Cold war (0)

The Troubled Peace
1
a) The Nazis didn't care for any other nationalities, they used people who weren't German only for '' slave work'' . Germanys only concern was to keep themselves happy and powerful . They wanted to make themselves the superior race. Hitlers idea of the perfect race, the Aryan race also didn't help, because the Aryan race should have people with light eyes , hair and skin , they should be tall and powerful. He didn't care for people who didn't meet his expectations of the perfect race. In his eyes all other groups of people like the Russians, Jews and just crazy, crippled or diseased people were worthless and didn't have any other use than for slave work or just killing .
b) After the war twenty - four major political and military leaders of Nazi Germany , indicted for aggressive war, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, were brought to trial before the British , French , Russian and American judges. More than 100 additional defendants, representing many sectors of German society, were tried in a series of 12 trials.Twelve prominent Nazis were sentenced to death . Most of the defendants admitted to the crimes of which they were accused, although most claimed that they were simply following the orders of a higher authority . Those individuals directly involved in the killing received the most severe sentences . Other people who played key roles in the Holocaust, including high-level government officials, and business executives who used concentration camp inmates as forced laborers, received short prison sentences or no penalty
2.
a) The United Nations was thought to be more successful because ( unlike in the League of Nations ) all of the largest nations joined and they had armed force at its disposal. All the winning and neutral countries were members and all of them could be called on to provide troops to deal with aggression.
b) The Security council was important because they met regulary and dealt with crises. The original members were Britain , the USA , the USSR, France and China , because they were the five victors in the II World War. The other six seats were given to states in rotation . The five victors also have extra power so they can cancel (veto) the UN's decisions ( any decision has to be passed by at least seven members and five of them have to be the so called'' Big Five''). I think it was allowed because those five were the major powers of the world on what the peace of the world depended .
c) The specialized Agencies of the United Nations were the International Telecommunications Union ITU , which co-ordinates the telegraph and telephone links between countries and the Universal Postal Union UPU which performed a similar service for mail. Those two were some of the older international organisations. It also inherited some departments from the Leafue of Nations like the International Labor Organization ILO , which employs experts to make studies of the working conditions in various industries, give work training and so on and the International court at the Hague in Holland . There also in the World Health Organization WHO, hich is helped by the richer memeber countries and the Food and Agricultural Organization FAO which experts have worked on every aspect of farming, fishing and forestry although it's basic idea was only to help the poorer countries to increase their food production . The final one is the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO . Its help is more known more in the poorer parts of the world rather than the industrialized nations.
3. After the World War Two the United States and the USSR were the dominant military powers in the world, but they had very different forms of government and economy , the USA a capitalist democracy, USSR a communist dictatorship. The two nations were rivals who feared each other, each ideologically opposed. The war also left Russia in control of large areas of Eastern Europe , and the US led Allies in control of the West (each had atomic weapons) . Arguments also rose about Poland . The USSR wanted Poland to have a communist government while the others wanted a democratic . Finally they agreed on democratic elections but most of the candidates were communist so the communist still got to power. In between the countries which were controlled by the communist and the countries which were on the USA's side an iron curtain was drawn. Military alliances were formed as the West grouped together as NATO and the East as the Warsaw Pact. Many countries were able to fight against the Communist thanks to the USA's Marshal Plan ( European Recovery Programme - ERP). Because it was such a big of success the USA wanted to start another programme of technical aid to less- developed countries outside Europe.The USSR wanted support from those areas too and started a very similar Molotov Plan. Since then such offers of help have become an important role of the Cold war. The first time the US and the USSR acted as certain enemies was the Berlin Blockade. Post-war Germany was divided into four parts and was occupied by the US , the USSR, Britain and France. Berlin, situated in the Soviet zone, was also divided. In 1948 Stalin enforced a blockade of Berlin and so Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of Germany( West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Allies responded with the ‘Berlin Airlift and for eleven months supplies were flown into Berlin by the Allies aircraft. The blockade was ended in May 1949 when Stalin gave up.
4.
a) Marshal Tito also known as Josip Broz Tito was the Communist regime leader in Yugoslavia. He was very patriotic and party thanks to him Yugoslavia managed to keep its independence. Yugoslavia managed to fight back the Nazis almost single -handed.Tito resented taking orders from outsiders and when Stalin suggested to join Russias and Yugoslavias bank he refused. Many non-communist Yugoslavs supported Tito for patriotic reasons.
b) NATO or also known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in April 1949. It consisted of the USA, Britain, France, Belgium , Luxembourg, the Netherlands , Canada, Denmark , Iceland, Norway Italy and Portugal . Greece and Turkey joined in 1951 and West Germany in 1954. Spain wanted to join too but some of the European governments still hated Franco .The American policy was to restrict the Soviet Union to her existing position in Europe and not let it move any more. Some of the anti-communist countries were against it because it didn't help the countries under the Soviet Union in any way but nothing more could have been done. America also helped these countries with military aid and so on.
c)The Marshall plan also known as the European Recovery plan (ERP) was made by General Geoge Marshall who anounced his sceme to fight hunger , poverty and chaos in Europe. Supplies of food , fuel, machinery and raw materials (which were valued up to 13 billion ) were sent to Europe. Success of this plan engouraged the USA to suggest a Point Four programme of technical aid to less- developed countries outside Europe. The USSR then responed with a similar plan called the Molotov Plan.
d) The Berlin Airliftstarted when the Russians stopped givin West Germany things and stopped all connections with West Germany. The British, US and French governments did not give up and started giving aid to West Germany by air. At first there were only 100 planes which were filying day by day bringing food and fuel for two million people. It became easier when the French built a new airfield in Tegel and the British enlarged theirs at Gatow. Soon planes were landing in every five minutes. Airplanes were able to supply most of the people and even during the winter time and the Russians gave away in May 1949 but with that all hopes of a united Germany died.