TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY Faculty of
Social Sciences
Ragnar Nurkse School of Innovation and Governance
Elise Tõllimäe
Pay-for performance : necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector Essay
Supervisor: professor Dr. Caspar F. van den Berg
Tallinn 2015
Pay-for performance: necessary or unsuitable way to increase efficiency in the public sector Through history
civil service has meant and cited many
different forms of serving a
country. Raadschelders and Rutgers (1996) have brought out
five phases in their article
“
Evolution of Civil Service systems” that describes how civil service has evolved and
become one of the most
important part of governing. In different times civil service has
supported monarchs, kings, presidents and governments in their
work reigning, ruling
and leading people.
Role of civil service has increased by every age- becoming more and
more wider in tasks, obligations and responsibilities, so have the
cost that it all brings.
Considering this, governments nowadays have a
task to evaluate the work of their civil
service, to make it more productive and cost-effective. For this, different methods have
been discussed, being influenced by different contexts, religion and
other factors.
Constant pressure on civil service forces governments to improve its performance and
make it more and more effective. With a “help” of New Public
Management and its
rationalism and managerialism public management and civil service has been influenced
in many countries either voluntarily or under duress. Due to new public management
public sector has become more like private sector putting emphasis on instruments that
drives from its “culture”, designing public sector to become and act more like private
sector organisations.
From this
influence is inspired the pay-for performance
tool that in private sector is
usually used with car salesmen or with other sale fields. In very simplistic way pay-for
performance means that one is getting
paid relating how well he works. In a more
complicated way it refers to
instrument that encourages civil servants to
rise their work
quality and performance, it rewards
best officials
based on their contribution and effort.
So it is kind of a tool to motivate officials to
perform better and produce more qualitative
work. (
Randma -Liiv 2005) Compensating and motivating employees
plays important role
in governmental
jobs - it helps to
attract , motivate and
retain qualified
workers in the
field .
Success of pay-for performance tool has been discussed in many ways. Some researchers
like
Murphy and Cleveland (1995)
support the success stories brining out
examples why
it is necessary, some like Ingraham (1993) are not that optimistic about it and draws
attention on its
negative effects . To
tell weather pay-for performance is
good or a bad
“
thing ” we need to
discuss positive influence and negative impact of it and
weight the
results . Next discussion based on different scholars articles (Mogultay 2006, Hays 2010,
Weibel et al. 2009) helps us to to that.
What pay-for performance aims to do, is that it should boost public sector performance,
as it does in private sector. The aim is to
affect and motivate civil servants in a way, that
they make “better”
decisions . Pay-for performance supporters believe that this kind of
motivation makes civil servants to make more quality work. This kind of
external motivation produces
competition and this puts servants in a position- when they want this
extra income they need to work harder, better and be the best.
Driven from this, the main argument that pay-for performance supporters brings out is
that, this tool will raise the quality of decisions. Either organisational or individual. It is
believed, that through this kind of motivation civil servants will be more willing and
motivated to do better work. So in very banal way we
could say that if we pay more, or
extra for civil servants they will do better decisions and they will work better. (Of
course I believe that they should be doing this either way serving public
interest ).
Other positive effects that pay-for performance has is that it would
allow managers to
weed out less effective employees. It would help to set hierarchy- and based on that
reward employees more who are
higher level and less those who are on a lower level of
the ladder. In a way it helps to
serve the
idea of cost-effectiveness, when less productive
workers get less paid. It is also believed that it helps to
reduce cost on annual salary rise
and pension system giving more
open playground. For managers and to general public it
would also give a view of who is responsible for good or bad performance. Cost-
effectiveness is the main benefit that pay-for performance brings.
Another positive side of this is believed to be idea, that it will make public sector
employment more attractive and
popular . And it would rise public service reputation
compared to private sector.
Current opinion is that the best, most educated people will go
into the private sector and the
rest to public, due to better and higher salary system. So
this new salary and bonus system may help to
change that and attract more people to
public sector. Another perception that
goes with public sector is that employees are
overpaid, under-worked and unaccountable. So pay-for performance would allow
government to show that public sector employees are also being paid for the work they
do- not the time they spend on doing a job.
