Exami spikker (8)

Aristoteles (470-399 e.m.a) : väidete struktuur kui iseseisev uurimisobjekt
Süllogism (Aristoteles):
1. eeldus: iga x on y.
2. eeldus: mõni z on x.
järeldus: mõni z on y.
Iga b on a
Mitte ükski b pole a
Mõni b on a
Mõni b ei ole a
süllogism on väitlus, kus mingitest etteantud väidetest (eeldustest) järeldub paratamatult uus väide
Schickard 1625: väitis ehitanud olema liitva, lahutava, korrutava, jagava masina
Kristlik filosoof Blaise Pascal 1640: aritmeetiline masin: ainult liitis ja lahutas
Saksa filosoof 1646-1716, Leibnizi arvuti (1671) liitis, lahutas, korrutas, jagas
Leibniz lõi Boole ’ga sarnaneva loogikasüsteemi, mis vajus unustusse
Leibniz püüdis luua universaalset sümbolkeelt (lingua characteristica universalis) ja seda keelt kasutava nn “arutlemise aritmeetika” (calculus rationator)
Kirjutusmasin:
Inglise patent , Henry Mill, 1714, ei ehitatud
Ameerika patent: 1829 William Austin Burt Detroidis
1867, Christopher Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden, Samual W. Soule leiutis: “Type-Writer“
Remington: 1874 (jalgpedaaliga!)‏
Sholes’ klaviatuur (qwerty) ca 1874:
Dvoraki klaviatuur ca 1936
Perfokaardid ca 1800 Jacquard
Difference Engine 1822 – analüütiline masin, Charles Babbage, progr. Ada Lovelace
1837 Morse: elektritelegraaf
1857 Wheatstone: perfolint
1847-1854 Loogika (lausearvutuse) alused– G. BOOLE, de MORGAN
1879: Kontseptuaalne notatsioon ("Begriffsschrift"), loob kaasaegse predikaatarvutuse - GOTTLOB FREGE
1890: Herman Hollerith : perfokaartidega masin USA rahvaloenduse andmete töötlemiseks
Vacuum Tube – 1906
George CANTOR 1845-1918– Hulgateooria rajaja
“Hilberti programm” matemaatikale kindlate aluste rajamiseks: Matemaatika alused tuleb esitada loogika keeles, range aksiomaatikana (HILBERT 1862-1943)
1935-1937: artikkel Turingi masinast: universaalsus , mittelahenduvus
1936: Churchi lambda -arvutus, Churchi tees. universaalsus, mittelahenduvus
MIT: 1930-1935-1937: Differential Analyzer dif. võrrandite lahendamiseks (VANNEVAR BUSH)
Claude SHANNON - MIT, 1938, Shannon’i magistritöö sidus:, Boole algebra, Elektrilülitid ja -skeemid , Bitid ja info kodeerimine , Info otsimise algoritmid
Konrad Zuse - Programmeeritavate arvutite pioneer saksamaalt , 1936-38: Z1: puhtmehaaniline , 1938: Z2: rehkendus releedega , 1941: Z3 perfolindiga, universaalselt programmeeritav , 1944-50: Z4: kommertsiaalne digitaalarvuti Zürichi tehnikaülikoolile: Releedega rehkendus , Mehaaniline mälu , 1950-1967: Z5 ... Z64
John Vincent Atanasoff , 1939-1942: esimene elektronarvuti?
MARK I, autor Howard Aiken - IBM’i elektriline (releed) digitaalne arvuti MARK I, 1939-1944, 750.000 komponenti, kaal 5 tonni
1947 – esimene transistor , Bell Telephone Laborotories ( Shockley , Bardeen, Brattain)
1949 - Maurice Wilkes assembled the EDSAC, the first practical stored - program computer, at Cambridge University
1950 -Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis built the ERA 1101 , the first commercially produced computer; the company's first customer was the U.S. Navy
1951 - The UNIVAC I delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau was the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention (Remington Rand manufactured)
1952 - The first AI program to run in the U.S. was also a checkers program, written in 1952 by Arthur Samuel of IBM for the IBM 701.
1953 - IBM shipped its first electronic computer, the 701
1954 - Texas Instruments announces the start of commercial production on silicon transistors
1955 - William Shockley founds Shockley Semiconductor in Palo Alto, California
1957 - A new language , FORTRAN (short for formula translator), enabled a computer to perform a repetitive task from a single set of instructions by using loops.
1957 - A group of eight engineers leaves Shockley Semiconductor to form Fairchild Semiconductors.
1958 - SAGE -- Semi-Automatic Ground Environment -- linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large- scale computer communications network
Jack St. Clair Kilby – Integrated Circuit on a single piece (1958)
1960 - IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors, AT&T designed its Dataphone, the first commercial modem
1960 - A team drawn from several computer manufacturers and the Pentagon developed COBOL, Common Business Oriented Language. Project leader : Grace Hopper .
1960 - LISP made its debut as the first computer language designed for writing artificial intelligence programs. Inventor : John McCarthy.
1960- MIT wrote the first (graphical) video game , Space War!
1963- Douglas Engelbart , , Mouse pointing device
1964, Gordon MOORE suggests that integrated circuits would double in complexity every year . This later becomes known as Moore's Law (1965). Each new chip contains roughly twice as much capacity as its predecessor , and is released within 18-24 months of the previous chip
1965 - Digital Equipment Corp (abbreviated DEC) introduced the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer
1967- IBM builds the first floppy disk
1967 - Seymour Papert designed LOGO as a computer language for children .
1968 - Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore found Intel Corporation
1968 - Douglas C. Engelbart, of the Stanford Research Institute, demonstrates his system of keyboard , keypad, mouse, and windows at the Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco 's Civic Center . He demonstrates use of a word processor, a hypertext system, and remote collaborative work with colleagues.
1969 - AT&T Bell Laboratories programmers Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie developed the UNIX operating system on a spare DEC minicomputer.
