Vajad kellegagi rääkida?
Küsi julgelt abi LasteAbi
Logi sisse

Pay-for performance: necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid
TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF  TECHNOLOGY   
Faculty of Social  Sciences

Ragnar Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance 
Elise Tõllimäe 
Pay-for  performance : necessary or unsuitable way to increase  efficiency 
in the public  sector  
Essay 
Supervisor: professor Dr. Caspar F. van den Berg 
Tallinn 2015 
Pay-for performance: necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency 
in the public sector 
Through   history   civil    service     has  meant  and  cited  many   different   forms  of  serving  a 
country. Raadschelders and Rutgers (1996) have brought out  five  phases in their article 
Evolution   of  Civil  Service  systems”  that  describes  how  civil  service  has  evolved  and 
become one of the most  important   part  of governing. In different times civil service has 
supported  monarchs,  kings,  presidents  and  governments  in  their   work   reigning,  ruling 
and leading people.  Role  of civil service has increased by every age- becoming more and 
more wider in tasks, obligations and responsibilities, so have the  cost  that it all brings. 
Considering this, governments nowadays have a  task  to evaluate the work of their civil 
service, to make it more productive and cost-effective. For this, different methods have 
been discussed, being influenced by different contexts, religion and other factors.   
Constant  pressure  on  civil  service  forces  governments  to  improve  its  performance  and 
make  it  more  and  more  effective.  With  a  “help”  of  New  Public   Management   and  its 
rationalism and managerialism public management and civil service has been influenced 
in  many  countries  either  voluntarily  or  under  duress.  Due  to  new  public  management 
public sector has become more like private sector putting emphasis on instruments that 
drives  from  its  “culture”,  designing  public  sector  to  become  and  act  more  like  private 
sector organisations. 
From  this   influence   is  inspired  the  pay-for  performance   tool   that  in  private  sector  is 
usually  used with car salesmen or with other sale fields. In very simplistic way pay-for 
performance  means  that  one  is  getting   paid   relating  how  well  he  works.  In  a  more 
complicated way it refers to  instrument  that encourages civil servants to  rise  their work 
quality  and performance, it rewards  best  officials  based  on their contribution and effort. 
So it is kind of a tool to motivate officials to  perform  better and produce more qualitative 
work. ( Randma -Liiv 2005) Compensating and motivating employees  plays  important role 
in  governmental   jobs -  it  helps  to   attract ,  motivate  and   retain   qualified   workers   in  the 
field
Success  of pay-for performance tool has been discussed in many ways. Some researchers 
like  Murphy  and Cleveland (1995)  support  the success stories brining out  examples  why 
it  is  necessary,  some  like  Ingraham  (1993)  are  not  that  optimistic  about  it  and  draws 
attention   on  its   negative    effects .  To   tell    weather   pay-for  performance  is   good   or  a  bad 
thing ”  we  need  to   discuss    positive   influence  and  negative  impact  of  it  and   weight   the 
results . Next discussion based on different scholars articles (Mogultay 2006, Hays 2010, 
Weibel et al. 2009) helps us to to that.  
What pay-for performance aims to do, is that it should boost public sector performance, 
as it does in private sector. The aim is to  affect  and motivate civil servants in a way, that 
they  make  “better”   decisions .  Pay-for  performance  supporters  believe  that  this  kind  of 
motivation   makes  civil  servants  to  make  more  quality  work.  This  kind  of   external  
motivation produces  competition  and this puts servants in a position- when they want this 
extra  income they need to work harder, better and be the best.  
Driven  from  this,  the  main  argument  that  pay-for  performance  supporters  brings  out  is 
that, this tool will raise the quality of decisions. Either organisational or individual. It is 
believed,  that  through  this  kind  of  motivation  civil  servants  will  be  more  willing  and 
motivated to do better work. So in very banal way we  could  say that if we pay more, or 
extra for civil servants they will do better decisions and they will work better. (Of  course  
I believe that they should be doing this either way serving public  interest ). 