What pay-for performance would give to managers is that, it would make it
easier for
them to examine what exactly is that what they want their employees to achieve. So
managers themselves need to carefully assess what it the desired outputs they need to
achieve. It gives better focus on what
needs to be
done and how. Better focus on tasks
goal giver better results on every level.
But in many scholars opinion pay-for performance has many negative aspects that may
over weight the positive effects. To
begin with, as mentioned
above pay-for performance
idea is to motivate civil servants to perform better through monetary rewards. The
problem is that this may reduce intrinsic motivation, the
connection with the
organisation and with the task is now based on
money , not on public interest. Some workers may be
concerned about the level of job
security (the fear that if they perform badly they will be
dismissed). But the irony
lies in traditional model of governmental jobs, that was meant
to be long
term and stable. If motivation lies on monetary incentives it may give base for
corruption .
Another negative side with pay-for performance is that it causes competition
between employees. This in
turn , reduces cooperation, unity and solidarity. It may affect other
tasks and bigger projects where everyone has to work together for a
same goal.
Differences and disagreements may
cause more
harm than pay-for performance can
bring. And it may ruin the
working culture for a long time
period . It has been said that
competition in public sector is not healthy.
One big problem with pay-for performance is the evaluation. In public sector
there are
many different tasks some that are measurable and
others not that easily measurable. This
aspect makes it
hard to tell which
employee performs better than the other. So it may
affect how servants respond to this system. The other part is the task itself- it needs very
precise system under what to analyze and evaluate the performance. This needs a very
good
preparation for implementing pay-for performance.
Another limitation that goes with pay-for performance is that public sector is
fundamentally different from private sector and
tools that work well in private sector may
not work so well in public one. For example public sector’s budget unlike private sector
organisations ones is limited and restricted. Since the incoming is dependent from tax
revenues- it must be used responsibly, otherwise it may offend taxpayers. This reduces
trust in public sector general and in government.
Now weighing the good and bad effects of pay-for performance, it is possible to
withdraw conclusions on weather to use the tool or not, in a very simplistic way. Bad
sides overweight predominantly the good sides. In my opinion it is clear that
even though
pay-for performance has some very good effects on civil service performance it is not
wise to use it, as our analyze shows, but we should also examine other factors we have
not discussed yet. Considering pay-for performance, Randma-Liiv (2005) in her article
analyzed success factors that needed to be filled in order to go through with pay-for
performance idea. So, in
addition to considering just the pros and
cons of pay-for
performance it is also important to analyze the different factors that my affect pay-for
performance results.
Every new tool,
policy , plan needs to be evaluated and analyzed- to see weather it suits
for a given country or not, so does pay-for performance. It means that pay-for
performance needs to be linked and connected with annual plans and
strategic documents . This is very time consuming and needs a lot of resources to begin with.
Planning and rewriting documents, adding the tool principles into current documents and
policies takes time that government agencies usually do not have. So the usual
case is
that pay-for performance tool is just added into some documents, it even may not be
compatible with
institutions strategic plan. This already makes using the tool very risky.
For successful pay-for performance it is crucial that it is part of strategic management.
Using the tool and implementing it successfully needs talented and capable managers.
The success is dependant on how managers will go through with the change. Managers
have to show commitment and trust into the new system so employees would
follow .
They have to be willing to change and motivate workers to do the same. They have to
take into
account that pay-for performance will bring extra responsibilities- paperwork,
resolution of conflicts and so on. They have to be
able to actually make a distinguish
between those who perform better than others, and they have to be able to behave
accordingly. It means that civil service needs very competent managers.
The problem in pay-for performance is largely in lack of measuring and documenting
performance so it would be accurate and
complete . Since there are no agreement on
standards, indicators, measurement of performance to assess civil servants, the
process is
very messy and understandable. Consternating on private sector has made it even more
vague and difficult to follow- it just does not work the same in public sector.
