. The most powerful ones were Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex. King Offa of Mercia was the most powerful king. Government and society The Saxons created institutions that made the state strong for 500 years. First of them was the kings council the witan. It issued laws and charters. The land was divided into small administrative areas shires counties which were ruled by sheriffs who worked for kings. The AngloSaxon brought a new but heavier plough to Britain which changed the land ownership and organisation
Keskaja mõiste pakuti välja 15.saj II poolel Itaalia humanistide poolt. Seda loetakse I ilmalikuks ajaloo perioodiks. Keskaja perioodid: I varakeskaeg a) 5-9saj-feodaaltsivilisatsiooni algus. b) 9-11 saj välja kujunenud romaani ja germaani kultuur. II vahekeskaeg 11-14 saj. 13 saj kõrgkeskaeg. III hiliskeskaeg- varauusag 14-16saj kriis katoliikluses ja reformatsioon. Keskaja lõpp, kas 1492 ameerika avastamine või 1517 luterlik reformatsioon. Feodaaltsivilisatsiooni tunnused: katoliiklus mõjutas igapäevaelu, feudalism e. ühiskonda korraldav normistik. Bütsans e. Ida-Rooma riik. Vabad maaharijad hakkasid rentima maad. Sõjaväeline ametnikkond, see aitas keisri võimule kaasa. Kogukondlikkus ja tsentraliseeritus. Keisril oli võimutäius, kirik allus ka keisrile. Põllumajandus oli edukas. Ringkäendusega seotuna kindlustas kogukond riigi maksude laekumise. 313 Milano edikt Rooma võttis kristluse riigiuskus. Kristluse levik suurenes üle ...
Norman conquest of England, between the Norman-French army of William the Conqueror and the English army under king Harold II. During the battle Harold was killed and the Normans won. It was the end of Anglo-Saxon era. · Bayeux Tapestry- Embroidered cloth nearly 70m long, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later king of England and culminating in the battle of Hastings. · Debate poem- Essentially, a debate poem depicts a dialogue between two natural opposites (e.g sun vs. moon). Although the particulars can vary considerably, this can function as a general definition of the literary form. The debates are necessarily charged, highlighting the contrasting values and personalities of the participants, and exposing their essentially opposite natures
· There are more than 350 clocks and watches in Buckingham Palace, one of the largest collections of working clocks anywhere. Two fulltime homological conservators wind them up every week and keep them in good working order. · Buckingham Palace is not only The Queen's London home: The Duke of Edinburgh, The Duke of York, The Earl and Countess of Wessex, The Princess Royal and Princess Alexandra also have private offices and apartments located within the Palace. · More than 50,000 people visit the Palace each year as The Queen's guests at banquets, lunches, dinners, receptions and garden parties. The Buckingham Palace kitchen is able to serve a sitdown meal to as many as 600 people at a time.
· Duke of Normandy from 1035. By his father's will, William succeeded him as Duke of Normandy at age seven. He was knighted by Henry at age 15. By the time William turned 19 he was successfully dealing with threats of rebellion and invasion. · King of England from 1066 to his death. Upon the death of the childless Edward the Confessor, the English throne was fiercely disputed by three claimants--William, Harold Godwinson, the powerful Earl of Wessex, and the Viking King Harald III of Norway, known as Harald Hardraada. Battles · William decides to invade England ....because of the contest for the throne. William organized a council of war at Lillebonne and openly began assembling an army in Normandy. Offering promises of English lands and titles, he amassed at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme a considerable invasion force. · Harold Hardraada invaded northern England.