Other  positive  effects  that  pay-for  performance  has  is  that  it  would   allow   managers  to  
weed  out  less  effective  employees.  It  would  help  to  set  hierarchy-  and  based  on  that 
reward employees more who are  higher  level and less those who are on a lower level of 
the ladder. In a way it helps to  serve  the  idea  of cost-effectiveness, when less productive 
workers get less paid. It is also believed that it helps to  reduce  cost on annual salary rise 
and pension system giving more  open  playground. For managers and to general public it 
would  also  give  a  view  of  who  is  responsible  for  good  or  bad  performance.  Cost-
effectiveness is the main benefit that pay-for performance brings. 
Another   positive  side  of  this  is  believed  to  be  idea,  that  it  will  make  public  sector 
employment  more  attractive  and   popular .  And  it  would  rise  public  service  reputation 
compared to private sector.  Current  opinion is that the best, most educated people will go 
into the private sector and the  rest  to public, due to better and higher salary system. So 
this  new  salary  and  bonus  system  may  help  to   change   that  and  attract  more  people  to 
public  sector.  Another  perception  that   goes   with  public  sector  is  that  employees  are 
overpaid,  under-worked  and  unaccountable.  So  pay-for  performance  would  allow 
government  to show that public sector employees are also being paid for the work they 
do- not the time they spend on doing a job. 
What  pay-for  performance  would  give  to  managers  is  that,  it  would  make  it   easier   for 
them   to  examine  what  exactly  is  that  what  they  want  their  employees  to  achieve.  So 
managers  themselves  need  to  carefully  assess  what  it  the  desired  outputs  they  need  to 
achieve. It gives better focus on what  needs  to be  done  and how. Better focus on tasks 
goal giver better results on every level. 
But in many scholars opinion pay-for performance has many negative aspects that may 
over weight the positive effects. To  begin  with, as mentioned  above  pay-for performance 
idea  is  to  motivate  civil  servants  to  perform  better  through  monetary  rewards.  The 
problem is that this may reduce intrinsic motivation, the  connection  with the  organisation  
and with the task is now based on  money , not on public interest. Some workers may be 
concerned about the level of job  security  (the fear that if they perform badly they will be 
dismissed). But the irony  lies  in traditional model of governmental jobs, that was meant 
to be long  term  and stable. If motivation lies on monetary incentives it may give base for 
corruption
Another  negative  side  with  pay-for  performance  is  that  it  causes  competition   between  
employees.  This  in   turn ,  reduces  cooperation,  unity  and  solidarity.  It  may  affect  other 
tasks  and  bigger  projects  where  everyone  has  to  work  together  for  a   same   goal. 
Differences  and  disagreements  may   cause   more   harm    than   pay-for  performance  can 
bring. And it may ruin the  working  culture for a long time  period . It has been said that 
competition in public sector is not healthy. 
One big problem with pay-for performance is the evaluation. In public sector  there  are 
many different tasks some that are measurable and  others  not that easily measurable. This 
aspect  makes  it   hard   to  tell  which   employee   performs  better  than  the  other.  So  it  may 
affect how servants respond to this system. The other part is the task itself- it needs very 
precise  system  under  what  to  analyze  and  evaluate  the  performance. This  needs  a  very 
good preparation  for implementing  pay-for performance. 
Another  limitation  that  goes  with  pay-for  performance  is  that  public  sector  is 
fundamentally different from private sector and  tools  that work well in private sector may 
not work so well  in public one. For example public sector’s budget unlike private sector 
organisations  ones  is  limited  and  restricted.  Since  the  incoming  is  dependent  from  tax 
revenues-  it  must  be  used  responsibly,  otherwise  it  may  offend  taxpayers. This  reduces 
trust  in public sector general and in government. 
Now  weighing  the  good  and  bad  effects  of  pay-for  performance,  it  is  possible  to 
withdraw  conclusions  on  weather  to  use  the  tool  or  not,  in  a  very  simplistic  way.  Bad 
sides  overweight predominantly the good sides. In my opinion it is clear that  even  though 