Another problem with pay-for performance lies in fairness of the process. For a employee
it is fundamental that the evaluation process is
fair , transparent and accurate. This arises
another problem what needs solving- should decisions about pay be partially of fully
based on job performance. System that is strictly based on performance may, and
probably will
ignore many factors that are important to compensation, for example
skills or job demands. So eventually employees would not have such
strong connection with
the organisation. But
making performance evaluation process
completely objective have
not met success.
As mentioned earlier pay-for performance adversely affects teamwork, creating
unhealthy competition and disagreement between workers. Pay-for performance puts
quite a burden on one employee since it is possible to tell who has performed well or not
so well. To get better results employees and managers focus on short-term outcomes- that
also reduces connection with the organisation. Many scholars
agree that this kind of tools
of performance management often does not
consider external factors that may influence
performance.
Political environment, social- and economical context and different events
may
greatly influence one’s performance. This is a problem that needs a lot of attention.
One
factor brings us
back to budgetary question- important factor that affects the success
of pay-for performance is the
amount of money
available for the process. It has been
discussed that for successful and effective pay-for performance process, the rewards
offered has to be large enough to
provide adequate amount of motivation. This means
that budgets has to be revised and the right amount of money is available- managers and
executives usually do not have the
power over financial resources and
therefore , cannot
guarantee the extra pay.
Going on with the question of cost- scholars claim that most organisations do not have a
clear idea about actual cost of pay-for performance. Cost-
direct and
indirect - include at
start designing the system, training the managers, paperwork and so on. In between it all
reduces organisation’s productivity and that is a cost too. Many organisations does not
have this kind of resources and that is why many times this process is being done very
quickly and as
cheap as possible- this reduces the quality of the tool. Going through with
the tool also may rise tasks for employees, that actually is not counted as rise of
performance, and therefore is not payed for. Reduced motivation, loss of good will,
morale, loyalty also affects negatively organisation. There are no
evidence that pay-for
performance actually reduces cost as it promises- it could be said that at the
beginning it
could even cost more than going on with the old system.
Now
looking on the
both side of pay-for performance and the factors that
influences it, it
could be said, that going through with it is a very risky business.
Taking into account all
the resources it demands- time, money, human and comparing it to benefits that could
come from it it is not very reasonable. I think that the only way to actually do this, and be
successful is when all the preparation is done correctly, at time and in a right way. This
means that for this kind of tool civil service needs
highly competent managers, lots of
financial resources and time to prepare analyzes, documents etc.
Every country is different- they have different historical background, social and political
context and different people. Pay-for performance is not this kind of
universal tool that
suits for everyone. For every country there are factors to take into account, work to be
done
before they can even think of starting to use pay-for performance tool. Otherwise
this tool could start working against its
purpose - and bring all the bad effects discussed
above.
In conclusion it could be said that pay-for performance form state’s view and from cost-
effectiveness view is definitely necessary, but considering all the negative effects and
factors it is not wise to go through. Especially in countries where there are less resources
and possibilities. For many countries and for many governmental institutions this kind of
tool is unsuitable- it does not serve its purpose and would do more harm than bring
success.
References Hays, S. (2010). Pros and cons of pay for performance.
Workforce. Vol 78. No. 2, pp
68-73.
Ingraham, P., (1993) Of pigs in pokes and policy diffusion: another
look at PFP.
Public Administration Review, 53, 348–356.
Mogultay, U. (2006) Making Performance Pay More Successful in Public Sector.
Available at:
http://www.mfa.gov.tr/making-performance-pay-more-successful-in-public -
sector.tr.mfa.
Murphy, K., Cleveland, J., (1995) Understanding Performance Appraisal.
Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Raadschelders, J., Rutgers, M. (1996). The evolution of civil service systems.
Civil Service Systems in Comparative Perspective. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, pp.
67–99.
Randma-Liiv, T. 2005.
Performance management in transitional administration:
introduction of pay-for-performance in the Estonian civil service.
Journal of
Comparative Policy Analysis , 7, 1, pp. 95-115.
Weibel, A., Rost, K., Osterloh, M. (2009) Pay for Performance in the Public Sector—
Benefits and (
Hidden ) Costs. J
ournal of Public Administration Research and Theory
Advance Access .
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