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The Membership of World Organisations
Merilin Tamme
Xa
Tallinna Järveotsa Gymnasium
2008
The schedule

• 04.04.1949 – establishment of NATO .
  
• 1951 – Supreme Headquarters Allied Power Europe ( SHAPE ) was created near Paris in France . Later , SHAPE was relocated to Mons in Belgium .
  
• 1952 – Greece and Turkey join NATO.
  
• 1955 – Western Germany joins NATO.
  
• 1982 – Spain joins NATO.
  
• 1991 – Rome summit . Estonia is one of the founding members of the NACC.
  
• January 1994 – Brussels summit. Estonia joins PFP on 3 February .
  
• March 1995 – Estonia submits the first Individual Partnership for Peace (IPP) to NATO. It contains priority areas of cooperation with NATO and future cooperation events , altogether in 23 subject fields.
  
• March 1997 – beginning of involvement of Estonia in peacekeeping mission in SFOR (Stabilisation Force ) in Bosnia Herzegovina ( ESTPLA ).
  
• March 1995 – Estonia submits the first Individual Partnership for Peace (IPP) to NATO. It contains priority areas of cooperation with NATO and future cooperation events, altogether in 23 subject fields.
  
• March 1997 – beginning of involvement of Estonia in peacekeeping mission in SFOR (Stabilisation Force) in Bosnia Herzegovina (ESTPLA)
  
• April 1999 - Washington summit. Czech Republic , Hungary and Poland join NATO. Estonia is recognised as a potential member state and MAP (Membership Action Plan) is presented.
  
• November 1999 – beginning of participation of Estonia in KFOR ( Kosovo Force) in Kosovo (ESTPLA).
  
• 29.03.2004 – Estonia becomes a full member of NATO.
  
• March 2005 – Istanbul summit. Estonia takes part as a full member for the first time. The goals are set up for the use of forces (8% of forces of member states participate in international operations and 40% of forces are rapidly deployable).
  
• 17.09.1991 – Estonia became a memeber of the United Nations.
  
• 1993 – was established European Union.
  
• 2004 – Estonia joined with European Union.
  

Estonian participation in NATO operations
Estonia engaged in different operations from 1995. Estonia strongly supports NATO’s open- door policy and closer cooperation with NATO partner states. In addition to greater participation, Estonia increases its contribution to sharing reform experience . Estonia supports states which pursue Euro- Atlantic structures in preparation for a membership and is ready to provide guidance and support . Each state needs a different approach but everyone has to be also very active itself in developing and applying a cooperation policy. Estonia’s experience of joining NATO can be useful for several states. At this point of time Estonia supports Georgia , Ukraine , Serbia , Montenegro and Macedonia.
Purpose of NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is an alliance created to unite Europe and North America in matters of defence and security . The principle of NATO is that security of each member states depends on security of all its members. If there is a threat to one's security, it concerns everyone. Central and Eastern Europe, including Estonia, fell under the influence of the Soviet Union or even became part of it after the Second World War. It was the time when twelve western states from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) on 4 April 1949. NATO was founded to balance out a threat coming from the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Treaty. NATO founding members were committed to defend each other in case of military aggression against any of the members. The Soviet Union collapsed in winter 1991 and the antagonism to the Soviet Union disappeared. As a result, countries of Eastern and Central Europe became partners of NATO, later member states (e.g. Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO in 1999). However , new threats such as regional conflicts brought about by national and religious tensions arose in former Yugoslavia and some other part of the Soviet Union. These conflicts were a threat to others and therefore NATO set itself a new goal - to safeguard peace and stability in Europe. This caused a restructuring of the organisation and an establishment of new goals like crisis management, peacekeeping missions and defence liability. In addition to a few partners, cooperation with other organisations as the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe ( OSCE ), the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO) is very important .

Estonia in the United Nations

Estonia's first permanent representative to the UN headquarters was Ernst Jaakson , Estonia's long time consul general in New York and head of mission in the United States, a diplomat who with his service helped to maintain the legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia through the Soviet occupation. Out of the 5 UN's regional groups ( Asian , African, Latin -American and Caribbean , Eastern European, Western European and Others) Estonia has been a member of the Eastern European Group since May 2004.
Estonia also participates in the UN mandated international forces led by NATO in Kosovo (KFOR) and Afghanistan (International Security Assistance Force, ISAF), the Multinational Force in Iraq , as well as the EU-led peacekeeping mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Since 1996, more than 30 Estonian policemen have participated with the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations in police missions to Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as Kosovo.
In April 2005, a UN peacekeeping seminar Train the Trainers with participants from nearly 30 countries, organised jointly by Estonia and the United Nations, took place in Tallinn.

Estonians representatives to the UN

The permanent representatives of Estonia to the UN in New York

• 1991- 1994 Ernst Jaakson
  
• 1994- 1998 Trivimi Velliste
  
• 1998- 2000 Sven Jürgenson
  
• 2000- 2004 Merle Pajula
  
• 2004 Jaak Jõerüüt
  
• 2004- present Tiina Intelmann
  

The permanent representatives of Estonia to the UN and other international organisations in Geneva

• 1998- 1999 Priit Pallum
  
• 2000- 2004 Clyde Kull
  
• 2004-present Tõnis Nirk
  

European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic community of twenty -seven member states, located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1993 by the Treaty of Maastricht, adding new areas of policy to the existing European Community. Fifteen member states have adopted a common currency , the euro. It has developed a role in foreign policy, representing its members in the World Trade Organization.
Twenty-one EU countries are members of NATO. It has developed a role in justice and home affairs, including the abolition of passport control between many member states under the Schengen Agreement.
Important institutions and bodies of the EU include the European Commission, the European Parliament , the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the European Court of Justice and the European Central Bank . EU citizens elect the Parliament every five years .
In 1973 the European Communities enlarged to include Denmark , Ireland and the United Kingdom. Norway had negotiated to join at the same time but a referendum rejected membership and so it remained outside.
The first direct, democratic elections of members of the European Parliament were held in 1979.
Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s. The Schengen Agreement in 1985 created largely open borders without passport controls between most member states. In 1986 the European flag began to be used and leaders signed the Single European Act. Austria, Sweden and Finland joined in 1995.
In 2002, twelve member states adopted the euro as a single currency.
The European Union is composed of 27 independent sovereign countries which are known as member states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy , Latvia, Lithuania , Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands , Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia , Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. There are three official candidate countries, Croatia, FYROM and Turkey; the western Balkan countries of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia are officially recognised as potential candidates. Kosovo has been granted similar status.