EL eksam
European Institutions
Council of the European Union – Euroopa Liidu Nõukogu (ministrid)
-
Legislative ja budgetary
-
Peab läbirääkimisi õigusaktide üle ja võtab need vastu (
väga oluline otsustaja)
otsustajaks vaja majorityt
-
Koordineerib liikmesriikide poliitikaid (majandus, haridus, kultuur, tööhõive jne)
-
Arendab EL ühist välis- ja julgeolekupoliitikat
-
Sõlmib rahvusvahelisi lepinguid (annab komisjonile volitused pidada EL nimel
läbirääkimisi)
-
Võtab vastu eelarve (koos parlamendiga)
-
Liikmeteks valitsuse ministrid igast ELi liikmesriigist vastavalt arutamisele kuuluvale
poliitikavaldkonnale st
esindab riike; permanent representaties (COREPER)
-
Eesistuja!!!
-
Asutati 1958 ECSC raames
Council of Europe – Euroopa Nõukogu
-
Rahvusvaheline organisatsioon; 47 riiki Euroopast ja Aasiast
-
Tegevusvaldkonnad: inimõigused, sotsiaalõigused, keelelised õigused, haridus ja
kultuur
-
Ei ole EL institutsioon
-
Asutas inimõiguste kohtu pärast EHCR 1950. aastal
-
Juhtorganiks parlamentaarne assamblee ja ministrite komitee
European Council – Euroopa ülemkogu
-
Liikmeteks riigipead või valitsusjuhid, Euroopa Ülemkogu eesistuja ja Euroopa
Komisjoni president (Donald Tusk)
-
Määrab üldise poliitilise suuna ja prioriteedid, ei pea läbirääkimis õigusaktide üle ega
võta neid vastu
-
Kohtub 2x poole aasta jooksul
-
Konsensus
-
Pesident 2,5 a
-
Loodi 1973
-
ELi eesmärkide ja prioriteetide seadmise eest vastutav organ
-
1992 Maastrichti leping – EC ametlik staatus
-
2009 Lissaboni leping – saab üheks ELi institutsioonidest
European Parliament
-
1957 Treaty of Rome
-
Ainuke kuhu valitakse liikmed st
esindab rahvast
-
Lgislative – seadused; absoluute majority hääletamine
-
Ei saa algatada eelnõusid vaid hääletab Euroopa Komisjoni esitatud eelnõud üle
-
1992 Maastrichti ja 1997 Amsterdami leping muutsid EP seadusandlikuks
parlamendiks
-
Õigus anda seadusandlikke akte
-
Rahandusalased volitused
-
Järelvalve täidesaata võimu üle
-
On president, juhatus ja esimeeste konverents, komisjonid, fraktsioonid ja
delegatsioonid
-
751 liiget, 750 max + president
Party groups
-
Group of the European People’s Party (Christian Democrats)
-
Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European
Parliament
-
Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
-
Group of the greens/european free Alliance
-
European conservatives and reformists group
-
Confederal group of the european united left – nordic green left
-
Eruope of freedm and direct democracy group
-
Europe of nations and freedom
European Comission
-
EL täitevorgan (rakendab seadusi ja viib ellu poliitikat), sai täidesaatva võimu
Lissaboni lepinguga 2007 -
executive
-
Teeb parlamendile ja EL nõukogule õigusaktide ettepanekuid ja teostab järelvalvet
koos kohtuga
-
Haldab EL eelarvet ja eraldab rahalisi vahendeid
-
Esindab EL rahvusvaheliselt
-
Komiteed, sekretariaat
-
Valitsuskabinett kuhu kuulu 28 volinikku igast liikmesriigist,
esindavad EL mitte
enda riigi huve, valitakse president (esimene Hallstein, praegu juncker)
-
Üks liikmetest on EC president
-
Asutati 1951 ESCE tõttu
-
5 aastat
Court of Justice of the European Union – Euroopa Kohus ja Üldkohus
-
Üks kohtunik igast riigist + 11 juristi
-
Tekkis 1952
-
Kontrollib et EL seadused oleks tõlgendatud ja kasutatud igas liikmesriigis samamoodi
-
Sanktsioonid
-
European Central Bank – Euroopa Keskpank
-
Haldab eurot
-
Säilitab hinnad stabiilsena
-
Suunab EL majandus- ja rahanduspoliitikat
-
EKP president, asepresident ja kõigi EL liikmesriikide keskpankade juhid
-
Asutati 1998
Court of Auditors – Euroopa Kontrollikoda
-
Jälgib, et EL rahalisi vahendeid kogutakse ja kasuttakse eesmärgipäraselt
-
Aitab tõhustada EL finantsjuhtimist
-
Üks liige igast EL liikmesriigist
-
Asutati 1977
-
Sõltumatu välisaudiitor
Timeline
1951 ECSC
-
Italy, belgium, netherlands, Luxembourg, france, germany
1955 messina conference
1957 Treaty of Rome
-
Tekib European Economic Community EEC
-
Kaubandusliit
1960 – European Free Trade Association
1961 ja 1967 UK proovib liituda aga prantsusmaa ei luba 63;
1965 Merger treaty ja Empty Chair crisis
1969 Economic and Monetary Union - euro
1973 liituvad UK, denmark, ireland1979 – EP esmesed valimised
1981 – kreeka
1985 – Schengen
-
Belgium, france, Luxembourg, netherlands, west-germany
-
Pass ja lipp
1986 Single European Act
