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Native Americans (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid
Native Americans.
¤ over 500 nations/tribes
¤ closeness to nature
¤ europeans came for the free land
¤ less civilized
¤ they lived in teepee’s
¤ they hunted buffalos for food, clothing
BERENGIA- Land Bridge connecting Asia (Siberia) to Alaska 1500 km wide North to South
65 000 B.P ( before the present ) rised out of the sea to 40 000 B.P a wave when people came from west.
36 000-32 000 B.P arrived people
CHEROKEE. Southeast U.S- their heartland, not on the ocean .
Lanuage + customs + weapons-> related to IROQUIS family of nations (Iroquis lived around Great Lakes )
1300 A.D. established in South East U.S
Classical Cherokee Civilization – 16th -19th centuries
MATERINEAL-(„ mother line“) women controlled home, family, children , inheritana, clan membership.
Men hunted and made babies.
Cherokee Wedding Ceremony- ¤groom brings meat („ hunter “) ¤ bride brings other food (grains, berries etc.) -> prooves that she’s „homemaker“ They step on the Ceremonial Blanket-> family. A girl got her name from older females. Boys were given a soft, sweet nickname. Boys got a new name, when they got older. Boy-> „ Vision guest“- passage to adulthood. Ceremony->spirtual discovery .
Holding man/ medicine man/ shamom gives permanent name .
¤ The husband moves into the wifes village, allows to live there . Wifes were free to devorce.
WEAPONS. Short spear (1 m) made from river reed (bamboo). Stone or bone tip/point. „Throwing stick
1539. – Hernando de Soto (concistator) they tried to look for „ Eldorado
They were no highly developed metal. Bow was made of hickory wood , strings were made of bear hair.
Cherokee canoe, hollowed-out tree trunks, flat square front +flat bottom . 20 men.
They used poles -shallow water, paddles-deeper water, speed .
ARTS+CRAFTS
Bone, stone, wood. Clay.
Earrings, necklaces, ceremonial pipes, special stone balls ( game ) carvings of animals . Baskets from river reeds. Bowls from river clay.
Intricate designs+craftsmanship.
GREEN CORN FESTIVAL .
During (around) full moon , when corn was ready .
Holy Man- light +tend sacred fire
Eating corn- bread , soup,roasted corn, etc.
Lacrosse .
Music. 1) Water drum-clay pot with skin stretched on top. 2-3cm of water.
2) River cane flute-30 cm long, 6 holes
3) Trumpet-buffalo horn or long necked gourd.
4) Turtle -shell rattle
Unusual music, instrumental+lyrical music. Lyrics :family+ tribe : sometimes meaningless, syllables. Men were usually composers. Great emotional depth.
RELIGION .
Certain numbers were important .
4: a) elements: earth, air, fire, water b) directions (north etc.)
7: a) directions: north etc. + up, down, centre
7- purity, sacredness-it was occosiated with owl+ cougar (wild cat),
days of creation,
state of perfetion: pine , spruce, hollybush, * udor
Circle : important symbol ,
Ceremonial dances moved in circular directions
Rivers . „Long Man“ – „ going to water“ –spirtual cleansing.
Good is rewarded and evil punished.
Witchcraft -regular and killer witches : Raven ,Mockers.
Medicine men/ woman : 1) preserve knowledge 2) preside at ( lead ) ceremonies must remain in „ perfect health“
Beloved Women“ –one selected from each clan, member of the council of chiefs, responsible for prisoners ->decide their fate, peace negotiations.
Names very powerful
Priests mostly heriditory.
Child born under unusual circumstanses-> seen on potential prophet/visionary. Child was the only one allowed to seek out.
Little people“-looked like cherokees, exept they were little and had long hair, they were invisible, lived away from villages, liked drumming & dancing , lived in caves. Helped children who were „lost“.
Mischevous (played tricks) : not to be disturbed.
If you see a „little people“ you weren’t allowed to talk about it for 7 years !
After you die, continous as a ghost.
FIRE CEREMONY & STOMP DANCE
Fire is a gift from the Great Spirit .
It separates man from animals, makes civilization possible.
A sacred fire- lit tended by priest – usually of oak wood, at bottom of pit.
Ceremony:
Sunrise-fire is lift by the priest, sit talking .
¤aboutimportant issues + women prepare food for the day
Afternoon ceremonies -> to love all mankind , stichball game
Sundown-ceremony cief lights ceremonial pipe : „sacrifice meat to Sacred people“
Stomp dance: flat sunken area with seats on all 4 sides : around the sacred fire.
Moved in counter- clockwise direction ..............
Rythm is hypnotic and spiritual .
WINDY MOON ( March )
New year begins , prepare for planting
FLOWER MOON (April)
Time of many births, blooming of medicinal (spiritual) plants .