Aethelbert and some of the later kings of the other kingdoms were recognised by their fellow kings as Bretwalda. The so-called 'Mercian Supremacy' dominated the 8th century, though again it was not constant. Aethelbald and Offa, the two most powerful kings, achieved high status. This period has been described as the Heptarchy, though this term has now fallen out of academic use. The word arose on the basis that the seven kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain. More recent scholarship has shown that theories of the 'heptarchy' are not grounded in evidence, and it is far more likely that power fluctuated between many more 'kingdoms'. Other politically important 'kingdoms' across this period include: Hwicce, Magonsaete, Kingdom of Lindsey and Middle Anglia. In the 9th century, the Viking challenge grew to serious proportions. Alfred the Great's
Along with them came their dialects, which constitute the basis for Old English. Around 4500 words are still used today. They also had their own religion and Germanic gods. Their names are still used today: Freya Friday, Thor Thursday, Angle-land England. The Anglo-Saxons divided the cuntry into small warring kingdoms Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Kent, East Anglia. Due to constant conflict weakened the kingdoms. The political power was in Wessex, which was the most powerful of the kingdoms. The Anglo-Saxons were farmers and fishermen and lived in small communities. They deployed a crop rotation over three fields; used heavy ploughs. In 787 AD came the Vikings from Scandinavia, who set up their own state Danelaw. Had their own religion, however their rituals did not demand sacrifices. Introduced new words (1800). Placenames withe suffixes -by and -dale. They had their own customs and laws, which we know
· 2. saj. ehitati Hadrianuse müür · Järgmine keiser A.Pius lasi ehitada uue müüri 100km põhja poole · 5. sajand Rooma väed taandusid ja algas germaani võimude massiline sissetung 3)germaanlased: · germaanlaste enamiku moodustasid anglid ja saksid(sealt nimi anglosaksid) · 7. saj. olid germaanid vallutand põhja-britannia(inglismaa) · 9. saj. kujunes välja kõige mõjukam anglosaksi kuningriik- Wessex · 829.a. ühendas Wessexi valitseja Egbert kogu anglosakside maa Inglise kuningriigiks 4)viikingite rüüsteretked: · 8. saj alates hakkasid taanlased inglismaale rüüsteretki korraldama · 9. saj pani kuningas Alfred seisma taanlaste edasitungi- nõustus maksma taanile makse · Taanlastele jäänud kaguosas hakkas kehtima taani õigus(s.t. see ala allus taani kuningale)
Inglismaa muutub 1 saj pKr Rooma provintsiks. Piirialadele rajatakse võimsad kindlistused. Pärast Rooma riigi langemist unustatakse Roomna kultuur. Risitiusuga ollakse tutvutud aga see ka ununeb. 5,6 saj rändavad sisse anglid, saksid, ja jüütid. Nad saavad domineerima. Enamus kelte assimileerub anglide ja saksidega ja keldid jäävad püsima Iirimaale. 7 saj on kujunenud hulgaliselt väikseid anglosakside kuningriike. Tähtsamad kuningriigid on: Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Kent, Mercia. Kord tõuseb üks esile, kord teine. Wessex tõuseb kõige tähtsamaks kuningriigiks. Kuningas Egbert ühendab Inglismaa 829.a ühtseks riigiks. Riik saab nimetuse Inglismaa. Ühinemine oli vajalik, sest talupoegade pärisorjastamine oli vaja lõpule viia ja välisoht oli päris suur, sest Inglismaad ründavad normannid. Inglismaa tähtsamaid kuningaid, kes valitseb 871-900 oli Alfred Suur. Ta võitleb normannide vastu väga jõudsalt. Taanlaste pealetung pannakse seisma
1922-the Irish free state. 1947- India and Pakistan became independent. Important people King Arthur o a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries o according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Romano-Celtic Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. o his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians Alfred the Great o King of Wessex in the 9th c o An able warrior and a dedicated scholar o Only english monarch who has the title "great" o Burned cakes William the Conqueror o The norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, known as William the Conqueror o Defeated the english in the battle of Hastings in 1066(14 oct) o Was crowned king of England Oliver Cromwell o Leader of the parliamentary party in the Civil War o After the victory of the parilamentary forces became `Lord Protector'
