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Essential Vocabulary - I
The role of law in society

juriidilised kohustused – legal obligations

kannatanud pool, kahjukannataja – injured party

vaidlusi lahendama (kohtus) – to settle a dispute in a court of law

riskeerima tehingute tegemisega – to risk making transactions

õigusnõustamist otsima – to seek legal advice

tagama, et leping kehtiks – to ensure that the contract would be valid

õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to use legal means

harjuma õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to get accustomed to using legal means

omama teadmisi millestki – to have knowledge of smth

ette kirjutama, ettekirjutus , ettekirjutav – to prescribe, prescription, prescriptional

karistust kandma – to serve punishment (ka to suffer a penalty )

vägivaldselt käituma (kellegi suhtes) – to act violently towards smb

ajutine ametist/spordist kõrvaldamine (n,v) - suspension

väljaheitmine (n,v) - expulsion

seadusi jõustama – to enforce rules

õiguskaitseorganid - law enforcement agencies

seadust järgima – to obey the law

süütegusid uurima – to investigate offences

karistust määrama – to impose punishment

seaduse mittetundmine – ignorance of the law

kuritegu toime panema – to commit a crime

õigusemõistmise eest põgenema – to escape justice

käitumisreeglid – rules of conduct

käitumist kontrolli all hoidma – to govern the conduct

süüdistuse/karistuse ees seisma – to face punishment/prosecution

tsiviilhagi kellegi vastu algatama – to start civil action against smb

vigastuse/kahju eest kompensatsiooni nõudma - to claim compensation for injury/damage

hagi algatama kellegi vastu vägivallakuriteo tõttu – to start an action against smb for a crime of violence

leidma süüdi olevat (milleski) – to find guilty

trahvi maksma – to pay a fine

riigivastane süütegu – offence against the state

ühiskonnavastaseks käitumiseks pidama – to consider anti- social behaviour

oht ühiskonna heaolule ja korrale – danger to the well-being and order of society
II

avalikku korda säilitama – to maintain public order

vastuvõetava käitumise reegleid kehtestama – to set rules for acceptable behaviour

riigi võimu/autoriteeti kehtestama – to establish the authority of the state

andma raamistikku kodanike vaheliseks suhtlemiseks – to provide a framework for interaction among citizens

kodanikeõigusi kaitsma – to protect civil rights

rassilist vaenu õhutama – to incite racial hatred

võimu teostama – to exercise power

võimu säilitama – to retain power

omandiõigust kaitsma – to protect the ownership rights

võrdseid võimalusi soodustama – to promote equality of opportunity

konkurentsi soodustama – to promote competition

nõrgemat osapoolt kaitsma – to protect weaker party

õiglust maksma panama – to implement justice

kohtus õigust mõistma – to administer justice in court

õiglus, ebaõiglus (2) – justice, injustice

õiglane, ebaõiglane (2) – just, unjust

võimude lahusus – separation of powers

seadusandlik võim – legislative power

täidesaatev võim – executive power

kohtuvõim – judicial power

õigusriik – (state based on) the rule of law

praktilistest kaalutlustest juhinduma – to be guided by practical considerations

seadust parandama, parandus – to amend a law, amendment

katse argimõistust rakendada – an attempt to implement common sense

to what extent – millisel määral

precise - täpne

whereas – samas kui

in this respect – selles suhtes

on the whole - üldiselt

however – kuid siiski

exclusively - üksnes

to some degree – mõningal määral

thus - seega

substantial – märkimisväärne, oluline

despite – hoolimata (millestki)

to some extent – mõningal määral

obvious - ilmselge

in order to – selleks, et
Explain in English :

