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Aniliini riskianalüüs (eng) (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid
Tallinna tehnikaülikool
Riski- ja ohutusõpetus keemiatööstuses
Referaat:
Kemikaali riskianalüüs
Aniliin
Õppejõud: Karin Reinhold
Üliõpilane: ХХХ
Kood: 000000ХХХ
Tallinn 2012
  • Introduction
    Aniline (also known as phenylamine or aminobenzene) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. Consisting of a phenyl group attached to an amino group, aniline is the prototypical aromatic amine .
    The largest application of aniline is for the preparation of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. The majority of aniline serves this market . Other uses include rubber processing chemicals (9%), herbicides (2%), and dyes and pigments (2%). Illustrative of the drugs prepared from aniline is paracetamol. The principal use of aniline in the dye industry is as a precursor to indigo , the blue of blue jeans .
    Like most volatile amines, it possesses the unpleasant smell of rotten fish .
  • Physico-chemical properties
    Name: Alinine
    CAS number: 62-53-3
    IUPAC name: Phenylamine
    Molecular formula: C6H5NH2
    Physical properties:
    Molar mass: 93.13 g/mol
    Appearance: colorless liquid
    Density: 1.0217 g/mL,
    Melting point: -6.3 °C
    Boiling point: 184.13 °C, 457 K, 363 °F
    Solubility in water: 3.6 g/100 mL at 20°C
    Solubility in ethanol : perfectly
    Viscosity: 3.71 cP (3.71 mPa·s at 25 °C)
    pH: >7
    log Pow: 0.90/0.98
    Koc: 25,5
  • Kinetics and metabolism
    The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion, also as a vapour. The mean lethal dose of aniline may be between 15 and 30 grams.
    In case of short- term exposure the substance is irritating to the eyes and the skin. The substance may cause effects on the blood , resulting in the formation of methaemoglobin. Exposure at high levels may result in death .
    Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance may have effects on the blood, resulting in formation of methaemoglobin.
    Tends to accumulate in the body, especially in bladder. Often leads to bladder cancer . Aniline was tested on animals , but in mice was observed no increase in tumour incidence, in rats, it produced fibrosarcomas, sarcomas and haemangiosarcomas of the spleen and peritoneal cavity.
  • Behavior in the wild
    Not found in nature . If appears , starts oxidation. In reactions localized at nitrogen or more commonly results in the formation of new C-N bonds. In alkaline solution , azobenzene results, whereas arsenic acid produces the violet -coloring matter violaniline. Chromic acid converts it into quinone, whereas chlorates, in the presence of certain metallic salts (especially of vanadium), give aniline black . Hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate give chloranil. Potassium permanganate in neutral solution oxidizes it to nitrobenzene, in alkaline solution to azobenzene, ammonia and oxalic acid, in acid solution to aniline black. Hypochlorous acid gives 4-aminophenol and para-amino diphenylamine. Oxidation with persulfate affords a variety of polyanilines compounds. These polymers exhibit rich redox and acid-base properties.
  • Toxicity data on chemical
  • General toxicity
    • Acute toxicity after single administration

    The average lethal inhalation dose for humans is reported to be 25 mg/l air or 0.35-1.43 g/kg bodyweight. With respect to methaemoglobin formation the no- effect dose of aniline in adult human is about 0.2 mg/kg bodyweight. In animal experiments the acute toxicity of aniline shows significant species differences , with cats being much more sensitive than conventional laboratory animals.
    • General toxicity after repeated administration

    The main endpoint of aniline after repeated dosing is toxicity to the haematopoietic system with erythrotoxicity, methaemoglobinaemia, haemolytic anaemia and formation of Heinz bodies, with corresponding changes of the spleen, the bone marrow, the kidneys and the liver . The damaged red blood cells are scavenged predominantly in the red pulp of the spleen, followed by increased haemosiderin accumulation . Experience from humans after repeated oral intake gives indications of haematotoxicity at dosages from 0.4 mg/kg bw/day.
  • Reproduction toxity

