Modal Verbs Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................... 2 Characteristics of Modal Verbs ............................................. 2 When to use the Modal Verbs ............................................... 3 Expressing permission.......................................................... 3 Expressing obligation ........................................................... 3 Making offers........................................................................ 5 Making requests ................................................................... 6 Expressing possibility/probability......................................... 7
MUST- tugev kohustus enda seisukohalt MUSTN'T- range keeld MUST HAVE IIIpv kui ollakse peaaegu kindel millegi toimumises. HAD TO - kohustus ja vajadusminevikus HAVE TO - tugev kohustus teiste seisukohalt. DON'T HAVE TO, DIDN'T HAVE TO pole kohustust DO/ DOES/ DID NOT NEED TO - millegi tegemine polnud vajalik NEED TO- vajadus midagi teha CAN võimet midagi olevikus või tulevikus teha. CAN'T- kui ollakse kindel millegi ebatõenäosuses COULD minevikus võime midagi teha COULD/MIGHT HAVE IIIpv- kui on võimalik et midagi toimus minevikus, aga selles ei olda päris kindel. SHOULD/OUGHT HAVE IIIpv- kui ollakse kindel et mingi sündmus on toimunud. Tahetakse väljendada et eeldatud sündmust tegelikult ei toimunud. SHOULD/ OUGHT NOT HAVE IIIpv- kõneleja arvates ei ole mingi sündmus toimunud. SHOULDN'T/ OUGHTN'T midagi tõenäoliselt ei ole õige või ei juhtu. SHOULD- soovitus, peaksid OUGHT TO- kui tahetakse öelda, et midagi tõenäoliselt on õig...
saanud nime Ornette Colemani 1960. aastal ilmunud albumi Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation jrgi. *Free jazz sai alguse 1958-ndal aastal. *Free jazzi mngitakse vikestes kruppides. *Peamine omadus Free jazz-il on see, et ei ole mingeid reegleid. *Muusikud ei pea kinni pidama fikseeritud harmooniate struktuurist , nad vivad improviseerida kui tahavad ja moduleerida kui tahavad. *Free jazz on sageli improviseerib. *Soolo ja saatmised kipuvad olema sujuvad. Modal jazz *Modal jazz sai alguse 50-ndate teisel pooles. *Modal jass on sna tihti eriti kiires tempos. *Klassikaline modaal jazz on sageli aju. *Klassikalise modaal jazz-i sisaldab vga vhe kooskla. Miles Davis *sndis 26.05.1926 ja suri 28.09.1991 aastal. *Miles Davis prines jukast mustast kesklassi perest *Isa oli hambaarst ja ema muusikapetaja. *12aastaselt hakkas ta trompetitunde vtma. *Esimene tema nime all vlja antut plaat oli 1947.aastal(selles mngisid pianist John lewis ja trummar Max Roach). *1950
We are going to They will be I am going to a He will carry this The train leaves at fly to Leeds in playing football on party tonight. bag for you. 6.45. summer. Sunday afternoon. 8. Modal verbs: Write all the modals: (be) able to can can't could don't have to may as well/might as don't need to had better have (got) to may well might must must not need needn't
,,Tom was nervous. He had been waiting for 2 hours since 9 o'clock." ,,Why didn't you come to our party last night? Sorry, i was too tired. I had been working all day long. " Kasutus: For, since. Be Going To - Plaanid ja kavatsused lähitulevikus ,,I am going to spend next summer sailing around the world." - Ennustused, mida näeme ( tugevneb mingil faktil ) ,,The Sky is very cloudy. It's going to rain today." Modal Verbs Reported speech Can -> could Could -> had been able to May -> might Must -> had to Mustn't -> was/were not allowed to have to Had to -> had had to The Definite Article The is used before: · Nouns which unique · Names of cinemas, hotels, theatres, museums, newspapers/magazines, ships, institutions, galleries · Names of rivers, seas, groups of islands/states, mountain ranges, deserts,
P.S. He wrote the letters The letters were written (by him) P.C. He was writing the letters The letters were being written P.P. He had written the letters The letters have been written F.S. He will write the letters The letter will be written by him. F.C. He is writing the letters The letters will being written F.P. He will have written the letters The letters will have been written Modal He should write the letters The letters should be written am/is/are + V ed/IIIpp am/is/are + being + pp have/has + been + pp was/were + pp was/were + being + pp had + been + pp will be + pp will + being + pp will have + been + pp modal + be + pp
Modals Sandra Haar Form 11 I am going to talk about... Can Could May Might Must Should Would Ought to Excercises References How do we use modal verbs? Affirmative: Subject + modal + infinitive, Example: She should stay Negative: Subject + modal(n`t) + infinitive, Example: She shouln`t stay Interrogative: (Wh) Modal + Subject + Infinitive, Example: Why should she stay? Can Ability to do something in the present-I can speak English. Permission to do something in the present-Can I go to the cinema? Request - Can you wait a moment, please? Offer- I can lend you my car till tomorrow. Suggestion- Can we visit Grandma at the weekend? Possibility- It can get very hot in Arizona. Could Ability to do something in the past- I could speak English.