793 Lindisfarne – kirik rõhutab antud kloostri rüüstamist esimesena. Antud kuupäevad võivad olla ühed paljudest. Viikingid jõudid ka teistesse kohtadesse, eriti Inglismaale ja Sotimaale, mis said põhiraskuse rünnakutest. Eriti tõsiseks läksid need 9.sajandi teisel poolel (867) mil langes Anglia kuningriik. Aastaks 871 oli aga jäänud kogu Inglismaal ainukeseks kuningriigiks Wessex. Northumbria jt kuningriikide langemine (867-871); Eriti tõsiseks läksid viikingitega probleemid 9.sajandi teisel poolel (867) mil langes Anglia kuningriik. Aastaks 871 oli aga jäänud kogu Inglismaal ainukeseks kuningriigiks Wessex. Wessex ja Alfred Suur, 878. a lahing (Edingtonis Wiltshire-s); lepingud Guthrumiga, Danelaw. Alfred Suur – oli Wessexi kuningas. Ainuke kuningas, kes sai liignimeks Suur. Peetakse Inglismaa päästjaks
England `Angle-land'. The Angles and the Saxons became the most powerful tribes in England with the Saxons in southern England and the Angles in the north. The language the Anglo-Saxons spoke (Anglo-Saxon German) gradually developed into Old English. Old English was not a written language. In 787 the Vikings began their invasion from Denmark. They mercilessly raided and pillaged coastal towns in Britain. The king of Wessex, Alfred the Great, resisted and defeated the Vikings in 886. A treaty the Danelaw was signed between King Alfred the Great of Wessex and Guthrum, Danish king of East Anglia. England was divided. Later, the Anglo-Saxon dynasty was restored and lasted until 1066. The last famous Saxon king of England was Edward the Confessor. In 1066 at the battle of Hastings the Norman Duke William defeated the Saxon King Harold and was crowned the king of England
developed into Old English. This language was not a written one but the songs, stories, poems and epics have been handed down orally from generation to generation. In 787 the Vikings began their invasion from Denmark which was to leave a lasting impression on Britain. They were fierce pagan seafaring warriors who brought with them their own customs and laws. They raided mercilessly coastal towns in Britain and defeated all Anglo- Saxons kingdoms except one Wessex. A treaty was signed between the Danish and Wessex kings. It divided England, with the east declared to be Danish territory. The power was regained after about 200 years and the Anglo-Saxon dynasty lasted until the year 1066. The period of Medieval England (1066-1483) started in 1066 when William of Normandy came defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold at the Battle of Hastings. Land was handed to the rich French who came to live in England. The power of these
10-5. saj eKr keltide sisseränne - edukas majandus, mis rajanes raua tootmisel - leiutasid uusi põllutööriistu(nt vikat, ader) 1. saj m.a.j. roomlaste vallutus - Britanniast sai Rooma provints - 5. saj tekkis barbarite ründeoht ja Rooma lahkus oma vägedega Britanniast 5. saj germaanihõimude massiline sissetung anglid, saksid, jüütid, friisid(anglosaksid) - orjastasid suure osa keltidst - rajasid sinna oma kuningriigid: Essex, sussex, Wessex, northurnbia, Kent. 829 ühendati need Inglise kuningriigiks. - Keldid jäid elama Wales'i , sotimaale ja Iirimaale Normannide sissetung (taanlased) - inglise kuningas Alfred suur sõlmis sõdade tulemusena taanlastega kokkuleppe riigi jagamiseks(876) taanlaste riiki nimetati Danelaev e taani õigus - norralased tungisid sotimaale , kuhu rajasid oma asundused. - 1016 alistasid taanlased kogu Inglismaa
names of some rivers (Thames, Severn, Avon). They have survived only in Scotland and Wales, as well as in Ireland and Brittany. Radical changes The Anglo-Saxons established seven kingdoms, some of which still exist in the county or regional names to this day: Essex (East Saxons), Sussex (South Saxons), Wessex (West Saxons), East Anglia (East Angles). The seven kingdoms were first united into one under Egbert of Wessex, who became the first king of England (829–839). And the country got its new name, England, ‘the land of Angles’. One of the institutions created by the Anglo-Saxons in the ninth century was the King’s Council, called the Witan, which included nobles and senior churchmen. The Witan advised the king on important matters and was the highest law court. When a king died, the Witan chose a successor. The Anglo-Saxons had little use for towns, which fell into disrepair. But they
