The Germanic Invasions Anglo-Saxon invasion During the 5th c. a number of Germanic tribes invaded The Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes Different peoples, but common language and customs Advance halted by King Arthur Distortions of popular history In folklore, myth (and films) a great English hero, an example of medieval nobility and chivalry In fact a Romanized Celt, lived before medieval times, fought the Anglo-Saxons (people who became "the English")
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion
The history of the English Language Kristin Klaus, 10a Short history · Started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD · The tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes · At that time the inhabitants spoke a Celtic language · The invadors pushed them west and north Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century. Old English · 450-1100 AD · The Germanic tribes spoke similar languages which developed into Old English · Did not sound or look like English today · About half of the most commonly used English words have Old English roots · Be, strong, water Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English. Middle English · 1100-1500 · In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England · The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the
Emma The Origins Emma is a given female name. It is derived from the Germanic word ermen meaning whole or universal, and was originally a short form of Germanic names that began with ermen. It was introduced to England by Emma of Normandy, who was the wife of king Ethelred II. It was also borne by an 11th-century Austrian saint, who is sometimes called Hemma. After the Norman conquest this name became common in England. It was revived in the 18th century, perhaps in part due to Matthew Prior's poem 'Henry and Emma'. It was also used by Jane Austen for the central character, the matchmaker Emma Woodhouse, in her novel 'Emma'. Popularity
mn /ma :n/ - evil; witchcraft In old manuscripts vowel length indicated by ´ (like a stress mark), in modern editions a strike over the vowel. The scribes proceeded from the Latin alphabet. However, there were sounds in Old English that Latin did not have. Solutions had to be found. /æ/ - the sound is between /a/ and /e/, so a digraph (Greek for "two + letter") was created: æ (A similar thing in French, the digraph oe still in use, e.g. oeil eye) Old English had /ü/ like other Germanic languages today (e.g. German). (The sound was lost during the Middle English period).Latin had no such sound. y (a form of i) was used to indicate the sound. How do we know? Cf Old English "fyrst" and Modern German "Fürst", Estonian "vürst" (an old Low German loan). In Old English texts we come across several · runic letters · modified Latin letters. Both used to denote sounds that Old English had and Latin did not.
It was leading country in the world for a very long time. It had strong economy and the strongest navy that any one had ever seen, so it was till the world wars. The British Isles, because of their good geographical position have been conqured only twice. And both occasions had a great influence on the language. First came Latin with the conquest of Roman Empire. Latin gave some terms to English and now it is a scientific language. Romans stayed for half a century, when they left, different Germanic tribes came and estabilished new kingdoms. They brought a new language with them. The Old English is developed from their Germanic dialects. After that, came Christians and brought new words like martyr, bishop etc. The second and last conquest was in 1066, when the Duke of Normandie, also known as William the Conqurer, invaded England to claim his right to the throne. He was the one who estabilished the House of Normandy. He brought Old French to England making it the official language
Hiiumaa is the main island of Hiiu County, called Hiiumaa or Hiiu maakond in Estonian. The Swedish and German name of the island is Dagö (day island),Dagø in Danish -- a calque of its old Finnish name Päivänsalo (day island); compare Ösel (Yösalo night island) for Saaremaa. In modern Finnish it is called Hiidenmaa, literally hiisi's land. In Old Gutnish it was Dagai (day isthmus), from which the local North Germanic name "Daë" is derived. History Archaeological evidence of the first human settlement in Hiiumaa dates to as early as the 4th century BC. The first documented record of the island of Dageida was made by contemporary chroniclers in 1228, at the time when Hiiumaa, along with the rest of Estonia, had been conquered by Germanic Crusaders. In 1254, Hiiumaa
· Large mammals extinct · 3,354 plant species · Fortingwall Y ew · Trees up to 65 metres RELIGION · Christianity: · Anglicanism · Roman Catholic Church · Patron Saint: Saint Alban · The Jews expelled from England in 1290 but allowed to return in 1656 Cantenbury Cathedral HISTORY Boxgrove Quarry, Sussex 500,000 years 8,000 years ago joined to the continent by a strip of low marsh. Gaelic tribes, Germanic tribes Kingdoms unified in 10th century 1066 William the Conqueror 1 May 1707 "United Kingdom of Great Britain" · Kasutatud kirjandus: http:// www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/greatbritain.html · http://www.great-britain.co.uk/ · http://www.woodlands- junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/britain/britain.htm · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain
By 300AD all the towns had thick walls. The Romans left about 20 large towns and a hundred of small ones. Many of the towns were at first army camps and the Latin word for it castra has still remained in the names of these towns: Leicester, Chester, Doncaster, Lancaster etc. The Towns were well built and connected with roads. In the countryside there were many large farms called villas. The life expectancy was short 2040 years. The Saxon invasion The Invaders At first the Germanic tribes only raided Britain but after 430 AD they began to settle. The invaders came from three powerful Germanic tribes the Saxons, Angles and Jutes. The Jutes settled in Kent and south coast, angles settled in east and north midlands and the Saxons settled between then. They all drove most of the Celts to Wales and in north to Scotland. Hardly anything is left from the Germanic culture. The AngloSaxons established a number of kingdoms. The most
compared to its neighbours, and to its past history. However, the country's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II. Age 15 and over can read and write. Religions Rates and groups The birth rate is 12.91 births/1,000 population (2007 est.).The death rate is 8.55 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.).Total median age is 39 years. Ethnic groups: Celtic and Latin with Germanic, Slavic, North African (Arab, Berber, Jewish), Indochinese, Black African, Black Carribean and Basque minorities. Overseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian. Languages There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only official language of France, but several regional languages are also spoken to varying degrees. Other languages are spoken by a substantial
English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by Saxons around 400AD. The spoken and written language between 400 and 1100AD is referred to as Old English. Many words used today come from Old English. English from 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and Ltin. Modern Englis was greatly influenced by English used in London and changed a great deal until the end of the 18th century. The standart English today in known as BBC English. Spelling and pronaunciation seem to be the most difficult aspects of the English language for foreign students. English is very rich in synonyms. The huge vocabulary of the language is due to the free admission of words from other language. Old English had several inflections to show singular and plural, tense and person, but over the centuries words have been simpified. The loss of inflections had made English a very flexible lnguage. At p...
About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan language 4) Modern English – 500,000 words (OED) At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2. Core and periphery
· After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Finland sided with Germany in the Continuation War. · Thousands of people including a large portion of women and children were killed. · Dozens of villages, schools and public buildings were burned to the ground. German Occupation · Most Estonians greeted the Germans with relatively open arms. · In April 1941, Alfred Rosenberg laid out his plans for the East. · Rosenberg felt that Estonians were the most Germanic out of the people living by the Baltic Sea. The Holocaust · The first records of some jews in Estonia date back to the 14th century. · The creation of the Republic of Estonia marked the beginning of a new era for Jews. · Nazi government's intention was to use the Baltic countries as their main area of mass genocide. · Approximately 10,000 jews were killed in Estonia. Attempt to restore independence · As the german's retreated on September 18,
Indoeuroopa ülevaade MHG 10c Indo European Language Tree 10 Main Branches · Anatolian Languages Hittite · Hellenic Languages - Greek · Indo Iranian Languages- Hindu and Iranian · Italic Languages-Latin Romance Languages( Spanish, Italian, French) · Celtic Languages- Celtic (Rarely spoken now) · Germanic Languages- English and German · Armenian Languages- Armenian · Tocharian Languages- Extinct( Form of Greek) · Balto Slavic Languages- Slavic, Latvian, Lithuanian In Depth Look into Every Country with a Indo European Language Migration of Indo European Language Chronology · The origin of Indo European languages go back about 8500 years Hetiidid Väidetavalt esimene indo-euroopa rahvas ,kes
Vobabulary is the sum of a total of words used in a language by speekers or used in a dictionary. English vocabulary cosists of six units: Simple words- fall Complex words- prefall Phrasal word- face up to Compound word- face lift Multiword expression- face the music Shortened forms- prefab (prefabely?) 2) Core and pherifery English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from old english, 45% comes from french, 16,7% comes from latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words nad the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. 3) Native and foreign elements Native vocabulary: INDO-EUROPEAN- mother, foot, heart, father, sea, night etc GERMANIC- friend, bidge, ship, life, heaven OLD-ENGLISH- bad, bird, woman, lady and gospel LATIN- cheap, pepper, street, mile, butter, cheese, wine, inch, ounce, pound, kitchen, plum,
Old English ( 450-1100 AD) The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100. Middle English (1100-1500) In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy invaded England. The new conquerors brought with them a kind of French and there was a period where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800) Towards the end of Middle English the change in pronunciation started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world and many new words and phras...
continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Estonia has over 1,400 lakes. Most are very small, with the largest, Lake Peipus being 3,555 km2. Culture of Estonia The culture of Estonia incorporates indigenous heritage, as represented by the Estonian language and the sauna, with mainstream Nordic and European cultural aspects. Due to its history and geography, Estonia's culture has been influenced by the traditions of the adjacent area's various Finnic, Baltic, Slavic and Germanic peoples as well as the cultural developments in the former dominant powers Sweden and Russia. Independence of Estonia On February 2, 1920, the Treaty of Tartu was signed by the Republic of Estonia and the Russian. The terms of the treaty stated that Russia renounced in perpetuity all rights to the territory of Estonia. The first Constitution of Estonia was adopted on June 15, 1920 Recommendation On the whole, Estonia has a lot of interesting places to be, and it has a really colourful history
estonian culture The culture of Estonia incorporates indigenous heritage, as represented by the country's rare Finno-Ugric national language Estonian, with mainstream Nordic and European cultural aspects. Due to its history and geography, Estonia's culture has been influenced by the traditions of the adjacent area's various Finnic, Baltic, Slavic and Germanic peoples as well as the cultural developments in the former dominant powers Sweden and Russia. Traditionally, Estonia has been seen as an area of rivalry between western and eastern Europe on many levels. An example of this geopolitical legacy is an exceptional combination of nationally recognized Christian traditions: a western Protestant and an eastern Orthodox Church. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic
Old English Literature (449-1066) (Anglo Saxon) The Early Settlers · The Celts - river and town names, lifestyle primitive and crude(tahumatu) · Julius Caesar 55 B.C - the Romans for more than 300 years · 449 A.D - Jutes, Angles, Saxons - Germanic origin · Angle-land=England · Engleish, later Anglo-Saxon = Old English Literature · British literature begun in oral - by minstrels (laulik/poeet) · songs and poems of heroes · highest human qualities =bravery, honour, and loyalty to one's lord · Venerable Bede (673-735) - "the father of English history" - Ecclesiastical History of the English People 731 - in Latin · Venerable - auväärt, kõrge auline · Ecclesiastical -kiriklik, aulik Beowulf
In English the word classes are prepositions, pronouns, determiners and conjunctions. Syntax is the study of how sentences are formed in a language. For example what is the word order ( in English it’s usually subject, verb object) or how words relate to each other in sentences etc. Germanic languages → Belong to the Indo-European language family. Germanic languages divide into West Germanic and North Germanic languages. There used to be East Germanic languages also but they are now extinct. North Germanic languages → Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic and Faroese. West Germanic languages → English, German, Dutch, Frisian, Afrikaans and Flemish. 2. How to classify words into different word classes?
Estonian county. The origin of the name "Tallinn(a)" is certain to be Estonian, although the original meaning of the name is debated. It is usually thought to be derived from "Taani- linn(a)" (meaning "Danish-castle/town"; Latin: Castrum Danorum) after the Danes built the castle in place of the Estonian stronghold at Lindanisse. However, it could also have come from "tali-linna" ("winter-castle/town"), or "talu-linna" ("house/farmstead-castle/town"). The element -linna, like Germanic -burg and Slavic -grad / -gorod, originally meant "fortress" but is used as a suffix in the formation of town names.
translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles, and others. The most famous works from this period include the poem Beowulf, which has achieved national epic status in Britain. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of important early English history. Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century is the oldest surviving written text in English. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period. Religion The indigenous pre-Christian belief system of the Anglo-Saxons was a form of Germanic paganism and therefore closely related to the Old Norse religion, as well as other Germanic pre-Christian cultures. Christianity gradually replaced the indigenous religion of the Saxons in England around the 7th and 8th centuries. Christianity was introduced into Northumbria and Mercia by monks from Ireland, but the Synod of Whitby settled the choice for Roman Christianity. As the new clerics became the chroniclers, the old religion was partially lost before it was recorded
· In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative) Vocabulary · Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English · The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 2225 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Dialects · The Estonian dialects[15][16] are divided into two groups the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north
With troops stationed and ships calling, merchants will inevitably set up shops. 3) The Celtic warrior queen Boudicca and her tribesmen fought against the Roman conquest and devastated Londinium. The city was burned down and its inhabitants massacred. 4) London was rapidly rebuilt and in AD 122 the Roman walls were built around it as a defence. 5) The Romans left Britain early in the 5th century because they had to cope with troubles elsewhere in the Empire. 6) Around AD 400 the Germanic tribes invaded Britain. 7) London fell into ruins because the Anglo-Saxons destroyed the Roman towns and formed many kingdoms that were hostile to one another. 8) All the small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by king Egbert at the beginning of the 9th century. He formed one kingdom called England. 9) The powerful Saxon king Alfred the Great made London the capital of the country at the end of the 9th century. 10) In the 9th century the Vikings attacked London.
word beamer to refer to a computer data projector, and speakers of those languages are astonished when visiting native speakers of English don't know the word). Finally, doublets are pairs of different words in a given language that can both be traced back to the same source but which have come into the language by different routes. English wine and vine both ultimately go back to Latin vinum, but the first was borrowed into early Germanic at the peak of the Roman Empire (i.e. before Germanic speakers moved to Britain), whereas the second was borrowed from French into Middle English during the period when England was ruled by Norman French kings. The Romance languages are full of doublets. Crystal, David (1987). The Cambridge encyclopedia of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, George (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things : what categories reveal about the mind. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1991)
English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England bt the Saxons around 400 AD. The spoken and written laguage berween 400 and 1100 AD is referred to as Old English. Many words used today come from Old English. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words entered the language English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and Latin. French brouht many words connected with goverment. Modern English eas greatly influenced by the English used in London and changed a great deal until the end of the 18th century. Many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. Nowadays 80 percent of the word-stock is foreign-born. So we can say that most world languages have contributed some words to English at some time, and the process is now being reversed. Purists of the languages are res...
Medieval literature Religious literature- mostly written in church languages(Latin, Greek, Old Slavic) Secular literature- written in vernacular languages as well 6th -15th century Anonymity Religious writing Liturgical writing-hymns, psalms Theological writing-aquinas, abelard etc Religious poetry Mystery plays-reenactment of bible stories Secular writing Troubadour writing:"courtly love", romance Epic poem(song of roland) Travel writing History writing-chronicles Allegory The use of symbols and analogy to convey a certain meaning /message Literary output of medieval English Anglo-saxon or Old English literature(7th century-1066) Middle english literature(12th century-15th century) End of the period:1470s chancery standard(regulating english) and onset of renaissance Middle English literature Written in many dialects in early period 14th century Middle english was used for majority literary works...
The Saxons & Vikings Fragmentary knowledge of England in the 5th & 6th centuries comes from the British writer Gildas, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, saints' lives, poetry, archaelogical findings and place- name studies. British landlords ruled small, unstable kingdoms and continued some Roman traditions of governance. In the mid-5th cent, Vertigern, a British leader, hired Germanic mercenaries to help defend against peoples of the north (Picts & Scots). In the end they revolted & the process of invasion and settlement began. The first Saxon ,,kings" were Hengist & Horsa in Kent, Aelle in Sussex, Cerdic / Cynric in Wessex. So the first ,,English" became mainly from Northern Germany & Denmark. The resistance of the Celts was long. They were free at the time, not like other Roman provinces on the Continent. Around 500, the Britons seem to have won several victories
Estonian National Cuisine re a d a c k B Bl The word ,,bread" came to Estonian from Germanic languages. Traditional black bread spread in Estonia in the second century. In a household people usually baked bread on Saturdays. Depending on the size of the family, they usually made 6-10 loaves of bread. One loaf of bread usually weighed about 2-5 kg. Beliefs and habits If a piece of bread was dropped, it had to be picked up and given a kiss so that hunger would not come to the house. A loaf of bread was never put on a table upside crust
1. Size of English vocabulary Vocabulary is a sum total of words used in a language by speakers or for dictionary-making. Active and passive vocabulary. The Old English vocabulary was homogenous. There were about 50 000 – 60 000 words, 1/3 of which have survived. o About 450 loans from Latin o About 2000 from the Viking invasions. The Middle-English vocabulary became a heterogeneous hybrid of Germanic and Romanic languages. 100 000 to 125 000 words. o About 10 000 loans from Norman French, 75% are still in use o Continuing Latin influence Early Modern English. 200 000 – 250 000 words o English becomes a pluricentric language. o Polyglot. Cosmopolitan language Modern English. 500 000 words o At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2. Core and periphery.
vältimine 50 Võimudistants That is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power distance scores are high for Latin, Asian and African countries and smaller for Germanic and Scandinavian countries. That is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders.