mängitakse soolot. Trompet, kontrabass, trummid, klaver ja saksofon Jazzmuusikud Modaalse jazzi tuntuimad artistid läbi aegade: George Russell Bill Evans John Coltrane Miles Davis Miles Davis Sündis 1926 Ameerikas ja suri 1991 USA trompetist, jazzmuusik ja ansamblijuht Tema osalusel tekkis modaalne jazz ja palju teisi jazziliike Andis välja17 albumit ja mängis kokku 4 erinevas koosseisus Parima läbimüügiga jazzmuusika album ,,Kind of Blue" on parim näide modal jazzi võimalustest Miles Davis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1hT2u1jwcs Modaalne jazz Eestis Ansambel ,,Metronoom" tegutses 1950. aastatel Tallinnas Modaalne jazz Eestis Tänapäeval esindab modaalset jazzi Eestis Tõnu Naissoo Sündis 1951. aastal Tallinnas Helilooja, jazzpianist ja klahvpillimängija Esineb sooloartistina ja omanimelise trioga alates 1967 Tõnu Naissoo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blXSvxuwvhk Modal jazz maailmas
Past cont. Was/were+ being+ III Past perf. Had+ been+ III Fut sim Will+ be+ III Fut perf Will+ have+ been+ III Modal Modal+ be+ III Direct Reported Pr. S Past S Pr. C Past C Pr
He has always lived in London. They don’t very often go abroad. He can never remember my name. I have never been to Australia. He is always on time. She is sometimes sad. They are usually very helpful. Her grandfather was always happy to see her. It is always cold in February. Word Order in Negative Sentences To form a negative sentence just put not after the auxiliary or modal verb: I am not a fool. John will not come to the party tonight. It was not my fault. You must not cheat. Jennie could not find her glasses. Don’t make all this noise, I cannot stand it any more! NB! Cannot (can’t for short) is spelt as one word in modern English. Use the first auxiliary, if there is more than one: Peter has not been playing much football lately. 6
The Passive Voice Table of Contents The Passive Voice................................................................................. 2 Tenses in the Passive Voice ................................................................ 2 Modal Verbs and Future in the Passive Voice ................................. 3 The Passive with ’get/have’ ................................................................ 4 When to use the Passive ..................................................................... 5 Verbs with two objects ........................................................................ 5 The Passive with ’by/with’ .................................................................. 6
See taotles massiivseidsümfoonilisi kõlasid ja arendatuma vormiga teoseid. Sagedad olid ootamatud tempo vahetused. W. Herman, D. Brubeck Cool jazz- 40.a lõpp, tagasihoitud tunded ja kammerlik väljenduslaad, tuhm kõla. Pehmetoonilsed pillid(metsasarv, vibrafon). TropetistM. Davisel, altsaksofonist L. Konitz Hard bop-50.a algus. Mustad muusikud. Hoogne jõuline rütm ja tropeti-saksofoni vali koosmäng oktavis. Trummar A. Blakey , kontrabassist Charles Mingus. Modal jazz-50.a teine pool. Diatoonilistel laadidel põhinev harmoonia,kiire tempo. Tenorsaksofonist John Coltrane Free jazz-60.a . Juhuslikud kooskõlad, kummaised meloodiakujundid, vaba muusika. Pianist Cecil Taylor, Albert Ayler, Sunnay Murray. Jazzrock(fusion jazz)-60-70.a. Hakati koku sulatama rocki ja jazzi.Neid ühendab off beat´i puudumine. Esimesse jazz-rock bändi kuulusid trompetist Randy Brecker, altsaksofonist Mike Brecker ja trummar Billy Cobham.