20 m wide, 8 m high A defensive work, nowadays border still folllows the remains of Offas dyke Redwald Sutton Hoo Redwald was a king ofEast Anglia, whose burial was opened in 1939 at Sutton Hoo of the East Anglian coast Redwald was buried in a ship under a mound, with his armour, weapons, treasures Ceremonial whetstsone can be scarcely anything than a sceptre Treasure is now in British museum Alfred the Great and the rise of Wessex to cultural pre-eminence Alfred the Great was the king of southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, stands out for his social and educational reforms and for military successes against Danes Improved the army and navy, bought vessels bigger than vikings The first town planner By 880s Wessex was covered with public strongholds, grid of streets, planned fortified towns where landowners, traders and crafters started marketing First English king who worte books
· Bretoonikeelset kirjandust on säilinud 14. sajandist, kuid vanim muusikaga seotud ürik on 1839. aastal avaldatud "Barzaz-Breizh" mahukas kogumik rahvalaule ja luulet. b) Sellest etapist on Inglismaa ajalukku jäänud ka legendaarne kuningas Art(h)ur. Uuri järele, kes ta oli keltide või germaani hõimude esindaja ning millega ta ajalukku on läinud (eestikeelsetest materjalidest ei pruugi seda Internetist olla lihtne leida). c) Tasapisi hakkasid anglosakside kuningriigid (nt Wessex, Essex, Sussex, Kent jt) liituma, nii kujuneski Anglia ehk Inglismaa. 6. Viikingite rüüsteretked a) Anglosakside kuningriigid hakkasid tegema koostööd alles siis, kui neid ähvardas hädaoht väljastpoolt: taas jõudsid Inglismaa aladele võõrvallutajad viikingid. Viikingite hiilgeaeg oli 9.-11. sajand; just Norrast ja Taanist pärit viikingid hakkasid rüüstama Lääne-Euroopa rannikualasid sh ka Ida-Inglismaa rannikut.
however after the invasions from Northern Europe by the Anglo-Saxons and Jutes from the 5th century onwards. These pagan peoples' were easily converted to Christianity and the preachers from Rome brought with them learning and civilization. Christianity was an important factor in enabling the various kingdoms created by the Nordic invaders to be united in the 9th century. The Vikings first raided England to plunder it, then in the days of Alfred of Wessex. They began to win wide lands `to plow and rule'. In the 10 th century England fell under Danish rule with King Canute finally managing to unite the Anglo-Saxons and Danes at the beginning of the 11 th century. After defeating the Anglo-Saxon king Harold at the battle of Hastings in 1066, William of Normandy introduced the Norman feudal system, with land in return for the continued support, and French remained the language of the upper classes and administration until the 14 th century
A-S had little use for towns and cities but had great effect on the countryside, where thay introduced new farming methods and founded thousand self-sufficient villages. 1 7.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154. Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them are the original version. 8. Beowulf Beowulf is the most famous heroic poem (written down 8-9cc) Beowulf is a war-leader from Scandinavia
Karli järglase Ludwig I Vaga (814-840) ajal hakkas Frangi riik lagunema. Verduni lepinguga (843) jagati Frangi riik kolmeks osaks, millest hiljem kujunesid Prantsusmaa, Saksamaa ja Itaalia. Anglite ja sakside riik Britannias 450. a paiku maabusid jüüdid, anglid ja saksid roomlaste poolt mahajäetud Inglismaal. Nad tõrjusid britid Walesi, Cornwalli, Sotimaale ja Bre-tagne'i poolsaarele ja asutasid 7 riiki: Kent (jüüdid); Northumbria, Mercia, East-Anglia (anglid); Essex, Sussex, Wessex (saksid). Pärast Northumbria ülemvõimu 7. saj saab 8. saj juhtivaks Mercia, kelle mõjuvõim laieneb kuni Cornwalli ja Walesini. Põhjagermaanlased ei lahkunud oma asualadelt Skandinaavias ja Jüütimaal. Reini ja Elbe vahelisel alal kujunesid välja järgmised saksa hõimud, mis tekkisid mitmete hõimude ja hõimukildude segunemisel ning ühinemisel (hõimuliidud): alemannid, saksid, frangid (saali, ripuaari, Moseli ja Maini frangid, hatid), hiljem tüüringid ja baierlased.
