Terminid
• SNARE,
soluble N-ethylmaleimide
sensitive factor adaptor
protein ;
• Receptors TMD, Trans-membrane
domain ;
• PR, Pathogenesis-
related ;
• qRT-PCR, quantitative Real Time PCR;
• CDD, Conserved Domain Database;
• HMM,
Hidden Markov Model;
• MSA, Multiple sequence
alignment ;
• PDB, Protein Data
Bank ;
• DOPE, Discrete Optimized Protein Energy;
• MOF, MODELLER Objective
Function ;
• NILs,
Near -isogenic lines
•
Leaf rust ;
• Ustilago maydis, maisinõe
seen • bread
wheat , Triticum suvitrühvel L
• tobacco, Nicotiana
tabacum • oder, Hordeum vulgare
•
riis O. riis
indica • nr: mitte ülearune;
• S-PI, susceptible
patogeen nakatunud,
• S-M, susceptible negative
control ;
• GAPDH Glütseraaldehüüd-3-Fosfaat Dehüdrogenaas
3.5. SNARE geenide up-
regulation leherooste nakkuse ajal
nisus •
Paremaks arusaamiseks SNARE geenide funktsioonist mRNA tasemel, ruumilised ja ajalised expression patterns võrreldi ja contrasted in mock - and
pathogen-inoculated tundliku ja resistantse nisu NILs. • qRT-PCR
based geen expression uuringud avaldasid SNARE koopia potentsiaalse rolli
incompatible (resistentsusgeeni varjav taim vs. virulentne patogeen) leherooste
koostoimete ajal.
• Kui HD2329 +
Lr28 rida oli nakatatud leherooste patogeeniga, relative to the HD2329
isoliin ja mock-inoculated controls,täheldati kõigi kolme SNARE geeni väljendi kasvu
( Fig. 7).
• Sobimatu
koostoime ajal, oli väljend indutseeritud 12 hpi-lt onwards kõigile kolmele
SNARE geenile (Fig. 7).
• Maksimaalne väljendperiood 24 ja 48 hpi-l vastasid proliferatsiooni perioodile ja
patogeeni sekundaarse hyphae levik naaberrakkudele.
• Surface mature appresoria kokkuvarisemine initiates rakusisest ramification of
secondary nakkuse rakusisest ramification hyphae 72 hpi-l.
• In
contrast , susceptible taimedes näitas palju madalamat kasvu SNARE geenide
expression levels võrreldes resistantsete taimedega.
• The mock inoculated resistentsetes (R-M) ja tundlikes taimedes (S-M), patogeeni surve
puudumisel, näitas ebaolulisi muutusi expression profiiilides.
Olulised erinevused SNARE geenide väljendis
resistantsete mock ja nakatunute koostoimete,
tundlike mock ja nakatunute koostoimete,
ning resistentsete nakatunute ja tundlike nakatunute koostoimete
vahel,
olid arvutatud kasutades ∆Ct väärtusi kui P ≤ 0.01.
• T-väärtused (tabel 5) näitasid olulist erinevust kriitilisest t
väärtusest (4.604), seega näidates significant alterations
target geenide väljendis maximum expression juures ja implicate
nende rolli kaitses.
•
see selge aegruumi ekspressioonimuster tuvastatud SNARE geenide sobivate ja ebasobivate koosmõjude ajal
demonstreerib selle positiivset rolli leherooste vastu
nisutaimedes.4. Arutelu
•
Antud uuringus identifitseerisime 35 SNARE geeni nisu genoomist kasutades homoloogia otsinguid. •
Eeldatakse, et nisu, millel on suur genoom (16.94 Gb), võib sisaldada palju rohkem SNARE geene. •
Me tuvastasime kolm SNARE homoloogi geeni (SNARE3, SNARE5 ja SNARE6) nisu kultivarist HD2329+Lr28 kasutades homoloogia otsinguid. • Fülogeenetiline puu näitab et SNARE3 ja SNARE5 kuuluvad Qc II gruppi ja SNARE6
kuulub Qb II gruppi.
