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Anglo-Norman period (0)

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Anglo-norman period (1066-1300)
The normans
  • The name derives from “the Northmen”
  • Descendants of the Vikings
  • Seized the north - western part of France
      • The area known as Normandy
  • Adopted French customs and Christianity
  • Norman-French (their version of French).

1066

Trilingual culture

Language and social class

Feudalism
  • William’s power consolidated by a combination of feudal practices from the continent and old Saxon customs
  • Wanted to keep his followers from getting too powerful
    • Gave the nobles land
    • Scattered them all over England ( could not gather power in one area)
    • Took about 20% of England’s land for himself
      • Showing that it was the primary source of power
    • Demanded a large feudal army from the barons
  • England came to resemble the feudal monarchy of France
  • Built around 500 castles
  • Against local uprisings and foreign invasions
  • Used Saxon institutions to great advantage
  • Demanded from each freeman a personal oath of loyalty
  • Took precedence over feudal oaths vassals paid their lords
  • Result : strengthening ties of loyalty to the king
  • Continued to collect the only non-feudal tax in Western Europe
  • Based on the Danegeld
  • Allowed the Church to set up its own independent court system
  • Kept tight control of the elections bishops, archbishops and abbots
    • Saw them as his ministers
    • Entrusted them with much local power and responsibility
  • Used the Anglo-Saxon officials, earls and sheriffs to look after the king’s interests

The angevin empire
  • Henry II came to throne in 1155 (up to 1189 )
  • One of England’s greatest monarchs
  • Before him: feudal anarchy, civil wars
  • As a feudal ruler, had to deal with the privileges and obligations of his noble vassals
  • As a king, claimed special rights and privileges to increase his power
  • Famous for his legal reforms
  • Previously, private citizens had to bring charges against criminals
  • Result: suspects prevented this by intimidating their victims
  • Citizens had to pay a severe penalty when they lost
  • Result: few people brought cases to court
  • Henry II had the state bring suspects to trial
  • Established grand juries
  • Gathering evidence , submitting the names of likely suspects
  • failure to do this resulted in heavy fines
  • Results : more cases brought to trial, a greater degree of law and order , the king made money from court revenues
  • Henry II remembered for his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine
  • Her lands gave him control over one-third of France
  • Problems: Philip II of France (much weaker, but technically Henry II’s overlord for his French lands) was stirring up trouble and revolts
  • Henry II had problems with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket
  • Once his close ally
  • Several disagreements
  • The bishop tragically murdered by four overly eager knights (1170)

Richard I
  • Henry II’s older son
  • Ruled 1189- 1199
  • Known as Richard the Lionheart
    • Reputation as a great military leader and warrior
      • A central Christian commander during the Third Crusade
  • Put down rebellions against his father before becoming king
  • Spent very little time in England
  • Seen as a pious hero
  • One of the few Kings of England remembered by his epithet

John Lackland
  • Ruled 1199-1216
  • Got into trouble
    • Quarrel with Pope Innocent III
      • Excommunicated
    • Overtaxing England for war against France
      • Lost the war
  • Result: a revolt of the English barons
  • Forced John to sign the Magna Charta in 1215

Edward I
  • Reigned 1272-1307
  • Known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots
  • A strong king
    • Re-established royal authority over the nobles
    • Conquered Scotland and Wales
  • Remembered for his governmental reforms
    • The evolution of Parliament
    • Originally, parliament was any meeting of the king and his vassals to talk (parley), usually over taxes
    • Negotiating taxes with each town and shire was difficult
  • Called the Model Parliament in 1295
    • Representatives from all three estates

Parliament
  • Parliament became important for a couple of reasons :
    • England being an island enhanced its trade and the status of the middle class
      • The middle class merchants and lower nobility thrown together in the House of Commons
      • Their common interests led to a powerful combination capable of challenging royal power
    • England being an island faced few invasions
      • Little need for heavy taxes to pay for expensive armies
      • This left England’s kings relatively weak
  • By the 1600’s, Parliament had the power and right to usurp the king’s authority

Debate poems
  • A favourite form of poetry in the Middle Ages
  • An interest in dichotomies
    • Spiritual dichotomies
    • Natural dichotomies
      • The sun and the moon
      • Seasons
      • Genders
      • Young and old age
  • These issues represented in medieval debate poetry
  • Debates had a firm position in the educational system
    • Students were trained in the art of disputation
    • Debating taught them how to use logic to reach a conclusion
    • The object of disputations: to get one’s opponent into a position which no argument could get him out of
    • On a higher level, one could use tricks
    • If a contestant used one of his opponent’s arguments, he would lose the debate
  • Debating popular in law schools
    • Students had to be prepared for how to argue for a living
    • Students should remain calm and composed to win the debate with pure logic

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