    The critical exposure level for potential developmental toxicity has been determined to be 150 mg/ person /day or 15 mg/m3.
    • Reproduction toxicity

    No effects in any of the organs of the reproductive system of either males or females (for mice). No information is available on the reproductive effects of aniline in humans.
    • Teratogenicity

    Toxic starting from 21 mg aniline/kg bw/day.
  • Carcinogenicity
    Aniline is currently classified as carcinogenic, category 3 and labelled with R40 “limitedevidence of a carcinogenic effect”. Animal studies have shown an increase in tumors of the spleen in rats exposed to aniline hydrochloride. EPA calculated an oral cancer slope factor of 5.7 x 10-3 (mg/kg/d) -1 and an oral unit risk estimate of 1.6 × 10-7 (µg/L)-1.
  • Genotoxicity and mutagenicity
    Aniline did not induce unscheduled DNA repair in primary human or rat hepatocytes. In mice, aniline induced micronuclei in several studies, but only at very high dose levels in the toxic range. Negative results have been found in the analysis of sperm head anomalies and equivocal results in the dominant lethal test.
  • Other toxic effects, e.g. immunotoxicity and local toxicity - No information available.
  • Ecotoxicity
    Toxic to aquatic organisms. Accumulates in their bodies.
  • Contact
    The primary method of obtaining aniline - restoration of nitrobenzene. Not found in nature.
    To my regret there is no information about aniline contact with humans on the internet , so I will just make a guess and inference from all I have raed on this theme.
    Aniline can be dangerous to workers during transport (damage equipment , etc.)
    Dyes are made from aniline, chemists who are engaged, are at risk of poisoning. Aniline can be absorbed through the skin or by inhalation. Thus, the danger increases . If the worker does not use all the means of protection , it is subjected to greater risk. A large number of workers in chemical. industry (aniline factories) is in danger of aniline poisoning: textile (dyeing and printing ), pharmaceutical ( manufacturing of neo-salvarsan) and rubber (using aniline as a solvent). At the comfortable aniline factories whole process of getting aniline from start to finish is mechanized, and workers do not have any contact with raw products , semi- finished and finished products, or inhale the fumes. Yet even here we have such cases (break pipes, damage equipment, etc.), under which can turn acute poisoning of workers. At the same time uncomfortable factories there are favorable conditions for both acute and chronic toxicity for workers.
    Aniline is very dangerous for marine animals, as accumulated in the bodies and leads to death.
    Also should be noted that alcohol consumption increases the toxicity aniline.
  • Toxicity, hazard and risk analysis
    Nowadays norms on aniline in Estonia are: 4 mg/m3 and for short-time contact 8 mg/m3.
    In the case of continuous operation with aniline, there is a constant inhalation of its vapor and skin contact. As a result, cancer develops. We know a lot of such cases.
    On the factories where is produced aniline people work not in isolated areas . Because of this, aniline steam are being inhaled by a lot of those workers who even do not work with aniline.
    Danger: leak of aniline to the ponds
    Source of risk: the human factor, broken pipes
    Results: death of aquatic organisms, intoxication, may be some unknown results
    Damages due to accident : 3C
    Life and health – B – limited. Some toxins can enter the human body through the eaten fish.
    Environment – D – heavy . Serious damage to ecosystems .
    Property – depends on leak rate .
    Danger: inhaled vapor 3C