• Modelleri tarkvara abiga , prognoositi kõigile kolmele SNARE geenile 3-D
struktuurid .
• Kõigis
kolmes mudelis avastati α-heliksilised aktiinfiiberi struktuurid.
• SNARE6 poolt kodeeritud polüpeptiiidide mudelis näib olevat kaks väikse pöördega
eraldatud α-heliksilise rulli lõiku, ja kaks rulli murduvad üksteise peale as a hairpin.
• See on analoogiline SNAREdele nimega SNAP (SNAP-25, SNAP-29, SNAP-47) mida
tuntakse kui Qbc SNAREsid, kuna nad sisaldavad kahte SNARE domeeni (Qb & Qc)
ainsas polüpeptiiidde ahelas ja nad murduvad üksteise peale SNARE kompleksi
moodustamise ajal.
• Seega panustab see üksik proteiin SNARE kogunemise ajal kaks SNARE domeeni
neljast vajalikust ja kaks teist valku(Qa Syntaxinist ja R Brevins/Longinsist)
panustavad kaks teist domeeni.
•
Venni diagrammid lubavad kiiret suhete visualisatsiooni paljastades
ristmikud (kattumised) ja lahkmed(mitte-kattumised) suurteks
bioloogilisteks andmekogusteks ja on tihti kasututatud erinevate
liikide kogu genoomi analüüsiks.
• Eraldi ja kattuvates ortoloogilistes klastrites kuvatud genoomiülesed
ortoloogilised võrdlused Venni diagrammis, mis provides
igat liiki
esindavaid various shapes, geene või geeniklastreid illustreerivate ...
kattuvate regioonidega, mis on
ainulaadsed või jagatud iga liigi vahel.
• Kuna meid huvitas ainult nisu SNARE homology, on meil
mainitud ainult nisu sisaldavaid klastreid.
• Genoomilaiune ortoloogiliste klastrite analüüs on tähtis võrdleva
geneetika uuringute komponent.
• Kattuvuse identifitseerimine ortoloogiliste klastrite hulgas võimaldab
funktsioonide ja proteiinide evolutsiooni selgitamist
across paljude
liikide.
•
SNARE3, SNARE5 ja SNARE6 väljendus oli erinevalt indutseeritud leherooste poolt sobivate ja ebasobivate koostoimete ajal, vihjab nende nisu SNARE geenide võimalikule osalusele vastusena
leherooste nakkusele. •
Sarnaselt, taimespetsiiifilisi SNARE sisaldav Qc-SNARE domeen nisus TaSPY71 oli erinevalt indutseeritud vastusena (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici)-le nii sobivate kui ebasobivate
koostoimete ajal. •
Arvatakse et eritusprotsessid aitavad kaasa kaitsemehhanismidele taime-patogeeni koostoime vastu. • Kohaspetsiifiline, antimikroobse sekundaarse metaboliidi (fütoaleksiini) lokaliseeritud kasv oli leitud S. bicolori
apoplastis vastusena seente patogeenile (Colletotrichum graminicola).
• Fütoaleksiini kogunemine algab sfäärilise tsütoplasma inclusions
ilmingutega diameetriga umbes 1 μm mis
ühinevad, moodustades suure 20 μm diameetriga üksuse.
• Sarnaselt oli
odra jahukastme koostoime ajal jälgitud vakuoolistruktuure sisaldava H2O2 sadestust.
• Ultrastrukturne analüüs näitas et need vesiikulilaadsed kehad koosnevad laiast valikust rakustruktuuridest
mis kaasaarvatud pisikesed rakuseina appositions, para-
mural kehad, ja multivesikulaarsed kehad.
• See tingimus kajastab erinevate antimikroobsete proteiinide, regulatoorsete polüpeptiidide, rakuseina osade,
ja muu kaitseotstarbelise lasti eritransporti .
• SNARE
homoloogid on seotud vesiikuli- vahendatud vastupanuga triiproostele.