-
liitub spain, portugal
-
vabam kaubandus
1990
-
ühendatud saksamaa
1997 Maastricht treaty
-
loodakse EL
1995 – liituvad AT, soome, rootsi
2002 – loodakse euro
2004 – 10 riiki
Actual konspekt from the begginning
Schuman declaration
-
1950
-
To avoid war
First steps towards political integration:
-
Council of Europe 1949
-
ECSC 1951
The founding fathers
-
Christian democrats – universalism
-
Peripheral regions, borders
-
Victims of nationalism
-
Federalists
Towards the European Economic Community
-
Election of Spaak – relaunching integration at the Messina Conference 1955
-
Integration in all aspects of economy
-
Creation of a single market
-
Marginalization of federal idea
The creation of EEC
-
Spaak report
-
Treaties of Rome (1958)
4 goals:
-
Single market within 12 years
-
Elimination of custom duties and tariffs
-
Extablisment of common agriculture, trade, transpoer, competition policy
-
Creation of European Social Fund and European Investment Bank
Single market
-
Free trade area for goods
-
Common policies on product regulation and freedom of movement of the factors of
production
-
A Common Market is a first stage towards a signle market
Merger of Institutions
-
1965
-
Elimination of Commission and council of Euratom and the High Authority and
Council of ECSC
Single European Act
-
1986
-
First relevant amendments of the treatiers after rome
-
Main task: making the single market possible
-
More powers to EP
-
Establishment of European Council
Stress on Social Dimension
-
Necessity to overcome the imbalances among and within the member states
-
Equal employment opportunities, social rights, working conditions
Schengen
-
1985 – BE, FR, LU, NL, DE
-
Gradual abolition of borer checks, een non-EU states
-
1990, supplemented by the Schengen Convention which proposed the abolition of
internal border controls and a common visa policy
-
Freedom of movement sitt as part of single market
The European Union
Maastricht Treaty
-
3 pillars
-
More powerts to EP
-
Creation of Comitte of Regions
-
New policy areas to the Union
-
European citizenship
-
Single currency
-
European Monetary Union
Inter-governmental conference IGC
-
Formal procedure for negotiating amendments to the founding treatis of EU
-
Called into being by the EC, composed of representatives of ,MS, with the
commission and to a lesser degree the parliament
Treaty of Amsterdam
-
Signed in 97 in force 99
-
Implementation of common foreign and security policy CFSP
-
New office of high representative
-
EU competencies extended to health and consumer protection
-
More legislative powers to the EP
-
Enhanced cooperationCodecision procedure
Europe a la carte
Enhanced cooperation – a procedure of flexibility allowing those member states that wish to
proceed more rapidly in a specific policy area to do so
Treaty of Nice
-
2003
-
Cosmetic changes only
-
Increase of EP seatus
-
Sanctions against member states
-
Proclamation of charter of rights
Charter of Fundamental Rights
-
A document which has been updated in the light of changes in society
It entrenches:
-
All rights found in the case law of the court of justice
-
The rights and freedoms enshrined in the ECHR
-
Other rights from the common traditions of EU members
Includes third generation rights – data protection, bioethics
3 stages towards Euro
-
1990
abolition of all restrictions on the movement of capital
-
1994
european monetary institute
-
1999 –
fixing of conversion rates
-
2002 –
euro banknotes
Crises
-
Brexit
-
Far right and populism
-
Eurozone crisis
-
Migration
-
Eastern flank
-
Transatlantic relations
Key innovations
-
Public presecutor
-
European referendum
-
Minister of Foreign Affairs
-
Withdrawal clause
-
Popular initiative
-
Border guard
Developments
5 scenarios proposed by Juncker
-
Carrying on
-
Nothing but the single market
-
Those who want more do more
-
Doing less more efficiently
-
Doing much more together
Grand theories of European Integrations
-
Federalism
-
Functionalism
-
Neo-functionalism
-
Intergovernmentaism
-
Liberal intergovermentalism
Theory – group of ideas meant to explain a certain issue
EU integration theories are meant to address:
-
The speed and direction f EU integration
-
The speed and direction of individual policies
-
The failure to establish certain policies
-