South and West, the Angles in the East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria and the Jutes in Kent. They probably thought of themselves as separate peoples, but they shared a common language and similar customs. *The 7 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms The first of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, which was popularly known as the Heptarchy (or the Seven Kingdoms), was founded in the latter half of the 5th century. Englan was divided into seven ancient kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex. The period supposedly lasted until the kingdoms began to consolidate into larger units, but the actual events marking this transition are debatable. *St Patric and the Christianization of Ireland was a Christian missionary and is the patron saint of Ireland. Legend says that Patrick tought the Irish about the concept of the Trinity by showing people the shamrock, a 3-leaved clover. The christianization of Ireland
Jane Eyre, published 1847 Shirley, published 1849 Villette, published 1853 The Professor, written before Jane Eyre and rejected by many publishing houses, was published posthumously in 1857. Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy was an English novelist, short story writer, and poet of the naturalist movement, though he saw himself as a poet and wrote novels mainly for financial gain only. The bulk of his work, set mainly in the semi-imaginary county of Wessex, delineates characters struggling against their passions and circumstances. Hardy's poetry, first published in his fifties, has come to be as well regarded as his novels, especially after The Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Thomas Hardy was born at Higher Bockhampton, a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England. In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in
Poliitiline ajalugu Suur Rahvasterändamine(375-568), selle põhjused ja käik: Põhjused: kliimamuutus, elanikkonna juurdekasv ja sellest tingitud maapuudus, hõimude sõjakus ja seiklushimu. Ajendiks on edasitungivad hunnid, kes hävitavad Musta Mere äärse Ida-Gootide riigi. Käik. . II saj. algasid germaanlaste rüüsteretked Rooma aladele, vallutati Rooma piirialasid (ka Daakia). Roomlaste ja germaanlaste sõjad hoogustusid III sajandil. 375 hunnid purustasid tänapäeva Ukrainas asunud idagootide riigi. Läänegoodid liiguvad Ida-Rooma aladele, nende pealikuks saab Alarich. [Adrianoopoli lahingus 378 läänegootide väed võitsid Rooma keisririigi vägesid, hukkus (Ida-)Rooma keiser Valens.] Läänegoodid avasid tee Balkani poolsaarele. IV sajandil asus osa goote ja franke Rooma riiki elama, sõjaväereformiga sattusid nad Rooma sõjaväe koosseisu (foederati= föderaat barbarite hõim, mis pidi andma Rooma riigile sõjaväe-teenistust.). V. sajandil hõivasi...