• Peale fütoaleksiinide väljatõukamist, kaitseotstarbeliste polüpeptiidide massiivi eksotsütoosi, niinimetatud
patogenees sugulasvalkudega, apoplastiline ruum on tavaline vastus mikroobirünnakule mida on uuritud
paljudes patosüstemides.
• Taime-patogeeni koostoimes näitas varasem uuring et t-SNARE on vajalik endotsütoosiks taime-patogeense
maisinõe seene
esialgse arengufaasi ajal , SNARE tähtsuse aluseks mõlemale partnerile taime-mikroobi
koostoimes.
• Vaatamata hästi arusaadud eritatud antimikroobsete ühendite ja polüpeptiidide
rollile raku piires, on transpordirada sünteesialalt toimekohale siiani
saladus .
• SNAREdel peaks olema põhiroll taime kaitses.
• AtSYP121 alleeli inaktiveerimine (
kodeerib Qa-SNARE) ja selle ortoloogil
HvROR2 odras on kõrge peremeesrakkude sisend kas kohandamata
seeneliikide või kõrge resistentsusega odra poolt mlo mutant alleelis.
• AtSYP121 geeni puudumine tagajärjeks on
viivitus lokaliseeritud rakuseina
appositions tekkimisel kohandamata jahukastme attack
sites , suggesting et
AtSYP121 soodustab pathogen-
triggered rakuseina tugevduste õigeaegset
loomist.
• Peale rolli mängimise seente levikus, on SNARE ka seotud postinvasiivsete
kaitsekihtide regulatsiooniga.
• Odra Qa + Qb-SNARE kodeerimisgeeni HvSNAP34 (AtSNAP33-e
ortoloog )
inaktiveerimine , näitas suurenenud seente sisenemismäära täielikult
resistentses mlo genotüübis.
• On
pakutud , et Qa-SNARE fosforülatsioon võib olla säilinud esialgne vastus
erinevat tüüpi taime kaitses.
• In the
present study we identified 35 SNARE
genes from wheat genome using
homology searches. It is expected that wheat, havinglarge genome
size (16.94 Gb),
might
contain many more SNARE
genes .
• We identified three SNARE homologue genes (SNARE3, SNARE5 and SNARE6) from
the wheat cultivar HD2329 + Lr28 using homology searches.
• The phylogenetic tree
shows that SNARE3 and SNARE5 belong to Qc II group and
SNARE6 belong to Qb II group.
• With the help of Modeller software 3-D
structures were predicted for all the three
SNARE genes. The α-
helical coiled coil structures were detected in all three models.
• The model of the polypeptide encoded by SNARE6 seems to have two stretches of α-
helical coils, separated by a small turn and the two coils fold onto each
other as a
hairpin.
• This is analogous to SNAREs called SNAPs (SNAP-25, SNAP-29, SNAP-47) which are
referred to as the Qbc SNAREs, as they contain two SNARE domains (
both Qb & Qc) in
a
single polypeptide chain and they fold
upon each other
during SNARE complex
formation .
• Therefore, during SNARE
assembly , this single protein contributes two SNARE
domains out of the
four required SNARE domains and two other proteins (Qa from
Syntaxins and R from Brevins/Longins) contribute the other two domains.
• 4. Discussion
• In the present study we identified 35 SNARE genes from wheat genome using homology
searches.
• It is expected that wheat,
having large genome size (16.94 Gb), might contain many more
SNARE genes.
• We identified three SNARE homologue genes (SNARE3, SNARE5 and SNARE6) from the wheat
cultivar HD2329 + Lr28 using homology searches.
• The phylogenetic tree shows that SNARE3 and SNARE5 belong to Qc II group and SNARE6
belong to Qb II group.
• With the help of Modeller software 3-D structures were predicted for all the three SNARE genes.
The α-helical coiled coil structures were detected in all three models.
• The model of the polypeptide encoded by SNARE6 seems to have two stretches of α-helical
coils, separated by a small turn and the two coils fold onto each other as a hairpin.