The institutional development
-
Why progress takes place in certain times
Federalism
Ventotene manifesto
-
The autonomous nature of the pan European movement for the European federation
-
The European Constituent Assembly to command necessary democrativ legitimacy
-
Exploitation of the contradictions of the functional approach to European integration
1. The independent movement for the European federation
-
Should unite all supporters, should not be a political party
-
Should be supernational
-
Should seek direct influence on public opinion, exercise pressure on national
governments
2. Constituent Assembly vs intergovernmental method: not governments but citizens
-
Represent the public opinion
-
Represent the parties and prinviple democratic trends
-
Free of the vested interests
3. Spinellis critique of the ECSC
-
European institutions will be deprived of the capacity to overcome special interests
-
The chaos and inefficiency as the result of lack of common governance
-
Functional institutions established by the unanimous decisions are weak in time of
crisis
-
The democratic deficite
Critique of the federalist approach
-
Creation of a state like institutional order at the European level results in
significantgovernance capacity. Creates a dangerous distance between the governors
and governed
-
External projection of federalist logic results in reproduction on the inerregonal level
Monnet and neo-functionalism
-
Develop a Eruopean scale economy
-
Control Germany
-
Ensuring coal for French steal industry
Assumptions of neo-functionalism
-
Integration would undermine state sovereignty
-
States are not unified actors
-
Interest groups are important international actors
-
Integration would spill-over beyond power of the states
Role of national institutions
-
National parlaments no longer losers – Lisbon treaty
Proposing legislation
Legal tools:
-
Regulations – binding legislative acts, applied in their entirety across the EU, directly
applicable
-
Directives – legislative act that sets out a goal that all EU countries must achive
-
Decisions – binding on those to whom it is addressed
Examples of regulations
The Dublin regulation – identifying the Membre state responsible for the examination of an
asylum claim in Europe
Examples of directives
Directive
on
energy
labelling
Examples of decisions
Commission orgers Estonia to recver incompatible aid from national air carrier Estonian air
Enforcing EU law
-
Primary – treaties
-
Secondary – regulations, directives, decisions
-
Commission mnitors he application of union law
-
Commission may take action
-
Commission can open formal infringement proceedings
Foreign policy
-
First steps 1970 – European Political Cooperation – binding foreign ministers
-
Under Maastricht the EU agreed to define and implement a Common Foreign and
Security Policy
Security & Defence Policy
-
Failure of the European Defence Community
-
Because of Cold War a change between US and EU
-
1999 European Security and Defence policy set the headline goal
-
2003 – European Security Strategy
Following the Treaty of Rome
Overoptimistic plans:
-
European Defence Community EDC – 1952 – a plan to create a common European
military
-
European Political community EPC – 1953 – idea of a federal system
Federation – political entity characterized by a union of partialle self-governing states or
regions
European Political Cooperation
-
Economics to foreign affairs
-
Very weak coordination
-
Towards a European perspective on foreign aggairs
-
To coordinate meetings among foreign ministers
-
Very limited powers of the commission – trade relations & sanctions
Changing context
-
End of the cold war – lack of European response, future of nato questioned
-
German reunification
-
Potential need for increased coordination
Common foreign & security policy
-
1992
-
2nd pillar – intergovernmental & unanimity in council
3 sources of external relations:
-
Member states outside of CSFP
-
Member states within framework of CFSP – joint position and action
-
Commission – trade policy
Amsterdam Treaty 1997
-
IGC and European Council in June
Themes and context
-
Review procedure for CFSP
-
Post-yugoslavia – diverse member states’ attitudes
-
Seeks to bring external relations of the EU to brussels
Key features
-
Introduction of ‘constructive abstention’
-