kelti, kuid ei suutnud romaniseeruda neid nii nagu gallialasi. Roomlaste tugipunktideks on nende linnad ja asulad. Rooma riik kutsus leegionid 5. saj väed Britanniast ära. 5. saj toimub germaani hõimude massiline tungimine Britanniasse, (anglid, saksid, jüüdid), roomlastest vabanenud keldid osutavad visa vastupanu. 7. saj pkr on keldid surutud äärealadele. Kuningas Arthur võitleb germaani hõimudega, võidab mitu lahingut. Suurbritannias hakkavad kujunema anglosakside riigid: Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Kent. Normannid nõuavad peale anglosakside kuninga surma trooni, sest William Vallutaja I on tema sugulane. Selleks ajaks olid normannidest saanud prantslased. 1066 toimubki Hastingi lahing, milles anglosaksid saavad lüüa ja William Vallutaja saab Britannia troonile. Hakatakse peale suruma prantsuse keelt ja kombeid, kuid lihtrahvale need mõju ei avalda. 6. Islami usu teke ja levik (§10): araablaste usund enne Muhamedi, islami usu kujunemine, islami
jüütid, kelle seniseks elupaigaks oli tänapäeva Holland ja Põhja-Saksamaa, purjetasid 5. Sajandi II poolel üle põhjamere ja asusid Suurbritanniasse. Britid tõrjuti saare idaossa või sunniti põgenema Iirimaale. Vallutatud maad hakati nimetama Inglismaaks (Anglia- angli hõimu järi) ja selle asukaid anglosaksideks. Kõige varasem Britannia riik-Kent- asutati jüütide poolt Jüüti poolsaare kaguossa. Saksid hõivasid saare lõunaosa ja lõid kolm riiki : Wessex, Sussex, Essex ehk idasakside, lõunasakside ja läänesakside riik. Anglid rajasid põhja pool kaks riiki : East-Anglia ja Northumbria. Anglide ja sakside vahel oli segaasutusega Meroia riik. Algas seitsme riigi verine võitlus ülemvõimu üle. Juhtiv poistisoon pendeldas kuni viikingiaja alguseni. (esimene rüüsteretk 793), mil esivõim oli siirdunud Wessexi kätte, kes jäi taanlaste ehk normannide (anglosaksid kutsusid taanlasi nõnda) laastamisest esialgu kõrvale
of the legendary King Arthur. By the 7th century the Anglo-Saxons were ruling most of Britain. 10. Scandinavian raids. In 789 three Viking ships landed on the coast of the kingdom of West Saxon. They were traders and raiders. In the 9th century they conquered and settled the islands around Scotland and some coastal regions of Ireland. Their conquest of England was halted when they were defeated by King Alfred of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. As a result, the settlement was confined mostly to the north and east of the country. 11. The Norman Conquest. The successful Norman invasion of England in 1066 brought Britain into the mainstream of western European culture. Unlike the German invasions, the Norman invasion was small-scale. On 14 October 1066, an invading army from Normandy defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings. The battle was close and extremely bloody. At the end of it, most
410 lahkusid roomlased Britanniast ning jätavad ala saatuse hooleks 3. Anglosaksi aeg 5. saj pKr Suure rahvasterände ajal jõudsid Inglismaale anglid ja saksid. Aegade jooksul nad segunesid ja sulandusid Keldid, kes just vabanesid Rooma võimu alt, olid sunnitud võitlema uute võõrvallutajatega. Üheks visamaks võitlejaks oli legendaarne keltide kuningas Arthur 7. sajandiks oli kujunenud 7 väikest anglosaksi riiki: Wessex, Sussex, Essex jne. Seoses viikingite vallutustega hakkasid nad koostööd tegema 4. Normannide aeg 9.- 11. saj Prantsusmaa kuningas andis viikingitele maatüki Põhja-Prantsusmaal ehk Normandias, kus kujunes välja väike viikingite piirkond. Võtsid üle prantsuse keele ja kombed. 11. saj William Vallutaja Normandia prints, kelle esivanemad oli viikingid läks Inglismaad vallutama läheb oma osa saama (vanemad oli feodaalid)