North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. The mainland of England consists of the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic but England also includes over 100 small isl such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isles of weight.The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The Kingdom of Englan which after 1284 included Wales was a sovereign state until 1.May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year,
Country Studies The United Kingdom Test revision questions Form 11 1. What are the capitals of the 4 constituent countries? England London; Wales Cardiff; N-Ireland Belfast; Scotland - Edinburgh 2. Order the invaders in correct chronological order: Anglo-Saxons, Normans, Romans, Celts, Vikings. Celts > Romans > Anglo-Saxons > Vikings > Normans 3. How did the Celts influence Britain? The Celts were in Britain long before the English language existed. Celtic influence on English is minimal. There are more Amerindian words in English than Celtic ones. 4. How many people approximately speak English? 300million as mother tongue, 470million as 2nd language. 5. Who (which tribes) gave the base of the English language? Anglo-Saxons 6. Describe Wales. Part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, population: 3,064,000, Wales has a distinctive culture including its...
1. Beowulf. The dating of Beowulf is still controversial. The poem is one of the earliest and greatest monuments of the Germanic literatures. The main stories of the poem (the fights of B.) are versions of common folk-tales, but the poet also introduces many incidental stories, some of which belong to the world of ancient Germanic legend. He writes his folk-tales and legends in a web of other events, mainly set in the Baltic Kingdoms. He shows a very rich and leisurely portrayal of this Baltic world, providing many customs like the close relationship between lord and man in the war-band and others. All this encouraged the supposition that the unknown author of the poem was himself a bard of the ancient type portrayed within the poem (a lord's scoop). However, many people propose that the author could be
Review questions English lexicology Size of English vocabulary. Average speaker 45,000-60,000 words, a total of about 200,000. Core and periphery. English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from Old English, 45% comes from French, 16,7% comes from Latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words and the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. Native and foreign element. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions::but, till, as. Native words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see. Many native words have developed many meanings (nt, hand, man, head)
The population of the island is slightly under 6 million (2006), with 4.2 million in the Republic of Ireland and an estimated almost 1.75 million in Northern Ireland. This is a significant increase from a modern historical low in the 1960s, but still much lower than the peak population of over 8 million in the early 19th century, prior to the Great Famine. The name Ireland derives from the name of the Celtic goddess Ériu (in modern Irish, Éire) with the addition of the Germanic word land. Most other western European names for Ireland, such as French Irlande, derive from the same source. A satellite picture of Ireland The history of Ireland began with the first known settlement in Ireland around 8000 BC, when hunter-gatherers arrived from Great Britain and continental Europe, probably via a land bridge. Few archaeological traces remain of this group, but their descendants and later Neolithic arrivals,
In English the suffix is -ty: celebrity, liberty, university. *-tudo - characteristic or condition, derives from the adjective: longitudo (longus), fortitudo (fortis). In English -tude: longitude, fortitude. 5. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes. The Angles were one of the main groups that settled in Britain in the post-Roman period, founding several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name "England". The Saxons were a confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Their modern-day descendants are generally considered ethnic Germans, Dutch or English.. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the 5th century The Jutes were a Germanic people who were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of their time. They are believed to have originated from Jutland in modern Denmark. Were associated with the Saxons. The Jutes, along with some Angles, Saxons and Frisians, sailed across the North Sea to raid
In the year 55 BC Britain became a Roman province. Romans were highly developed and had their own language latin, which has also greatly influenced English. The military occupation of the Isles ended in 410 AD. The Romans eventually brought Christianity to Britain. Hadrian's wall on the border of Scotland and England. It began construction in 122 AD. An Anglo-Saxon attack on Rome forced the Romans to leave The British Isles. They were replaced by Germanic tribes Angles, Jutes and Saxons, who drove the Celts to the north (Scotland) and west (Wales). They came from the North and Baltic Seas. Along with them came their dialects, which constitute the basis for Old English. Around 4500 words are still used today. They also had their own religion and Germanic gods. Their names are still used today: Freya Friday, Thor Thursday, Angle-land England.