suspension – stopping or postponing smth

implement justice – to enforce justice

administer justice – to execute justice

separation of powers – insulation of the functions of the branches of power

legislative power – statutory power

legislature – parliament

legislation – the whole set of laws

legislators - lawmakers

judicial power – the power exercised by the court of law

judiciary – forensic/ all judges

executive power – administrative power
Civil Procedure

tsiviil-, kriminaalmenetlus – civil procedure, criminal procedure

kohtuprotsess ( toimingud kohtus) – trial , court proceedings, hearing a case

riigi nimel – in the name of the state

kriminaalsüüdistust algatama – to bring a criminal action

hagi algatama, kohtusse kaebama – to sue, to bring an action against smb

süüdistaja - prosecutor

ohver - victim

süüdistatav, kaitsealune (krim.) – defendant, the accused

väljaspool mõistlikku kahtlust – beyond reasonable doubt

süüd tõestama – tp prove the guilt

süüs kahtlema – to doubt the guilt

vabadusest ilma jätma – to deprive of freedom

lubatavad (vastuvõetavad) tõendid – admissible evidence

lubamatud tõendid – not admissible evidence

leidma kuriteos süüdi olevat – to find guilty of the crime

uute reeglite järgi – under the new rules

hageja – plaintiff/claimant

kostja - defendant

kohtuasja väljaspool kohut lahendama – to settle a case out of court

tõestamise kohustus lasub – burden of proof lies on

vastutav olema tõenäosuse alusel – to be liable on the balance of probability

võistlev menetlus – adversary procedure

võistlus kohtuniku ees – contest before a judge

vastaspooled – opposing parties

erapooletu kohtunik – impartial judge

küsitlus kohtus – examination in the courtroom

ristküsitlus kohtus – cross -examination in the courtroom

uuriv menetlus – inquisitional procedure

kohtuasja uurima – to investigate the case

tõendeid koguma – to collect evidence

tunnistajaid kutsuma – to call witnesses

kahjutasu määrama – to award damages

kahjutasu nõudma – to claim compensation/ to claim damages

kohtu määrust (ettekirjutust) välja andma – to award an injunction

perevägivald – domestic violence

kohtu korraldusele mitte kuuletuma – disobeying court

tsiviilvastutust vältima – to avoid civil liability
Explain in English:

civil procedure – a procedure against the alleged lawbreaker by the wronged party

court proceedings - trial

claimant – the party bringing a civil action in England

plaintiff - the party bringing a civil action in USA, also in Estonia

defendant - the party against whom a civil action is started

defence (counsel) – protection of smb in the civil proceeding

prosecution – the party bringing a criminal action

inadmissible evidence – the evidence that is not possible to take into account

tracking system of claims – certain 3-level system to determine which court should hear a case

burden of proof – obligation to bring evidence

standards of proof – the level of reliability of the evidence used in the case

adversarial procedure – opposing parties hold a dispute in the procedure

inquisitorial procedure – the judge controls and starts investigation in the case

damages – monetary compensation which is claimed by the injured person

injunction – an order that requires or forbids the defendant to do smth

specific performance – to be forced to do smth by the court decision
II

kahjustatud isik – aggrieved person

kahju tekitama – to cause smb damage

hagi kohtusse andma – to file a claim with the court

seaduslik hüvitus, õiguskaitsevahend - remedy

maksujõuetus - insolvency

tagaseljaotsus – judgement in default

lihtmenetlus – summary proceeding

lihtmenetlusotsus – summary judgement

poolte kokkulepe - settlement

salajased dokumendid – documents covered by privilege

tunnistajate ütlused – witness statements

kohtukutse - summons

asitõendid - evidence

kohtuvaidlused - litigations

kohtukulud – court costs

riigi/tasuta õigusabi (toetus õigusteenuste katteks) – legal aid

exceptionally - erakordselt

exclusively - üksnes

therefore - seega

as well - samuti

formerly - varasemalt

in favour of - kasuks

at the discretion of - äranägemisel
Explain in English:

injured person – a person who has been caused damage

legal remedy – legal instrument to compensate the damage caused to smb

summary judgement – settling civil litigation promptly without trial

judgement in default – a judgement made without the defendant being present

settlement of the parties – reaching agreement and avoiding the trial

disclosure – draw up a list of documents going to be used in trial and serve it on the other party

summons – to require smb to appear in court in person

affidavit – written, sworn evidence from statements

real evidence – material objects as evidence

circumstantial evidence - evidence inferred from the facts

litigation – a dispute in the court

legal aid – payment from the public funds to help smb to pay for the services of the lawyer
III

