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Modal verbs (0)

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Inglise keel - Kõik luuletused, mis on inglise keeles
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Modal Verbs  
 
 
 
Table of Contents 
 
 
Introduction  ......................................................................... 2 
Characteristics of Modal Verbs ............................................. 2 
When to use the Modal Verbs ............................................... 3 
Expressing permission .......................................................... 3 
Expressing obligation ........................................................... 3 
Making offers ........................................................................ 5 
Making requests ................................................................... 6 
Expressing possibility/ probability ......................................... 7 
Asking about possibilities ..................................................... 7 
Infinitives  ............................................................................. 8 
 
 
 
Introduction 
 
Modal Verbs are can, could , may, might, must, will, would, shall , should, 
ought to.
  
They are known as modal auxiliary verbs because they ‘help’ another verb , i.e. 
they are always used with another verb in its base form. 
e.g.   can swim
 
Do you think I should go
 
 
Characteristics of Modal Verbs 
 
•   There is no -s in the third person singular
She can ski. He must be tired. It might rain. 
 
•  They are used to form questions and negatives: 
Shall we go for a  walk ? What should I do? 
He can’t  dance . You mustn’t  tell   lies

 
•  Modal auxiliary verbs don’t usually have past forms . Other expressions are 
used instead: 
had to  work   hard  at school. 
The prisoner was able to/managed to  escape by climbing onto the roof  of 
the  prison
(NOT *could escape) (= ability  / performance on one occasion) 
In some cases  could can be used with a past meaning
could swim when I was six. (=general ability) 
 
 
•  They have no infinitives and no –ing  forms. Other expressions are used 
instead. 
I’d love to be able to ski. I hate  having to get up early
 
•  They are followed by an infinitive   without -to. The exception is ought to
You must go. I’ll help you. You ought to see a  doctor
 
•  They can be used with  perfect infinitives to talk about the past. 
You should have told  me that you can’t swim. 
You might have drowned
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

When to use the Modal Verbs 
 
•  Each Modal Verb has at least two meanings:  
must post this  letter ! (= obligation) 
You must be tired! (= deduction , probability) 
 
 
Could you help me? (= request) 
We could go to Spain for our holidays . (= possibility)
 
 
May I go home now? (= permission) 
Where’s Anna? – I’m not  sure . She may be at work. (= possibility) 

 
•  Modal Verbs express our attitudes, opinions and judgements of events. 
  Who’s that knocking on the  door
- It’s James. (This is a  fact .) 
- It could/may/might/should/cant/’ll be James. 

( These all  express  our attitude or opinion.) 
 
 Expressing permission 
 
Canmay and be allowed  to are used to express permission. Can is more 
informal and usually spoken. 
 
 
You can borrow my bike, but you can’t have the car. I need it. 
 
May I  smoke  in  here
 You 
can’t  come  in here in those muddy  shoes
 You’re allowed to get  married  when you’re 16. 
 

Are we allowed to use Power  Point at the exam
 
Expressing obligation 
 
Have tomust and should are used to express obligation. 
 
Positive negative and interrogative forms of ‘have to’ 
 

 
You 
have to 
We 
don’t have to 
work hard to 
They 
pass the exam. 
He 
has to 
She 
doesn’t have to 
 
 

Question 
 
   Do 
I / you / we / they 
have to work hard? 
Does he 
/she 
 
Positive and negative forms of ‘must’ and ‘should’ 
 

must 
You 
 
(S)he 
mustn’t 
should 
do that! 
We 
shouldn’t 
 
They 
 
Note
 
•  Don’t have to = needn’t;  mustn’t = be forbidden 
 
•  Have to has all the forms that must doesn’t have. 
had to work  until  midnight last  night(Past) 
You’ll have to  study hard when you go to  university(Future) 
She’s a  millionaire . She’s  never  had to do any work. ( Present Perfect) 
I hate having to get up early. (-ing form) 
If you were a policeman, you would have to wear a uniform. (Infinitive) 
 
Question 
 
•  Must I ...? is possible, but question forms with have to are more common. 
Do I have to do what you say, or can I do what I want? 
 
•  Should I/she/we ...? is possible. We often use Do you think ...? 
Should I try to eat less? 
Do you think I should see a doctor? 

 
Use 
 
•  Must and have to  both express strong obligation
 
Must is used to express an obligation that involves the speaker’s opinion. It is 
personal: 
 
must get my  hair cut. (This is me talking to me.) 
You must do your homework  regularly. (A teacher talking to students
 
 
Must is also associated with a formal , written style: 
Candidates must  answer   four  questions. (Instructions on an exam paper
Books  must be returned on or before  the date  due. (Instructions in a  
library) 
 

•  Have to expresses a general obligation based on a law or rule , or based on the 
authority of another person:  
I can’t play tennis  tomorrow . I have to go to the  dentist(I have an  
appointment.) 
Children  have to go to school until they are 16. (A law) 
Mum  says you have to  tidy your room  before you go out. ( Mother ’s order !) 
 