    Source of risk: work without protection, human factor
    Results: acute and chronic toxicity for workers
    Damages due to accident:
    Life and health – E – very heavy. Death danger, can be injured people, who do not work with aniline
    Environment – B – limited. Too much aniline vapor can also influence the environment
    Property – A - no danger.
    Danger: adsorbed through skin aniline 3B
    Source of risk: work without protection, human factor
    Results: acute and chronic toxicity for workers
    Damages due to accident:
    Life and health – D – heavy. Death danger.
    Environment – A – no danger
    Property – A - no danger.
    To reduce the risk of intoxication with aniline:
    If you spilled a significant amount of aniline all work must be cancelled immediately, all people should leave the room , the window should be opened. The elimination of accidents must be thrown in gas masks, rubber boots and rubber gloves.
    All work with aniline should be carried out in a fume hood or in areas with a good supply and exhaust ventilation.
    We need to monitor carefully the quality of containers and the pipeline to not let happened leakage of the substance.
  • Comments
    Very few information on this substance.
    Here are some tables of classification of risks.
    Tõenäosus
    Sagedus
    1 Mittetõeline
    Vähem kui kord 25 aasta jooksul
    2 Vähe tõenäoline
    Vähemalt kord 25 aasta jooksul
    3 Tõenäoline
    Vähemalt kord 5 aasta jooksul
    4 Väga tõenäoline
    Vähemalt kord aastas
    5 Sage
    Vähemalt kord kuus
    Klass/aste
    Elu ja tervis
    Elutähtis valdkond
    Keskkond
    Vara (eur)
    A Puudub
    Ei ohusta
    Ei ohusta
    Ei ohusta
    Ei ohusta
    B Piiratud
    Tervisehäired ja vigastused, mis ei vaja haiglaravi ning millega ei kaasne jäädavaid kahjustusi
    Lühiajalised häired valdkonna toimimises
    Kahjud, mis kaovad ise ilma muid tagajärgi põhjustamata või on likvideeritavad päästetööde käigus
    Kahju suurus vähem kui 50 tuh.
    C Tõsine
    Haiglaravi või jäädavad tervisekahjustused
    Vajalik tagavarasüsteemide või alternatiivmeetmete rakendamine
    Täielikult taastuv või taastatav kahju, mis mõjutab ümbritsecvat elukeskkonda või millest tulenevalt tulebkehtsetada ajutisi piiranguid
    Kahju suurus 50 – 100 tuh.
    D Raske
    Õnnetused, mis lõppevad surmaga või kus kannatanute arv ületab piirkonda teenindava tervishoiuasutuse võimalused
    Valdkonna ajutine mittetoimimine vähendab oluliselt elukeskkonna ohutust
    Elukeskkonna pikaajaline või tõsine kahjustus, mis in suuremas osas taastatav või taastuv
    Kahju suurus 100 – 500 tuh.
    E Väga raske
    Hukkunute arv üle 20; kannatanute arv ületab riikliku tervishoiusüsteemi poolt tagatud efektiivse teenindamise võimalused. Vajalik asustatud piirkonna evakueerimine
    Valdkond on täielikult lakatud toimimast
    Taastumatu ja taastamatu või lokaalselt elukeskkonna hävingut põhjustav kahju
    Kahju suurus 500 tuh. – 2 mlj.
    9. Literature
  • Vasakule Paremale
    Aniliini riskianalüüs-eng #1 Aniliini riskianalüüs-eng #2 Aniliini riskianalüüs-eng #3 Aniliini riskianalüüs-eng #4 Aniliini riskianalüüs-eng #5 Aniliini riskianalüüs-eng #6 Aniliini riskianalüüs-eng #7
    Punktid 10 punkti Autor soovib selle materjali allalaadimise eest saada 10 punkti.
    Leheküljed ~ 7 lehte Lehekülgede arv dokumendis
    Aeg2012-05-14 Kuupäev, millal dokument üles laeti
    Allalaadimisi 38 laadimist Kokku alla laetud
    Kommentaarid 0 arvamust Teiste kasutajate poolt lisatud kommentaarid
    Autor Talve Rauta Õppematerjali autor
    Anillini iseloomustus, füüsiko-keemilised omadused, kineetika ja metabolism, selle toksilisuse omadused ja riskid.

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