omama õigust kohtu poole pöörduda – to have the right of recourse to court

kohtu poole pöörduma – to take recourse to a court

kohtus asju arutama, lahendama – to adjudicate matters in court

oma õigusi kaitsma – to protect one`s rights

tsiviilhagi – civil action

hagiavaldust kohtusse andma – to file a statement of claim with a court

pooli esindama – to represent parties

toimikut uurima – to examine a file

kohtuistungitel osalema – to participate in court sessions

kohtu koosseis – panel of the court

kohtule ütlusi andma – to give statements to the court

tõendeid ja küsimusi esitama – to submit evidence and questions

seaduses sätestatud korras – provided by law

hagist loobuma – to discontinue an action

hagi õigeks tunnistama – to admit a claim

hagi vaidlustama – to contest a claim

seadusega vastuolus olema – contrary to the law

hagita asju lahendama – matters on petition

isiku surnuks tunnistamine – declaration of a person dead

isiku teadmate kadumise fakti tuvastamine – establishment of the fact that a person is missing

alaealise piiratud teovõime laiendamine – extension of the restricted active legal capacity of a minor

teovõime – active legal capacity

õigusvõime – passive legal capacity

avaldaja (hagita asjas) - petitioner

kohtu pädevusse kuuluma – within jurisdiction of the court

asjade kohtuväline lahendamine – out of court settlement/extrajudicial adjudication

töövaidluskomisjon – labour dispute committee

volituseta isik – unauthorized person

volitatud isik - authorized person

riigilõiv – state fee

teatama kirjalikult – to notify in writing

puudusi kõrvaldama ettenähtud tähtajaks – to eliminate the deficiencies by due date

hagi rahuldama – to satisfy the claim
Explain in English:

participants in proceedings – the parties (the plaintiff and the defendant)

matters on petition – civil proceeding without the action

petitioner – a person who starts the petition

the right of recourse to a court – right to protect one`s rights in court

court panel – the judges hearing the case

the cause and object of a claim – the basic reasons to adjudicate the matter in court

active legal capacity – ability to independently make valid transactions (normally stated by certain age)

passive legal capacity – ability to have legal rights and legal obligations

jurisdiction of a court – court`s right to prosecute the case

state fee – charge for prosecuting the case
IV

hageja nõuded – claims of the plaintiff

kostja vastuväited – defences of the defendant

kostja vastus – answer of the defendant

protsessiosalisi kohtusse kutsuma – to summon the participants to the court

eelistungit pidama – to hold a preliminary hearing

kohtukutset kättetoimetama/üle andma – to deliver a summons

tunnistaja ütlused – testimony of witness

kontrollima tõendite kuuluvust ja lubatavust – to verify relevance and admissibility of the evidence

vastuhagi esitama – file a counterclaim

asja sisuliselt arutama – adjudication of the matter on merits

asitõendid – physical evidence

nõudeid esitama – submit the claims

nõuet vaidlustama - contest the claim

kohtukõneks sõna andma – give the floor for summations

õigusemõistmist takistama – hinder the administration of justice

kohtuistungit kinniseks kuulutama – declare the session to be held in camera

riigi- või ärisaladust hoidma – maintain a state or business secret

alaealise huvides – in the interest of a minor

hagi täielikult või osalislt rahuldamata jätma – dismissal of an action wholly or partially

kohtukulusid jagama – divide the legal costs

edasikaebamise tähtaja lõppemine – expiry of a term of appeal

kohtuotsust täide saatma – execution of court decision

kohtutäitur - bailiff
Explain in English:

pre-trial proceedings – proceedings which are conducted for preparing to hear a matter

preliminary hearing - court hearing which is held within 2 months after filing of the statement of claim

default judgement – court decision which is made without the defendant being present

testimony of a witness – statements made by the witness

relevance and admissibility of evidence – the given legal relationship with the submitted evidence in permissible by law

counterclaim – rebut the arguments of a claim

adjudication of a matter on merits – hold a court session immediately or at the latest within 3 months after filing of the statement of claim

court session in camera – limit the access for third parties to hear the court session

summations – closing statements in the proceeding

a minor – a person who is less than 18 years of age

bailiff – official who executes court judgements

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