1970 - Intel creates the first 4004 microprocessor.
1971 - Computer-to-computer Communication expanded when the Department of Defense established four nodes on the ARPANET
As Nolan felt he didn't receive enough pay, he created his own company: Atari in 1972, Atari ships Pong , one of the first really successful commercial video games
Magnavox Odyssey : first home video game along with Atari (No processor: combined analog/digital)
1972- The first object-oriented language Smalltalk developed at XEROX PARC, bsaed on ideas by Alana Kay.
1972 - The first logic programming language Prolog developed by Alan Colmerauer at University of Marseilles// Hewlett- Packard introduces a programmable calculator
1973 – ETHERNET , Bob METCALFE
1974- Intel releases its 2-MHz 8080 chip, an 8-bit microprocessor
1974 - Bravo is developed for the Xerox Alto computer. It is the first WYSIWYG program for a personal computer.
1974- MITS (omanik Ed Roberts) completes the first prototype Altair 8800 microcomputer
Altair was one of the first successfully sold personal computer kits for do-it-yourself computing fans
1974 – Xerox Alto, personal computer to be used for research, first serious machine to feature a modern user interface: windows, mouse, etc invented by Engelbart in 1964
1969-1973 C development , 1978 “ The C Programming Language” (Thompson, Ritchie, Kernighan)
1975 - Bill Gates and Paul Allen license their newly written BASIC to MITS, found Micro- Soft !
1976 – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak form the Apple Computer Company, Steve Jobs & Wozniak work on Apple I
1977 - The Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor) -- the first of several personal computers released in 1977 -- came fully assembled and was straightforward to operate
1977 - The Apple II became an instant success when released in 1977 with its printed circuit motherboard, switching power supply, keyboard, case assembly , manual , game paddles, A/C powercord, and cassette tape with the computer game "Breakout.
1979 - Harvard MBA candidate Daniel Bricklin and programmer Robert Frankston developed VisiCalc, the program that made a business machine of the personal computer, for the Apple II
1979 , Apple II Plus
1979 - USENET: Unix Users Network founded late 1979, USENET on hiiglaslik kogus uudisgruppe
1980 - Symbolics founded, Created special hardware for running LISP programs (mostly AI) efficiently.The whole system written in LISP
1981 - Adam Osborne completed the first portable computer, the Osborne I
1981 - IBM announces the IBM 5150 PC Personal Computer
1981 - The MS-DOS, or Microsoft Disk Operating System, the basic software for the newly released IBM PC, established a long partnership between IBM and Microsoft
1982 -Sun Microsystems is founded
1984 - Apple Computer's Steve Jobs introduces the Apple Macintosh at the Flint Center of DeAnza College in Cupertino, California
1984 - Richard Stallman launches the GNU Project, to develop the free operating system GNU
1986 murrang: Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) . Uudised liiguvad TCP/IP (interneti) kaudu
1987 - GCC version 1.0 released by Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman
1988 - Apple cofounder Steve Jobs, who left Apple to form his own company, unveiled the NeXT workstation
1990 - The World Wide Web was born when Tim Berners -Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed HyperText Markup Language; , Berners-Lee designed both the first World Wide Web server and browser -- available to the general public in 1991
1991 – Linus Torvalds starts working on Linux
1992 - Wolfenstein 3D was originally released for DOS in 1992 by ID Software. Main authors : Carmack & Romero . It is the first popular 3D first-person shooter
1993 - Intel introduces the Pentium processor
1993 - Apple Computer introduces the Newton MessagePad 100
1993 - First publicly available popular browser NCSA Mosaic v1.0 is released
Silicon Graphics co-founder James Clark leaves to start Mosaic Communications. Mosaic soon renamed to Netscape . Mosaic Communications releases Netscape Navigator 1.0, a world-wide web browser. Asutajad: Clark ja Andreessen
1994 - Linus Torvalds releases version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel
1995 – Microsoft Windows 95, Office, Internet Explorer 1.0 // Toy-Story Movie, entire 3D
1997 - Deep Blue wins the reigning Wold Champion in Chess, Garri Kasparov
1998 - Netscape makes source code for Netscape Communicator 5.0 browser available for free download on the Internet, Free Mozilla project started
1998 - Steve Jobs introduces the iMac
Kõrgkeeled on erineva abstraktsusastmega: Masinalähedane ja ebamugav: Fortran, C (portaabel assembler )‏, Abstraktsem ja mugavam: Lisp, Ada, ML, Java , Python
Kompileerimine: masinkoodis programm nimega kompilaator teisendab keeles X programmi masinkoodfailiks Y. Seejärel täidetakse saadud masinkoodis programm Y. Näide: C.
Interpreteerimine: masinkoodis programm nimega interpretaator loeb sisse X keeles faili ja asub seda rida-realt täitma. Näide: vana BASIC.

• FORTRAN
  

INTEGER FUNCTI0N sumto(n)
isum = 0
DO i 10 = 0,n
isum = isum + i
10 CONTINUE
sumto = isum
RETURN
END

• COBOL
  

PROCEDURE SUMTO USING N, Answer .
Begin .
PERFORM VARYING LoopCount FROM 0 BY 1
UNTIL LoopCount GREATER THAN N
MULTIPLY Answer BY LoopCount GIVING Answer.
END-PERFORM.
EXIT PROGRAM.

• LISP
  

(defun sumto (n)
(if (= 0 n)‏
0
(+ n (sumto (­ n 1))) ))

• C (ja C++ ja Java ja C#)‏
  

int sumto(int n) {
int i,sum = 0;
for(i=0; i