c) Germaanlaste vallutused Alates 5 saj keskpaigast. Germaani hõimud olid anglosaksid- anglid, saksid, jüütid ja friisid. 7 saj algusesk keldid hävitati või orjastati. Keltide asuala pärast vallutust: iseseisvuse säilitasid keldid sotimaal Wales´is ja Iirimaal, osa rändas tagasi mandrile(Britange). Tekkisid keldi keled(iri, galli(soti)britooni jt.) Anglosakside riigid:Varafeodaalsed kuningriigid, millest mõjukaim Wessex. 829. ühendas Wessexi kuningas Egbert anglosakside maa inglise kuningriigiks. Põhitegevuseks oli põllundus ja karjakasvatus. Säilis vaba kogukond, töö jõuks ka keldi orjad. Ristiusustamine oli pikk , sest talupojad osutasid visa vasupanu (7 saj II poolel). Iirlaste ristimine toimus varem (4 saj) tänu kloostrite rohkusele. d) Võitlus viikingitega Alates 8 saj lõpust. Taanlaste rünnakud: 9saj lõpul röövretked, millele pani piiri kuningas Alfred, loovutades taanlastele Kagu -inglismaa
Tüüpilised sellised ajakirjad on The Architects' Journal, Building, Building Trade Journal ja National building Specification. 2. Ehitaja hinnakirjad Hinnakiri on traditsiooniline allikas, mida iga-aastaselt avaldavad paljud organisatsioonid. Ka hinnakirjade sisu on avardunud, kuigi kiire inflatsiooni puhul on iga-aastastes väljaannetes avaldatu oluliseks puuduseks andmete aegumine. Mõned enamkasutatavamad hinnakirjad on Spon's Architects and Builders Price Book, Laxtons Price Book, Wessex Price Book ja Hutchins Priced Schedules. Nende allikate populaarsus seisneb ka sisalduva info laiaulatuslikkuses: a) konsultantide tasud ehituses b) palgad ehituses c) materjalide turuhinnad d) materjali ja tööjõu kulunormid e) tööde (klassifikaatori järgi) hinnad f) ehituse hinnaindeksid g) ligikaudsed eelarvenormid h) maksumuspiirangud i) hinnad Euroopa riikides ja üldinformatsioon
jüütid, kelle seniseks elupaigaks oli tänapäeva Holland ja Põhja-Saksamaa, purjetasid 5. sajandi II poolel üle Põhjamere ja asusid Suurbritanniasse. Britid tõrjuti saare idaossa või sunniti põgenema Iirimaale. Vallutatud maad hakati nimetama Inglismaaks (Anglia anglide hõimu järgi) ja selle asukaid anglosaksideks. Kõige varasem Britannia riik Kent asutati jüütide poolt Jüüti poolsaare kaguossa. Saksid hõivasid saare lõunaosa ja lõid kolm riiki: Wessex, Sussex ja Essex ehk idasakside, lõunasakside ja läänesakside riik. Anglid rajasid põhja pool kaks riiki: East-Anglia ja Northumbria. Anglide ja sakside vahel oli segaasustusega Meroia riik. Algas seitsme riigi verine võitlus ülemvõimu üle. Juhtiv positsioon pendeldas kuni viikingiaja alguseni (esimene rüüsteretk 793), mil esivõim oli siirdunud Wessexi kätte, kes jäi taanlaste ehk normannide (anglosaksid kutsusid taanlasi nõnda) laastamisest esialgu kõrvale
SEAKASVATUS KÄSITLETUD TEEMAD 1. Sealiha tootmine Eestis, Euroopa Liidus ja maailmas. Kõige suurem sigade pidaja on Hiinas. 500 miljonit. Ameerika Ühendriikides on 63 miljonit. Kõige suurem sealiha tootja EL on Saksamaa, ka Hispaania ja Prantsusmaa. 80ndate alguses 1,1 miljonit siga. Praegu sigade arv 360ne tuhande kanti. Sealiha tootmine on Eestis toimunud tõusude ja mõõnadega, kuigi viimase 7 aasta üldine suund on olnud kahanemisele. Sealiha tootmise maht 1997. aastal oli madalaim - 29,5 tuhat tonni. Aastaks 2002 nähakse ette sealiha tootmise mahu jõudmist 39,5 tuhande tonnini ehk kasvu 35%, s.t. jõudmist jälle 90-ndate aastate alguse tasemele. Kogu maailmas aga valitseb sealiha ülepakkumine, mistõttu sealiha hind on langenud 25 aasta madalaimale tasemele. 2. Sigalaste sugukond, sigade perekond nende iseloomustus. Sigade kodustamine. SUGUKOND (SIGALASED, PEKAARILIS...
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