_________ Past Continuous Passive was/were + being + III PV She was writing a book. The book was being written.____ Past Perfect Passive had + been + III PV She had written a book. The book had been written._____ Future Simple Passive will + be + III PV She will write a book. The book will be written.______ Future Perfect Passive will + have + been + III PV She will have written the book. The book will have been written. Modal verbs + be + III PV She should write the book. The book should be written.____
Real conditions (Type I) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks will possibly happen as a result of a real situation. If you train hard, you will succeed in sport. If you don’t train hard, you won’t succeed in sport. We can also use modal verbs (can, may, must, should) instead of verbs in the main clause. If i have enough time, i can visit you. Unreal conditions (Type II) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks would possibly happen in an imaginary situation. If I saw a ghost, I would be scared. If I had wings, I could fly. We can give advice with If I were you. If I were you wouldn’t do that NOTE
Hard bop, funky, soul jazz Viiekümnendatel näis paljudele, et jazz on suundumas süvamuusika poole. See tekitas mustades muusikutes erilist vastuseisu ja soovi uuesti elustada jazz'i afroameerikalikke algeid, alustades uuendustega gospelist. Sellest arendasid nad välja hard bop'i, mille kõrvalzanriteks said funky ja soul jazz. Seda iseloomustab hoogne, jõuline rütm ja trompeti-saksofoni vali koosmäng oktavis või unisoonis. Charles Mingus, Julian Cannonball Adderley, Clifford Brown. Modal jazz Viiekümnendate II poolel algasid otsingud tavapärase jazz-harmoonia avardamiseks. Coltrane ja Davis tulid mõttele asendada tavapärane mazoor-minoor-harmoonia erinevatel diatoonilistel laadidel põhineva harmooniaga. See uus stiil valmistas ka tee valmis free jazz'ile. John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Bill Evans. Free jazz Kuuekümnendaiks hakkas inimesi tüütama juba traditsiooniliseks kujunenud palade ülesehitus ning
A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example: I Condition Result Possibility F she gets good she will go to If the condition is met, then she definitely If grades, university. will go he gets good he may go to If He is not sure about going to university. grades, university.
I've been to France three He said (that) he had been to times. France three times. Read the sentences and turn them in the indirect form. 1. Ralph said, "We have been in the mountains this summer." 2. "We were very happy to spend the weekend at the seaside," said Donald. 3. "We have left the school," said the children. 4. "In 1991 I entered Oxford University," said Henry. Modal Verbs can could I can swim under He said (that) he could water for two minutes. swim under water for two minutes. must had to All tickets must be He said (that) all tickets bought in advance. had to be bought in advance. may might I may call you. He said (that) he might call me. NOTE:
Jazz music has changed, and today there are many different forms of Jazz. Ragtime, famous musicians from that time are Irving Berlin, Ben Harney, Scott Joplin. Then there are dixieland famous musicians from that period is Louis Armstrong. In the 1920-s to the 1930-s there were European jazz and Swing, famous musicians were Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Glenn Miller, Ella Fitzgerald and Frank Sinatra. In the 1940-s to the 1950-s there were bepop, cool jazz (Miles Davis), hard bop, modal jazz, free jazz (Cecil Taylor). In the 1960-s to the 1970-s there were latin jazz, soul jazz, jazz fusion (Miles Davis) and other trends. Nowadays there are pop fusion and other subgenres, also there are many experimental performers. Helen Keller
QUESTIONS 1.) If there is the verb be or modal verb in a sentence, then a question is formed by changing the word order. * We're going to be late. - Are we going to be late? * He can sing - Can he sing? 2.) Present and past simple questions are usually formed with the auxiliary verb do/did/done. The main verb is the infinitive. * They live in Paris - Do they live in Paris? * He saw her today - Did he see her today? 3.) A question can also begin with a question word. Notice that the word order changes * She is dancing. - What is she dancing? NB! Who did Peter phone? (Subject is Peter) Kellele Peeter helistas? Who phoned Peter? (Subject is who) Kes helistas Peetrile? REPORTED QUESTIONS When we ask for information, we often say Do you know...?/ Could you tell me?. If you begin a question like this, the word order is different from a simple question Compare: Where has Tom gone? But Do you know where Tom has gone? * Wh...