pay-for  performance  has  some  very  good  effects  on  civil  service  performance  it  is  not 
wise  to use it, as our analyze shows, but we should also examine other factors we have 
not  discussed  yet.  Considering  pay-for  performance,  Randma-Liiv  (2005)  in  her  article 
analyzed  success  factors  that  needed  to  be  filled  in  order  to  go  through  with  pay-for 
performance  idea.  So,  in   addition   to  considering  just  the  pros  and   cons   of  pay-for 
performance  it  is  also  important  to  analyze  the  different  factors  that  my  affect  pay-for 
performance results. 
Every new tool,  policy , plan needs to be evaluated and analyzed- to see weather it suits 
for  a  given  country  or  not,  so  does  pay-for  performance.  It  means  that  pay-for 
performance  needs  to  be  linked  and  connected  with  annual  plans  and   strategic  
documents .  This  is  very  time  consuming  and  needs  a  lot  of  resources  to  begin  with. 
Planning and rewriting documents, adding the tool principles into current documents and 
policies  takes  time  that  government  agencies  usually  do  not  have.  So  the  usual   case   is 
that  pay-for  performance  tool  is  just  added  into  some  documents,  it  even  may  not  be 
compatible with  institutions  strategic plan. This already makes using the tool very risky. 
For successful pay-for performance it is crucial that it is part of strategic management. 
Using  the  tool  and  implementing  it  successfully  needs  talented  and  capable  managers. 
The success is dependant on how managers will go through with the change. Managers 
have  to  show  commitment  and  trust  into  the  new  system  so  employees  would   follow
They have to be willing to change and motivate workers to do the same. They have to 
take into  account  that pay-for performance will bring extra responsibilities- paperwork, 
resolution  of  conflicts  and  so  on.  They  have  to  be   able   to  actually  make  a  distinguish 
between  those  who  perform  better  than  others,  and  they  have  to  be  able  to  behave 
accordingly. It means that civil service needs very competent managers. 
The  problem  in  pay-for  performance  is  largely  in  lack  of  measuring  and  documenting 
performance  so  it  would  be  accurate  and   complete .  Since  there  are  no  agreement  on 
standards, indicators, measurement of performance to assess civil servants, the  process  is 
very messy and understandable. Consternating on private sector has made it even more 
vague and difficult to follow- it just does not work the same in public sector.   
Another problem with pay-for performance lies in fairness of the process. For a employee 
it is fundamental that the evaluation process is  fair , transparent and accurate. This arises 
another  problem  what  needs  solving-  should  decisions  about  pay  be  partially  of  fully 
based  on  job  performance.  System  that  is  strictly  based  on  performance  may,  and 
probably will  ignore  many factors that are important to compensation, for example  skills  
or  job  demands.  So  eventually  employees  would  not  have  such   strong   connection  with 
the organisation. But  making  performance evaluation process  completely  objective have 
not met success. 
As  mentioned  earlier  pay-for  performance  adversely  affects  teamwork,  creating 
unhealthy  competition  and  disagreement  between  workers.  Pay-for  performance  puts 
quite  a burden on one employee since it is possible to tell who has performed well or not 
so well. To get better results employees and managers focus on short-term outcomes- that 
also reduces connection with the organisation. Many scholars  agree  that this kind of tools 
of performance management often does not  consider  external factors that may influence 
performance.  Political  environment, social- and economical context and different events 
may greatly influence one’s performance. This is a problem that needs a lot of attention. 
One  factor  brings us  back  to budgetary question- important factor that affects the success 
of  pay-for  performance  is  the   amount   of  money   available   for  the  process.  It  has  been 
discussed  that  for  successful  and  effective  pay-for  performance  process,  the  rewards 
offered has to be large enough   to  provide  adequate amount of motivation. This means 
that budgets has to be revised and the right amount of money is available- managers and 
executives usually do not have the  power  over financial resources and  therefore , cannot 
guarantee the extra pay.  
Going  on with the question of cost- scholars claim that most organisations do not have a 