Rituals to „Long Man“ (spirit of rivers)
„Knee deep dance of the water frog“
PLANTING MOON (May)
Beginning planting: corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, yams, potatoes+sunflower.
GREEN CORN MOUNTH ( June )
First green corn
Preparation for growing season festivals .
ANIGADUGI SOCIETY (volunteer group that helps poor elderly + sick) active
RIPE CORN MOON ( July )
Dances+celebrations dedicated to Earth Mother
FRUIT MOON (August)
Cathering fruits , herbs+other medicinal plants
NUT MOON (September)
Festival honoring SELU (Spirit of the corn, aka. Firts Woman)
Beginning of main hunting season
HARVEST MOON (October)
Give thanks for good harvest.
TRADING MOON (November)
The main mounth. Trading between villages+with other tribes.
Friendship Festival –all signs forgiven (exept murders)
Recall the time before „world selfishness+greed“
Make sure needy are ready for winter .
SNOW MOON (Dec)
Time, when Earth and people rest, when elders teach young people.
COLD MOON (January)
Personal+family rituals
Fasting + purification
Repair tools
Continue education of kids
New fires are made
Celebration of arrival of the morning , star ( Venus ) in the East.
BONY MOON (February)
Feasts to remember ancestors. Family meal with places set for the dead. „Medicine dance“
WOLF CLAN
Red, largest, war chiefs
BLUE /PANTHER CLAN
Job was to make medicine
LONG - HAIR CLAN (Twister Clan)
Peace chiefs, yellow
BIRD CLAN
Experts of killing birds , messengers, skilled with blow guns
DEER CLAN
Spiritual keepers, fast runners, their colour was brown .
WILD POTATO (bear) CLAN
They made bread from potatoes. Their colour was green.
PAINT CLAN
Medicine men/Priests
Make special red war paint
Keepers of sacred cristals-which are used to determine guilt in murder trials
CEREMONIAL PIPES.
Used to ask guidance from Great Spirit. Your heart speaks the truth .
7 SACRED DIRECTIONS
1. North-blue,winter, peace+self-reflection(meditation)
2. South-white(sunlight) summer, corn, happy children, plentyful meat
3. East-assoiciated with red, spring , dawn, rebirth , new beginnings
4. West- black , autumn, death , „the shadow life of the spirit“
5. Up- yellow, the sun, the creator, the Great Spirit
6. Down-brown, Mother Earth+all of her goodness
7. Centre- green, self, dedication to purity+honesty
DANCE
Ensures personal health+health of society
Scare away evil spirits
Dramatic Art
Religous rituals
Historical documentary
Prophecy
CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS
Group of Spanish concistadores-Hernando de Soto. 1540.
By 1650 -1/2 cherokees killed by smallpox.
1740 - Chief Kalanu (the raven) fought with British General Oglethrophe against Spanish in Florida .
French+ Indian War ( 1754 -1783)
Col. George Washington sought cherokee help.
1762. –Ostenaco->London, he met with King George the third.
During American Revolution (1775-1783)
1793.-asked Spanish King for protection from American settlers .
Washington-give education to Indians (Cherokeer), no violence towards Indians, paid for their.land
1789-1797.-fairly peaceful relations against Spansih land
After 1800.-Cherokees began to adopt economic+ political structure of Americans.
They get agricultural+animal husbandry ideas-Americans.
1821.-chief sequoyah invited system of writing
Nearly 100% literacy .
Writtenconsitution.
1828-Cherokee newspaper
White settlers demanded that cherokees moved west of Mississippi river
Henry Clay, Daniel Webster+ Davy Crockett spoke in defence of cherokees
1830-Pres. Andrew Jackson signed Indian Removal act
1835.-some cherokees agreed to leave
1837.- U.S Supreme Court rules in favor of cherokees.
Jackson refused to accept court’s decision + ordered army to round up cherokees (he braked the law)
1838.-„Trail of tears “ ¼ (4000) died on a 1200-mile forced march to the indian territory (now Oklahoma )
1838.- 1000 escaped in North Carolina mountains
Will Thomas adopted cherokee, brought 56000 acres+ gave it to cherokees-> eastern cherokees
Nation +opened much of their land to white settlers
Set up schools , churches..
Late 1800’s congress abolished Cherokee Nation
1887.-Dawes Act-> a new „Cherokee Nation“ disolved.
1954.-cherokee nation recognized as a „Federally Recognised Tribe“
Today many (most) cherokees live in northeast Oklahoma
1987.-U.S Congress officially recognized „Trail of tears National Historic Trial“
Native Americans #1 Native Americans #2 Native Americans #3 Native Americans #4 Native Americans #5
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