refuse, seem, struggle, swear, threaten, volunteer, wait, want, wish · Something, somewhere, anyone, nothing... · Too/enough · It + be + adjective/noun · Be + the first/second/next/last/best · Ask, learn, find out, wonder, want to know, decide, explain kui järgneb (who, what, where, how) · Advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage (when passiv) ALGVORM · Pärast modal verbe (can, should, must) BUT: ought to! · Pärast verbe let, make, see, hear, feel BUT: be made, be heard, be seen + to · Can/could + see/hear + ing · Pärast had better, would rather Forget + to= mitte mäletama Forget + ing= mitte meenutama, minevikus mitte mäletama Remember + to= mitte unustama Remember + ing= meenutama Go on + to= siis Go on + ing= jätkama Mean + to= kavatsema Mean + ing= kaasa lööma, tegelema
Passive: S + will/shall + be + being + PP + by + O EX: Tom will be cooking lunch at 10.00 tomorrow. Lunch will be being cooked by Tom at 10.00 tomorrow. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Future Perfect Tense Active: S + will/shall + have + V3ed + O Passive: S + will/shall + have + been + PP + by + O EX: By the end of next week, he will have written 10 letters to her. By the end of next week, 10 letters will have been written to her. MODAL VERBS (MV) IN PASSIVE VOICE Modal Verbs can be used in either the present or past forms. Active: S + MV (not) + V + O Passive: S + MV (not) + Be + PP + by + O EX: We can't solve this problem. This problem can't be solved. PASSIVE VOICE WITH CAUSATIVE FORM Active: S + Has/Have + O1 + V (BI)+ O2 S + Get + O1 + V (toinfinitive) + O2 Passive: S + Has/Have/Get + O2 + PP EX: My father had Tom wash his car.
begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, help, hope, learn, like, love, mean, offer, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, start, try, want..) USING 1) After some main verbs (let,make, hear, see, watch, feel, notice, help...) In passive sentences make, hear, help are followed by an infinitive with to! Let > allowed in passive sentence My parents let me stay out late. I am allowed to stay out late by my parents. 2) After modal verbs (can, could, may, must, shall, should, will, would) 3) After would rather/had better (You'd better come in now.) 1) Can't bear/stand, like, hate, love, prefere Used with infinitive more specifical situation with gerund more general situation 2) Remember, forget + ing an action that happened before the moment of remembering/forgetting + infinitive an action after the moment of remembering/forgetting 3) Regret
This strip, called the 'Mile Line' was given to Cromwell's soldiers. In 1652 the newly cleared land in Munster and Leinster was given to Protestants in what was called the 'Cromwellian Settlement'. There was now no part of Ireland where Catholics owned more than ½ of the land. The main reason for this was Cromwell's belief in fundamental Protestantism and hatred of Catholicism. He claimed to be acting on God's behalf and expelled about 1000 Catholic priests from Ireland. ~New Modal Army~ The New Model Army of England was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration. It differed from other armies in the series of civil wars referred to as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in that it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country (including in Scotland and Ireland), rather than being tied to a single area or garrison. Its soldiers became full-time professionals,
..........Mexico and..............United States. 2) Next year we are going skiing in.................Swiss Alps.3) .............Seychelles are a group of islands in...........Indian Ocean. 4) ................United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 5) ..............Chicago is on...............Lake Michigan. 6) The highest mountain in Africa is.............Kilimanjaro. 7) ...............River Pärnu flows into...........Baltic Sea. 5. Complete the sentences with modal verbs.(10 p) 1) I....................ask you to help me later. 2) I think you...................try to relax more. 3) Tell Mark he...................tidy his room at once. 4) ....................you translate this for me? 5)......................we stay in one place or travel around? 6) I promise I ....................study hard. 7) You ......................wash my jeans after you borrowed them. 8) The phone is ringing. I ......................answer it. 9) He .................
and plural forms. · Pronouns belonging to other classes (interrogative, relative, indefinite) do not in general have number contrast · Exceptions: this/these, that/those · in current standard English, only the reflexive forms yourself and yourselves preserve a distinction between singular and plural 5. The English verbal system: basic verb types and their characteristics (main/lexical verbs and helping verbs (primary and modal auxiliaries)); verb forms in finite and non-finite verb phrases (examples!); modals and primary auxiliaries (be, do have): their differences (contribution to the VP, finite and non-finite forms) and similarities (the NICE properties); meanings of the modal verbs: epistemic modality, deontic modality, dynamic modality (examples!); types of main verbs: intransitive verbs(has no object), transitive (monotransitive
I will have been taught by Mary. Future perf. cont. Mary will have been teaching me. I will have been taught by Mary. Modals (can, could, may might etc) Modaalverbid Modaalverbid on can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would. Nad väljendavad võimet, luba, soovi jne teha midagi. Kõiki modaale ei saa kasutada inglise keele kõikides aegades, seetõttu on olemas modaalide asemikud (substitutes). Modal Verb Substitute Example must to have to I must talk. = I have to talk. must not not to be allowed to I must not talk = I am not allowed to talk can to be able to I can talk. = I am able to talk.