clear idea about actual cost of pay-for performance. Cost-  direct  and  indirect - include at 
start designing the system, training the managers, paperwork and so on. In between it all 
reduces  organisation’s  productivity  and  that  is  a  cost  too.  Many  organisations  does  not 
have this kind of resources and that is why many times this process is being done very 
quickly and as  cheap  as possible- this reduces the quality of the tool. Going through with 
the  tool  also  may  rise  tasks  for  employees,  that  actually  is  not  counted  as  rise  of 
performance,  and  therefore  is  not  payed  for.  Reduced  motivation,  loss  of  good  will, 
morale,  loyalty  also  affects  negatively  organisation. There  are  no   evidence   that  pay-for 
performance actually reduces cost as it promises- it could be said that at the  beginning  it 
could even cost more than going on with the old system. 
Now  looking  on the  both  side of pay-for performance and the factors that  influences  it, it 
could be said, that going through with it is a very risky business.  Taking  into account all 
the  resources  it  demands-  time,  money,  human  and  comparing  it  to  benefits  that  could 
come  from it it is not very reasonable. I think that the only way to actually do this, and be 
successful is when all the preparation is done correctly, at time and in a right way. This 
means  that  for  this  kind  of  tool  civil  service  needs   highly   competent  managers,  lots  of 
financial resources and time to prepare analyzes, documents etc.  
Every country is different- they have different historical background, social and political 
context and different people. Pay-for performance is not this kind of  universal  tool that 
suits for everyone. For every country there are factors to take into account, work to be 
done  before  they can even think of starting to use pay-for performance tool. Otherwise 
this tool could start working against its  purpose - and bring all the bad effects discussed 
above. 
In conclusion it could be said that pay-for performance form state’s view and from cost-
effectiveness  view  is  definitely  necessary,  but  considering  all  the  negative  effects  and 
factors it is not wise to go through. Especially  in countries where there are less resources 
and possibilities.  For many countries and for many governmental institutions this kind of 
tool  is  unsuitable-  it  does  not  serve  its  purpose  and  would  do  more  harm  than  bring 
success.  
References 
Hays,  S.  (2010).  Pros  and  cons  of  pay  for  performance.  Workforce.  Vol  78.  No.  2,  pp 
68-73.  
Ingraham, P., (1993) Of pigs in pokes and policy diffusion: another  look  at PFP. Public 
Administration Review, 53, 348–356.  
Mogultay,  U.  (2006)  Making  Performance  Pay  More  Successful  in  Public  Sector. 
Available  at:   http://www.mfa.gov.tr/making-performance-pay-more-successful-in-public -
sector.tr.mfa. 
Murphy,  K.,  Cleveland,  J.,  (1995)  Understanding  Performance  Appraisal.   Thousand  
Oaks: Sage. 
Raadschelders,  J.,  Rutgers,  M.  (1996).  The  evolution  of  civil  service  systems.  Civil 
Service Systems in  Comparative  Perspective. Bloomington:  Indiana  University Press, pp. 
67–99. 
Randma-Liiv,  T.  2005.  Performance  management  in  transitional  administration: 
introduction   of  pay-for-performance  in  the  Estonian  civil  service.   Journal   of 
Comparative Policy  Analysis
, 7, 1, pp. 95-115. 
Weibel, A.,  Rost,  K.,  Osterloh,  M.  (2009)  Pay  for  Performance  in  the  Public  Sector—
Benefits  and  ( Hidden )  Costs.  Journal  of  Public  Administration  Research  and  Theory 
Advance  Access
!
Vasakule Paremale
Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #1 Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #2 Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #3 Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #4 Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #5 Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #6 Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #7 Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #8 Pay-for performance-necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector #9
Punktid 50 punkti Autor soovib selle materjali allalaadimise eest saada 50 punkti.
Leheküljed ~ 9 lehte Lehekülgede arv dokumendis
Aeg2015-04-13 Kuupäev, millal dokument üles laeti
Allalaadimisi 3 laadimist Kokku alla laetud
Kommentaarid 0 arvamust Teiste kasutajate poolt lisatud kommentaarid
Autor Elisetollimae Õppematerjali autor
Essee Avaliku Teenistuse teemal.