Must and have to are sometimes interchangeable: 
must be home by midnight. 
have to be home by midnight. 

 
Have to is used more often than  must. If you are unsure which to use, it is 
probably safer to use have to. 
 
•  NB! The negatives mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different .  
Mustn’t  means  be forbidden
Don’t have to expresses the absence of obligation. 
You mustn’t steal other people’s things. It’s  wrong
You mustn’t  drive if you’ve been drinking. You could kill someone
In England you don’t have to take your shoes off when you enter 
somebody’s home.  
When you go into a  shop , you don’t have to buy  anything . You can just  
look. 

 
•  Have got to is also common in British English but it is more informal than 
have to:  
I’ve got to go now. See you! 
Don’t go to bed late . We’ve got to get up early tomorrow. 
Go and tidy your room. – Have got to? – Yes, you have! 

 
•  Should and ought to express  mild obligation or  advice . They both express 
what, in the speaker’s opinion, is the right or best thing to do: 
 
You’re always asking me for  money . I think you should spend less. 
You ought to be more careful with your money. 
I know  I shouldn’t  keep buying you presents , but I just love you! 

You shouldn’t sit so  close to the television ! It’s bad for your eyes. 
 
Making offers 
 
•  Will and shall are used to express offers. 
 
•  Will (‘ll) is used to express an intention , decision or offer made at the moment 
of speaking: 
Come over after work. I’ll make a  meal  for you. 
It’s  Jane ’s  birthday   today . – Is it? I’ll buy her some flowers. 
Give him your suitcase. He’ll  carry  it for you.  
Don’t  worry  about the bus.  Dave  will give you a  lift
Give it  back or we’ll  call  the Police

 

•  Shall ...? is used in questions with the first person, ’I’ and ’we’. It expresses an 
offer, a suggestion , or a request for advice:   
 
Shall I carry your bag for you? – That’s very kind. Thank you. 
Shall we go out for a meal  tonight ? – I’d love to. 
What shall we do? We haven ’t got any money. – We could ask Dad. 

 
Should is used to make an informal suggestion: 
What should we have for dinner
What should we do tonight? 

 
 

Making requests 
 
•  There are many ways of making requests in English. 
 
Can 
Could 
help me, please
Will 
you 
pass the salt , please? 
Would 
 
Would you mind helping me, please? 
 

Can 
speak to you, please? 
Could 
I 
ask you a question? 
 
Would you mind if I opened the  window
 
Note: 
 
Could
 is a little more formal than can
 
•  Here are some ways of responding to requests: 
- Excuse me! Could you help me? 
- Sure. 
/Of  course/Well, I’m  afraid I’m a bit  busy  at the moment.   
 
 
- Would you mind if I opened the  window

- No, not at all. /No, that’s fine. /Well, I’m a little chilly, actually. 
 
 

 

Expressing possibility/probability 
 
•  We use must and can’t to express the logical conclusion of a situation: 
must = logically probable 
can’t = logically improbable 
We don’t have all the facts, so we are not absolutely sure, but we are pretty  
certain: 
 
He’s very fit, though he must be at least sixty! 
Suzie  can’t have a ten- year -old daughter ! She’s only  twenty - five herself! 
Is there no reply ? They must be sleeping. They can’t be out at this time of 
night. 
A walk in this  weather ! You must be joking! 

 
•  We use may/might and could to express possibility in the present or future. 
May/might not is the negative. Couldn’t is used rarely. 
 
 
Take your  umbrella . It might rain later

Dave and Beth   aren ’t at home. They could be in the pub, I  suppose
We may go to  Greece  for our holidays. We haven’t decided yet. 
You know we’re going out tonight? - Well, I might not be able to make it.  I 
might have to work late. 

 
•  We use will to express what we believe to be true about the present. We are 
guessing based on what we know about people and things, their routines, 
character, and qualities
 
 
There’s a knock on the door. – That’ll be the postman. He always calls at this 
time.
 
 
Asking about possibilities 
 
Question forms with the above Modal Verbs are possible but rather unusual. We 
usually use Do you think...? 
 
 
She can’t be 75, can she? 
Do you think she’s married? – She can’t be. 
Where do you think he’s from? – He might be French . He’s very  handsome
Do you think they’ve arrived  yet? – They may have. Or they might  have 
got  stuck  in the traffic

 
 

Infinitives 
 
Notice the different infinitives: 
 
Continuous Infinitive 
 
 
You must be joking
Peter must be working  late! 
She could have been lying to you. 
 
Perfect Infinitive to express degrees of probability in the past: 
 
 
He must have been drunk. 
She can’t have got home yet. 
He might have got  lost
They could have moved house. 

 
 
 

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