(let, make, hear, help, see) He made me repeat the exercise. Her parents won`t let her stay out late. I heard her play in Milan. WATCH OUT! In passive sentences make, hear, help are followed by an infinitive with to. He was made to report to the police. Let can not be used in the passive form. Instead, allowed must be used. My parents let me stay out late. I am allowed to stay out late by my parents. After modal verbs You must leave now. After would rather/had better You would better come in now. Verbs followed by a gerund or to-infinitive with a difference in meaning · Can`t bear/ stand, hate, like, love, prefer When these verbs are used with the infinitive, they refer to more specific situations. When they are used with the gerund, they refer to more general situations. The difference in meaning is very slight. I prefer to work on a computer than to write by hand.
4 Used to & would Used to This often contrasts with the present. The contrast may be stated or understood. I used to go swimming a lot (but I don’t now). The negative form is either: I didn't use to or I used not to (rare for some speakers) The form I didn’t used to may also be found. This is usually considered incorrect, unless we consider used to as an unchanging semi-modal form. There is no present time reference possible. Would This is used to describe repeated actions, not states. It describes a habitual activity which was typical of a person. Every week he'd buy his mother a bunch of flowers. Used to would also be possible here. Compare: I used to like cowboy films. Would is not possible here. Would is more common in written language and often occurs in reminiscences. Unfulfilled past events 1
2. Uno Naisoo elulugu................................ ...................................6-7 KASUTATUD ALLIKAD... ...............................................................8 3 Etno jazz Seoses jazzi`i üha suurema rahvusvahelise levikuga on sellele paljudes maades püütud lisada kohaliku rahavamuusika elemete. Selleks andis mõnelgi pool inspiratsiooni modal jazz, mille hramooniline alus tunduvalt erineb varasemate voolude traditsioonilisets harmooniast. Etniline jazz on üks etnomuusika paljudest vormidest. Seda jazzi liiki samastatakse sageli Maailmamuusikaga. Enne 1990-ndaid peeti teda Maailmamuusika eelkäijaks. Etniline jazz kogus populaarsust üheksakümnedate ajal, sel ajaperioodil sai ta ka endale iseseisva nimetuse "etniline jazz". Tihtipeale ei kõla
linnaliikluse korraldamine, ummikutega kaasnevatele probleemidele lahenduse leidmine, „pargi ja reisi“ süsteemi korraldamine ja suurlinna jaotuslogistika (citylogistics), mille raames otsitakse keskkonnasõbralikke transpordi ja logistikalahendusi suurlinna elanikkonna varustamiseks kõige eluks vajalikuga. Suundumusi transpordilogistikas Transpordi ümbersuunamine (modal shift) selliste veoviiside eelistamine, millel on infrastruktuuri läbilaskevõime ülejääk ja mille välismõjud on suhteliselt väikesed „Kasutaja maksab“ Kui transporditeenuse kasutaja tekitab ühiskonnale ükskõik missuguses vormis kulutusi, peab ta need kinni maksma „saastaja maksab“ Kulud, mis tehakse keskkonnasaastuse vältimiseks, piiramiseks ja käitlemiseks, katab saastaja.
unlikely, some are impossible. A. Real Conditionals Real Conditionals refer to situations that are true, have happened, generally happen or are likely to happen. The First Conditional expresses a possible condition and a probable result: If I have time, I will help you. In the if-clause we use the Present Simple, in the main clause will + the verb. We can also use the Present Continuous or Perfect in the if-clause and a Modal Verb in the main clause. If we are having a party tomorrow, we shouldn’t go out tonight. If you have finished with the computer, you should turn it off. It can also be used in offers and suggestions, or warnings and threats. If you need a ticket, I can get you one. If you don’t study harder, you won’t pass the exam. The if-clause usually comes first, but it can come after the main clause. If I hear any news, I’ll phone you
* There are two types of helping verbs in English: Auxiliary verbs can express tense, modality, voice etc. Is/are, was/were, did, has etc. Modality: John can [auxiliary] play [main verb] the piano. Voice: They were [auxiliary] seen [main verb] outside. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express modality. May, might, could, can, will etc. Modality is a semantic category which allows the speaker to express how committed they are to the truth they are saying. 1) Epistemic modality → How committed
8) We had to go........foot. 9) Yesterday we met Bob........the street. 10) Phone me tomorrow morning! I`ll be........home. 11) Next summer I am going........Spain. 12) Susan has been living........this street........1998. 13) The little dog was sitting........the bed. 14) I told them that they really don`t know anything ........me. 15) Are you interested........literature? 16) It depends........the weather. 17) Do you agree........me? 7. Translate using the Modal Verbs. ( 5 points ) 1) Kas sa oskad malet mängida?( oskus ) 2) See on saladus. Sa ei tohi seda kellelegi rääkida.( keeld ) 3) Me peame kiirustama.( käsk ) 4) Kate peaks vähem maiustusi sööma.( soovitus ) 5) Kas ma tohin sinuga kaasa tulla?( luba ) 8. Complete these sentences by adding suitable Personal and Possessive Pronouns. ( 5 points ) e.g. Mary and I do our homework together. 1) If you can`t ski, we will teach........ 2) How will you spend.....