Sarnased õppematerjalid

Employee Relations
78
pdf

Employee Relations

....... viii 1. Develop Employee and Industrial Relations Policies and Plans ................... 2 1.1 Analyse strategic plans and operational plans to determine long term employee relations ..............................................................................................2 Activity 1.1.............................................................................................................6 1.2 Analyse existing employee relations performance in relation to workforce objectives ..............................................................................................................7 Activity 1.2.............................................................................................................8 1.3 Evaluate options in terms of cost-benefit, risk-analysis and current legislative requirements .....................................................................................

Avalik juhtimine
The Rise and Demise of the New Public Management-28 10
15
docx

The Rise and Demise of the New Public Management, 28 10

The Rise and Demise of the New Public Management Wolfgang Drechsler (University of Tartu and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia) © Copyright: Wolfgang Drechsler 2005 Within the public sphere, the most important reform movement of the last quarter of a century has been the New Public Management (NPM). It is of particular interest in the post-autistic economics (pae) context because NPM largely rests on the same ideology and epistemology as standard textbook economics (STE) is based (for my take on this, see Drechsler 2000), and it has had, and still has, similar results. Already more on the defensive within public administration (PA) than STE is within economics, NPM also shows that such major paradigm shifts in theory and policy may actually happen

Avalik haldus
Public Administration and Innovation
26
docx

Public Administration and Innovation

Entrepreneurs – bearers of the mechanism of change It is however the producer who as a rule initiates economic change, and consumers are educated by him if necessary; they are taught to want new things which differ in some respect or other from those which they have been in the habit of using.” (Schumpeter 2002[1934], 65) The Schumpeterian “Entrepreneur”: the person or organisational unit responsible for combining the factors necessary for innovation. Schumpeter on economic development: a process of qualitative change, driven by innovation, taking place in historical time – the “entrepreneurial function”: the action of creating new combinations of existing resources. ● Schumpeter Mark I: focusing on individual entrepreneurs ● Schumpeter Mark II: innovation in large firms Innovation diffusion: tendency for innovations to “cluster” in certain industries,

Public Administration
Introduction of SCM
40
doc

Introduction of SCM

the relationships. And put together processes for managing the inventory of goods and services you receive from suppliers, including receiving shipments, verifying them, transferring them to your manufacturing facilities and authorizing supplier payments. 5 3. Make:- This is the manufacturing step. Schedule the activities necessary for production, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery. As the most metric-intensive portion of the supply chain, measure quality levels, production output and worker productivity. 4. Deliver:- This is the part that many insiders refer to as logistics. Coordinate the receipt of orders from customers, develop a network of warehouses, pick carriers to get products to customers and set up an invoicing system to receive payments. 5. Return:-

Kategoriseerimata
Integration of Lean Con-and Building Information Modelling
109
pdf

Integration of Lean Con. and Building Information Modelling

Archived: University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Construction ABSTRACT This research can be divided into two. The first part investigates the current state of the construction industry, while the second part looks at new emerging business models ­ in particular, Lean Construction (LC) and Building Information Modelling (BIM), as well as an integration of these two. Given that the construction industry does not have a particularly good reputation among the public, the first part of this thesis focuses mainly on this problem and its sources. It is the reason why we need new and better business models, like LC and BIM, or even an integration of the two models. Both LC and BIM have been shown to have a profound impact on improving construction processes and therefore, project outcomes, as discussed in the third and the fourth chapters. Different studies and practical experience show that a combination of these originally independent approaches can ensure

Ehitusjuhtimine
Report-The Free Rider Problem
9
doc

Report: The Free Rider Problem

Form B Tartu 2009 Content Content 2 The Political Problem 3 The Example 4 Solution and Problems 5 The Main Economical Problem 6-8 Free riding Problem on Public Transport 9 References 10 2 The Political Problem A common example of a free rider problem is defense spending: no one person can be excluded from being defended by a state's military forces, and thoes free riders may refuse or avoid paying for being defended, even though they are still as well guarded as those who contribute to the state's efforts

Inglise keel
SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING GUIDELINES
34
doc

SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING GUIDELINES

of the cycle of release, testing, review, and revision under GRIs new governance structure. The GRI was launched in 1997 as a joint initiative of the U.S. non-governmental organisation Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) and United Nations Environment Programme with the goal of enhancing the quality, rigor, and utility of sustainability reporting. The first set of GRI Sustainability Reporting Guidelines appeared as an Exposure Draft in 1999. Following testing and public comment, the GRI released the June 2000 Guidelines. The 2002 Guidelines represent the GRI Boards view of a consensus on a reporting framework at this point in time that is a blend of a diverse range of perspectives. There are numerous ways to use the 2002 Guidelines. An organisation may choose to simply use them for informal reference or to apply the Guidelines in an incremental fashion. 3 CONTENTS

Majandus
CHANGE YOUR THINKING CHANGE YOUR LIFE
580
pdf

CHANGE YOUR THINKING CHANGE YOUR LIFE

These are the same concepts used by all big-time win- ners, self-made millionaires, and leaders in every field. In this book, you will learn a step-by-step process to great suc- cess that you will eventually implement, easily and effortlessly. This strategy for success is so logical, so inviting, and ultimately so fulfill- ing and omni-beneficial that it is virtually a breakthrough in per- sonal performance. As long as you are going to think anyway, why not think great thoughts and get great results? Brian is a shining light in the speaking and writing world. He has done incredible thinking and achieved amazing results, for vii ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page viii viii ➤ FOREWORD

Inglise keel




Kommentaarid (0)

Kommentaarid sellele materjalile puuduvad. Ole esimene ja kommenteeri



Sellel veebilehel kasutatakse küpsiseid. Kasutamist jätkates nõustute küpsiste ja veebilehe üldtingimustega Nõustun