cliffs on the southern coast. Britain became the Roman colony. They built roads, villas, public baths and fortifications. Emperor Hadrian built a stone wall to protect England from Scots. Romans left Britain in 400 AD to protect their empire on the continent of Europe from the Germanic tribes. The Anglo-Saxon, Danish and Norman Invasions Raid / red / rünnak Abbey / 'æb / klooster Parish / 'pær / kihelkond Germanic tribes attacked Britain after the Romans had left. The Angles named this island Anglia. In 597 AD St Augustine of Rome brought Christianity to England after which religion became very important. The Vikings settled mainly in Scotland and Ireland, the Danes in the north and east of England. Local Anglo-Saxons lost their power in 1066 to Norman conqueror William the Conqueror. Medieval Britain Centralised / 'sentrlazd / tsentraliseeritud, kesestatud
Roman soldiers and traders brought Christianity, and in the fourth century, the Christian Church was established in Britain. It survived in Wales and Cornwall. The End of Roman Rule Roman control of Britain came to an end as the empire began to collapse. In the late fourth century the Roman legions found it more and more difficult to stop the Scots from crossing Hadrian's Wall. On the mainland, Germanic tribes began to raid the coast of Gaul6 and even northern Italy. In 409 AD Rome pulled its last soldiers out of Britain. They were soon followed by the colonists. The Romanized Britons were left to fight alone against the Scots and the Saxon raiders. The following year Rome itself fell to the raiders. Despite their long occupation of Britain, the Romans left very little behind. Unlike Gaul or Spain, they left here neither their system of law and administration nor their language
History of Great Britain Prehistory (55BC) no written records 6th 3rd c. BC the Celts came to British isles hill figures, hill forts, stone circles ( Stonehenge ) RomanBritain (55BC 400AD) Julius Caesar, named the country Albion Hadrian's Wall, villas, roads, the town of Bath The AngloSaxon, Danish and Norman invasions Germanic tribes settled and stayed Anglia Christianity was brought, religion became important, churches were built 8th century = raids by the Vikings and the Danes 1016 1042 : Under Danish rule ( York was the capital ) 1042 : local AngloSaxons regain their rule 1066 : Normans arrive ( the Norman conquest ) Medieval Britain (106615th c.) the Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror a new AngloNorman state the feudal system introduced the rule of the king and church strengthened
the formation of 3 vaguely opposed loose collections of allies (The WIgs and the Tories) Two failed attempts to put a Stuart monarch back on the throne in the highlands of scotland The Celtic way of life was effectively destroyed Britain gradually acquired an empire in America, along with the west african coast and india The industrial revolution Greatest upheaval in the pattern of life since the germanic invasions Millions moved into new towns and cities The north became the industrial homeland in the country London came to dominate as a business and trading centre Queen Anne 1702-1714 , when she died , the Hannovelians took over George I from Gremany- unpopular because people didnt know or trust him Geroge II stayed in England and participated in everyday lide George III was born in England
the Jutes and the Frisians invaded Britain. During this time English was called Anglo- Saxon or Old English. In the chronicles of Roman history (composed in Latin) is said that Britain makes its first appearance in written language when Romans invade the England. BEOWULF most important poem, surviving in a 10th-cent manuscript. The historical period of the poem's events can be dated in the 6th to 8th century. Much of the material of the poem is legendary and paralleled in other Germanic historical-mythological literature in Norse, Old English, and German. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340-1400) Politician and writer, fought in France during the 100 years war. He visited Genoa and Florence where he became acquainted with Italian literature and in particular with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The French period (up to 1370). early works were based mostly on French models. The Italian period (up to c. 1387)
o Southern Britain became Britannia and was ruled by a roman governor o The Romans built over 20 towns: Colchester, Londinium, Winchester etc. They were good engineers and built roads and villas that had central heating, glass windows and mosaic floors o 122 AD- Hadrian's Wall; 138 AD- Antonine Wall o Druids(celtic priests) were banned and Britain was influenced by christianity 3) The Germanic Invasions I. The Anglo-Saxons o 5th century- 1066 o From Southern Denmark(angles); Germany(saxons); Jutland(jutes) o By the 7th c kingdoms had emerged and later KING ALFRED united the kingdoms o They were pagans and very rural people, built in wood rather than stone o It was the saxon farmstead that laid the foundations of the English village II. The Vikings