............................ 3 Present Simple ..................................................................... 4 Future Continuous ............................................................... 4 Future Perfect....................................................................... 6 Other ways of referring to the future ..................................... 7 Other future references......................................................... 8 Future Simple In Future Simple we use the modal verb will + the verb. It is the same in all persons. I will work I’ll work you will study you’ll study he will come he’ll come Negative I/you/he/we/they will not write I/you/he/we/they won’t write Question Will you/he/she/we/they come? 1. We often use will as a neutral way of expressing the future. We use will to say what we know or think about the future.
Average speaker 45,000-60,000 words, a total of about 200,000. Core and periphery. English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from Old English, 45% comes from French, 16,7% comes from Latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words and the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. Native and foreign element. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions::but, till, as. Native words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see. Many native words have developed many meanings (nt, hand, man, head). Most native words have become parts of set expressions, borrowed words haven't.
tava sides6naga and. but. or 1t. They fished ull doy. thel didnl catch a rhinp. Theyfithed oll doy. hut 1they1 diJni rrrch o Ihing. o Pdhiverbid (Muin verbs) on tiiisliihenduslikud: pla-r, write jt. o Abiverbid (Auriliury verbs) be, do, htrve, shall, will aitavad moodustada ajavorme. IIe i,s pltqting I hoye vritlen tt leller. . Modaalvcrbid (Modal verbs'1 can, nlay, nzrst jt niiitavad k6neleja suhtun.rist infinitiiviga viiljen- datud tegevusse. I tnt;l work hard (kohustus). You may coue in (ltba'. Verbi pdhivormid Reeglipiirased ja ebareeglipiirased erbid Verbil on neli p6hivonni, mis on aluseks ajavormide (Regulat onJ irregular verbs rn ood url arn i
.... world. 17 I usually listen to ..... radio while I'm having ..... breakfast. 18 I like ..... sport. My favourite sport is ..... basketball. 19 Julia is ..... doctor. Her husband is ..... art teacher. 20 My flat is on ..... second floor. Turn left at ..... top of .....stairs, and it's on .....right. 21 After ..... dinner, we watched ..... television. 22 Last year we had ..... wonderful holiday in ..... south of ..... France. Modal verbs can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, need, dare. - always have the same form - there is no -s ending - no -ing form - no -ed form (except - dare) - after the modal verbs we use the infinitive without to. · ability - can, could, ( be able to) I can swim. Sarah could play the piano when she was very young. If we go to town, I'll be able to do some shopping. ___________________________________________________________________
completely assimilated phonetically(nt, police, prestige, mascine). 4)words not assimilated grafically (nt, ballet, buffet, café). Barbarisms or unassimilated words they sound strange. (nt, ciao). The degree of assimilation depends on the time of borrowing. The older the borrowing, the greater the degree. If borrowed words are widely used , they may be assimilated. (nt, clinic). 19. Words of native origin. Influence of borrowings. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions(but, till, as. National words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see. Many native words have developed many meanings (nt, hand, man, head). Most native words have become parts of set expression, borrowed words haven't. (nt, heart- to
· Automaatne sõidupäeviku pidamine · Kauba liikumise monitooring Raadioandmeside Infopangad transpordi- ja tagastuslogistika kohta, veotellimuste siirdumine virtuaalkeskkonda · Tootmise spetsialiseerumine ja konsentreerumine Rahvusvaheline konkurents kasvab ja multinatsionaalsed kontsernid püüavad väiksemaid ettevõtteid haarata oma jaotusvõrkudesse · Väikesaadetiste puhul tagasipöördumine kergliiklusvahendite juurde · Transpordi ümbersuunamine (modal shift) selliste veoviiside eelistamine, millel on infrastruktuuri läbilaskevõime ülejääk ja mille välismõjud on suhteliselt väikesed 11. Raudteeveod · Definitsioon-Raudteeveeremiga raudteeinfrastruktuuril reisijate ja/või kaupade vedu, sh oma- ja majandusvedu, ning sellega kaasnevate teenuste (kommertsteenused) osutamine. Omavedu raudteetranspordis: raudtee-ettevõtja raudteevedu oma tarbeks oma kulul.