Creation of High representative for CFSP
-
Creation of policy unit for military and securtiy
Towards Defence & security policy
-
Bringing defence to core of European agenda
-
Led by uk and France
-
Highlighted importance of the big 3
3 elements of EDSP:
-
Military, civilian crisis management; conflict prevention
Lisbon treaty
Key features:
-
Creation of mr or mrs CFSP – high representative of the union
-
Lingking of economic and military issues
-
Member states to support European defence agency EDA
-
Battlegroups
EU global strategy
-
The security of our union
-
State and societal resilience
-
An integrated approach to conflicts and crises
-
Cooperative regional orders
-
Global governance for the 21st century
Policies
Types of policies
-
Regulatory policies – governs the conduct of markets to protect public welfare and
interest
-
Redistributive policies – transfer financial resources from groups of individuals,
regions or countries to others
-
Distributive policies – allocate financial resources and benefits to selected
beneficiaries
-
Constituent policies – rules of the gamses,benefits related to balance of power
EUs re-distributive tool – a policy with the stated aim of improving the economic well-being
of reigons in the EU and also to avoid regional disparities. Restructures declining industrial
areas and diversify rural areas which hace declining agriculture
EU cohesion policy at a glance
36% of EU budget:
Financial instruments
-
European Regional Development Fund
-
European Social Fund
-
Cohesion Fund
Three objectives
-
Convergence objective – for regions w/ a GDP below 7% of community average
-
Regional competitiveness and employment objective – for all other regions
-
European territorial cooperation objective – cross border, transnational and
interregional co-operation
European regional development fund
To help reinforce economic and social cohesion by redressing regional inbalances
-
Objective convergence
-
Regional competitiveness and employment
-
Territorial cooperation
European Social Fund
Main financial instrument for supporting employment in the member states of EU
-
Improving human capital
-
Access to employment and sustainability
-
Increasing the adaptability of workers and firms
-
Imrpovind the social inclusion
The Cohesion Fund
-
Member states with a gros national income less than 90% of the acerage receive a 69,5
billion for investment programmes
Trans national territorial cooperation
Baltic Sea programme
Document Outline
- European Institutions
- Council of the European Union – Euroopa Liidu Nõukogu (ministrid)
- Council of Europe – Euroopa Nõukogu
- European Council – Euroopa ülemkogu
- European Parliament
- Party groups
- European Comission
- Court of Justice of the European Union – Euroopa Kohus ja Üldkohus
- European Central Bank – Euroopa Keskpank
- Court of Auditors – Euroopa Kontrollikoda
- Timeline
- 1951 ECSC
- 1957 Treaty of Rome
- 1986 Single European Act
- 1997 Maastricht treaty
- Schuman declaration
- The founding fathers
- Towards the European Economic Community
- The creation of EEC
- Single market
- Merger of Institutions
- Single European Act
- Stress on Social Dimension
- Schengen
- The European Union
- Inter-governmental conference IGC
- Treaty of Amsterdam
- Codecision procedure
- Europe a la carte
- Treaty of Nice
- Charter of Fundamental Rights
- 3 stages towards Euro
- Crises
- Key innovations
- Developments
- Grand theories of European Integrations
- Federalism
- 1. The independent movement for the European federation
- 2. Constituent Assembly vs intergovernmental method: not governments but citizens
- 3. Spinellis critique of the ECSC
- Critique of the federalist approach
- Monnet and neo-functionalism
- Assumptions of neo-functionalism
- Role of national institutions
- Proposing legislation
- Examples of regulations
- Examples of directives
- Examples of decisions
- Enforcing EU law
- Foreign policy
- Security & Defence Policy
- Following the Treaty of Rome
- European Political Cooperation
- Common foreign & security policy
- Amsterdam Treaty 1997
- Towards Defence & security policy
- Lisbon treaty
- EU global strategy
- EU cohesion policy at a glance
- European regional development fund
- European Social Fund
- The Cohesion Fund
- Trans national territorial cooperation
Kõik kommentaarid