Many megalithic monuments were built around that time, e.g. Stonehenge, the Avebury ring. The Roman Invasion 55-54 BC, Julius Caesar ruled Rome, Rome built the Hadrian's wall (73 miles long, built in 121 127 AD) against the Picts and Scots, bits have survived till today. The Romans bring along the Christian faith The beginning of Christianization of the Celts. The Romans withdrew their forces together with the fall of the Roman empire. Anglo Saxon Invasion 5th 6th century AD. Germanic tribes from Scandinavia: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes settle in what today is known as England and force the Celtic tribes to move to Scotland, Ireland, Wales. The Angles settled in Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia; The Saxons in Essex, Sussex, Wessex and the Jutes in Kent. 569 AD Pope Gregory the great sends missionaries led by St. Augustine to Britain. The Benedictines establish a chain of monasteries; Britain is linked to the Latin civilization of the roman Church and
1. What are the capitals of the 4 constituent countries? England- London; Northen Ireland- Belfast; Scotland- Edinburgh; Wales- Cardiff 2. Order the invaders in correct chronological order: Anglo-Saxons, Normans, Romans, Celts. Romans Anglusaxons , Norman 3. How did the Celts influence Britain? Language. Wars. Engand and Scotland eventually became 1 contry 4. How many people approximately speak English? Approximately 600 million 5. Who (which tribes) gave the base of the English language?Germanic tribes- Anglo-Saxons. 6. Describe Wales.- Wales is a mountainous country on the western side of Great Britain. The national game of Wales is Rugby. Flag- Red dragon on a green and white field. They have their own language Cymraeg ( Welsh) . Anthem- Land Of My Fathers. Official animal- Dragon. There used to be a lot of coalmines. 7. What are the symbols of the 4 constit...
,,The Father of English History" Wrote / translated about 40 books on almost every area of knowledge, i.e. nature, astronomy, and poetry His best known work is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Starting with the Roman invasion in the 5th century, he recorded the history of the English up to his own day Old English Cædmon ,,The Father of English Hymn" Cædmon's Hymn is the oldest recorded Old English poem, and also one of the oldest surviving samples of Germanic alliterative verse The Hymn itself was composed between 658 and 680, recorded in the earlier part of the 8th century Middle English Geoffrey Chaucer 13431400 Known as the ,,Father of English literature", the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages An author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, diplomat Wrote The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde Best known today for "The Canterbury Tales"
Ireland is the third largest island in Europe. It lies in between the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. Politically it is divided into a sovereign state, the Republic of Ireland, that covers about five-sixths of the island (south, east, west and north-west), and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, covering the northeastern sixth of the island.[1] The name 'Ireland' derives from the name Ériu (in modern Irish, Éire) with the addition of the Germanic word 'land'. The population of the island is just under 6 million (2006); just over 4.2 million in the Republic of Ireland[2] (1.6 million in Greater Dublin[3]) and just over 1.7 million in Northern Ireland[4] (0.6 million in Greater Belfast[5])). Politics Politically, Ireland is divided into: · The Republic of Ireland, with its capital Dublin. · Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, Geography A ring of coastal mountains surrounds low central plains
Võimudistants That is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Võimudistants 2 Power distance scores are high for Latin, Asian and African countries and smaller for Germanic and Scandinavian countries. Võimudistants Lühiajaline vs pikaajaline suundumus This fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars. It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'
The biggest countries where English is spoken as the first language are: Great Britain, Canada, United States of America and Australia. Estonian on in comparison to English is a language that is spoken only by approximately 1 million people. On the other hand English in comparison to Estonian is a very young language. According to Wikipeia online dictionary, English is an Anglo-Frisian language brought to south-eastern Great Britain in the 5th century AD by Germanic settlers from various parts of northwest Germany (Saxons, Angles). Estonian in comparison is a language that has been spoken in the area of present day Estonia for more than 4000 years, Meri (1976). 4 First links Although written evidence of regular links between Estonia and England date back only into the beginning of the 20 th century, it is clear that there have been links also earlier. These contacts might be very old
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