Verbs are either regular (cough, coughs, coughing, coughed) or irregular (speak, speaks, spoke, speaking, spoken). There are three main grammatical classes of verb: lexical (walk, put, love), auxiliary (do, be, have) and modal (can, must, will). Lexical and auxiliary verbs indicate contrasts of tense, person and number. adjective omadussõna, Describes the qualities, features or states attributed to a a nice room, a happy girl, the blue adjektiiv noun or pronoun. sky
ning ka muude sünteeskiududega. Omadused: · soe, · pehme, · kerge · vähe kortsuv, · talub hästi päikesevalgust · talub enamikke kemikaale, · rebimisele ja hõõrdumisele vähem vastupidav. Hooldus: · pesta käsitsi või õrnpesu programmiga temperatuuril 40° C · trummelkuivatus on keelatud · enamasti ei vaja triikimist, vajadusel max 110 - 130° C · kudumeid ei tohi kuumniiskelt töödelda (aurutada) Modal ...on keemiline tehiskiud, koostiselt puhas tselluloos. Kasutatakse puuvilla, villa ja villatüüpi sünteeskiududega segatuna sukkpükste, pesu, kudumite, särgi-, ülikonna- ja mantliriide valmistamisel. Segatuna teiste kiududega muudab modaal toote pehmemaks, kergemaks ja läikivamaks. Omadused: · kortsub vähe, · märjalt on puuvillast nõrgem, · tuhmiläikeline. Hooldus: · pesta 60° C juures
10 I don't believe she is from Argentina. (can't) She ________________________________________________________. Marks: /10 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2001. This sheet may be photocopied for use in class. 17 3 Rewrite these sentences correcting the modal verbs. 1 The fires may have start as a result of the hot weather. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 The police found a gun nearby. It must been the weapon used by the murderer. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 You mustn't have closed the window last night because I found it open this morning.
, 2004). Emotion regulation in relation.. 6 1.2 The effect of emotion regulation strategies in response to psychological stress. Humans, whether interacting with each other or their environment have emotional reactions that are individually regulated. Emotion is a response to a situation that one considers to be relevant to his or her goals (Gross & Thomson, 2007). Gross and Thomson (2007) have presented a modal model of emotion, that illustrates the process; situation attention appraisal response. Situation can be either external or an internal mental presentation that is attended to on the basis of an individual appraisal that leads to emotional response. This emotional response can influence the situation and can change behaviour. These emotional responses are linked to changes in autonomic and neuroendocrine systems, which are essential for metabolic support when preparing the body for action
He argued that Searle had not backed far enough away from Russell, for Searle's view inherits problems of much the same kinds; rather, the whole Descriptivist picture of proper names is misguided. The theory of reference has never been the same. Kripke's critique Objection 3 Suppose that "Richard Nixon" is equivalent to "the winner of the 1968 U.S. Presidential election." And now consider a question about possibil- ity. (Questions about possibility and necessity are called modal questions; more about these in the next chapter.) Could Richard Nixon have lost the 1968 election? The answer seems unequivocally to be "Yes," assuming that "could" here expresses merely theoretical, logical, or metaphysical possibility rather than something about the state of our knowledge. But according to the Description Theory, our question means the same as (9) Is it possible that: one and only one person won the 1968 election
(6) Sk ¬S; S (5,2; MT) ¬Sk (7) Brown osales koosolekul. (6,3) (7) Sk V Bk; ¬Sk (6,3; DS) Bk (8) Brown ei aidanud seifi avada. (7,2) (8) (Bk ¬B); Bk (7,2; MP) ¬B Robinson aitas seifi avada. (8,5) £ S & (B R); ¬B (8,5; DS) S&R 34_fl_vi-x L9 MODAALLOOGIKAST(ik modal logic) Sõna modaalsus (ld. modus `mõõt', `vahend') tähendab hinnangut, mille abil täpsustatakse otsustuse (S-P) terminite sisulist seost. Modaalse otsustuse üldvalem: M (S-P), Kus M on modaliteet ehk operaator: nii tähistatakse igasuguseid mõisteid, mis sobivad otsustuse (S-P) terminite sisulise seose täpsustamiseks. Nt: "on kindel (M), et poliitikud i tee midagi (S-P)"; "on hea (M), et ma olen rumal (S-P)." Modaalsete otsustuste liike on väga palju.
The chart 4 She would have been about indicates that very few people over the fifteen when she learned to cook. Challenge! Students' own answers age of 65 use the Internet while on the 5 I wouldn't want to eat fish every move, which is hardly surprising given day. 8E Modal verbs page 70 that the display is very small and difficult to read if you are long-sighted, and 6 When my mum was pregnant she 1 1 do we have to / must we roughly equal numbers of 1317-year- would crave doughnuts. 2 can olds and 1824-year-olds use it.
instruments: Example 121. Necessary variety is introduced at the beginning of the second movement. This material is episodic and represents variations of the basic theme. This episodic material will also terminate the work in the wide orchestral arrangement of the third movement. There is not much to be said about the development, which is built up logically. There are clusters in the harmony and, in connection with additional images, it can be seen as modal. The texture has been divided into five zones, and each of them proceeds in its own tonality. Thus, A major, F sharp major, E flat major and C major are sounded 1 First performed on 12 Dec. 1976 by a chamber ensemble and the State Male Choir, conducted by Olev Oja. 2 First performed on 5 Nov. 1970 by ERSO, conducted by Roman Matsov simultaneously. Imitation and counterpoint used are “spinning” round in a similar scheme. The timbres are just means of construction
väitlausetele tekivad modaalsed laused. Tänaseks on uuritud ka paljusid teisi modaalsusi, mõnda neist käsitletakse ka allpool, nt modaalsusi ,,kohustuslik" või ,,keelatud". Modaalses1 lauses esineb üks või mitu moodaalsust väljendavat operaatorit. Modaalses lauses võivad esineda ka kvantorid ning modaalse predikaatloogika abil saab kirja panna suhtelauseid. Modaalne loogika on klassikalise loogika üldistus, mitte alternatiiv sellele. Modaalse loogika (modal logic) tekkele viinud küsimustega tegeles juba Aristoteles. Ta uuris paratamatust ja võimalikkustning käsitles ka süllogisme, milles esinevad nii paratamatud kui ka võimalikud väited. Aristotelese panust arendati edasi antiikajal ning skolastikute poolt, ent siis jäi see küsimuste ring tähelepanu alt välja kuni XX sajandi alguseni. Erandiks oli G. W. Leibniz (16461716), kes tegeles võimalike maailmade küsimusega
Andmeid, mis kirjeldavad tunnust kvantitatiivselt, saab esitada graafiliselt, näidates, millise sagedusega teatavad väärtused jaotuvad. Horisontaaltelg, x-telg näitab tunnuse erinevaid väärtusi (näiteks kasvu) populatsiooni erinevate indiviidide korral, vertikaaltelg aga nende väärtuste sagedust. Jälgiti näiteks nisu küpsemist päevades 40 taime puhul. Vt. õpikust Joonis 5.4 (vanas õpikus 25.9). Keskmine ja modaalklass (The Mean and Modal Class). Valimi keskmine (sample mean) X arvutatakse sel viisil, et summeeritakse kõigi isendite andmed ( Xi) ning jagatakse need vaadeldud isendite arvuga n. Joonisel 25.9 on keskmine näidatud kolmnurgaga. X= Xi /n Joonisel 25.9 on F1 ja F2 järglaste keskmine terade küpsemise aeg vastavalt 62,20 ja 63,72 päeva. See on veidi lühem aeg kui vanemate keskmistest (55,85 ja 72,47 päeva) arvutatud keskmine (average of the means), mis on 64,16 päeva.
Andmeid, mis kirjeldavad tunnust kvantitatiivselt, saab esitada graafiliselt, näidates, millise sagedusega teatavad väärtused jaotuvad. Horisontaaltelg, x-telg näitab tunnuse erinevaid väärtusi (näiteks kasvu) populatsiooni erinevate indiviidide korral, vertikaaltelg aga nende väärtuste sagedust. Jälgiti näiteks nisu küpsemist päevades 40 taime puhul. Vt. õpikust Joonis 5.4 (vanas õpikus 25.9). Keskmine ja modaalklass (The Mean and Modal Class). Valimi keskmine (sample mean) X arvutatakse sel viisil, et summeeritakse kõigi isendite andmed ( Xi) ning jagatakse need vaadeldud isendite arvuga n. Joonisel 25.9 on keskmine näidatud kolmnurgaga. X= Xi /n Joonisel 25.9 on F1 ja F2 järglaste keskmine terade küpsemise aeg vastavalt 62,20 ja 63,72 päeva. See on veidi lühem aeg kui vanemate keskmistest (55,85 ja 72,47 päeva) arvutatud keskmine (average of the means), mis on 64,16 päeva.
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