• This is analogous to SNAREs called SNAPs (SNAP-25, SNAP-29, SNAP-47) which are referred to
as the Qbc SNAREs, as they contain two SNARE domains (both Qb &Qc) in a single polypeptide
chain and they fold upon each other during Fig. 7. qRT-PCR analyses of three SNARE genes.
• Leaf tissues were used for both inoculated and mock inoculated
plants of resistant and
susceptible NILs at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hpi.
• Relative gene quantification was calculated by
comparative ΔΔCt
method . GAPDH expression
level was used as internal
reference gene and data from three biological replicates mean ± SD
was plotted.
• Venn
diagrams allow for
quick visualization of relationships by
revealing intersections (overlaps) and disjunctions (non-
overlaps) for large biological datasets, and are often used in
whole -genome
analysis across
species . Genome
wide orthologous
comparisons displayed in separate and
overlapping orthologous clusters in the Venn diagram, which
provides various shapes representing each species with
overlapping regions illustrating the genes or gene clusters that
are
unique to or shared
between each species. Since we were
interested only in wheat SNARE homology, we have mentioned
only those clusters containing wheat. Genome wide analysis of
orthologous clusters is an
important component of
comparative genomics
studies . Identifying the overlap among
orthologous clusters enables elucidation of the
functions and
evolution of proteins across multiple species.
• Expression of SNARE3, SNARE5 and
SNARE6 were differentially induced by P.
triticina during compatible and
incompatible interaction,
• suggesting the possible involvement of
these wheat SNARE genes in
• response to leaf rust infection.
Similarly , a
Qc-SNARE domain containing
plant specific SNARE in wheat TaSPY71 was
differentially......
•
• induced in response to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici during both compatible and incompatible
interactions .
• Secretory processes are
thought to help in
defense response in plant-pathogen interaction. Site-
specific, localized
increase of an antimicrobial secondary metabolite (phytoalexin) was
found in the
apoplast of S. bicolor in response to the fungal pathogen
• Colletotrichum graminicola. The
accumulation of phytoalexin starts with the occurrence of spherical
cytoplasmic inclusions of about 1 μm in diameter that merge to form a large entity of ~ 20 μm
diameter.
• Similarly, during barley-powdery mildew interaction the deposition of H2O2 containing vacuole struc
tures were observed.
• Ultrastructural analysis showed that these vesicle-like bodies consist of a broad range of cellular
structures that includes miniature cell
wall appositions, para-mural bodies, and multivesicular bodies.
• This condition reflects the specialized transport of
different antimicrobial proteins, regulatory
polypeptides, cell wall components, and other defense-related cargo.
• SNARE homologues are involved in vesicle-mediated resistance to
stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp.
tritici).
• Besides the extrusion of phytoalexins, the exocytosis of an array of defense-associated polypeptides,
the so called pathogenesis-related proteins, into the apoplastic space is a common response to
microbial attack that has been observed in numerous pathosystems.
• In plant-pathogen interaction, an earlier study showed that the t-SNARE is necessary for endocytosis
during the initial stage of
development of plant-pathogenic corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis,
underlying the
importance of SNAREs for both partners of plant-microbe interaction.
• In spite of the well understood
role of secreted antimicrobial
compounds and polypeptides at the cell boundary, the transport
route from site of
synthesis to the site of action is
still a mystery.
SNAREs are
supposed to have a
fundamental role in plant defense
(
Collins et al., 2003). Inactivation of allele AtSYP121 (encodes Qa-
SNARE) and its ortholog HvROR2 in barley have high levels of
host cell
entry either by non-adapted fungal species or in the
highly resistant barley mlo mutant allele (Assaad et al., 2004). Absence of
the AtSYP121 gene
results in a delay in the formation of localized cell
wall appositions at attack sites of non-adapted powdery mildews,
suggesting that AtSYP121 contributes to the timely establishment of
pathogen-triggered cell wall reinforcements (Assaad et al., 2004).
Besides
playing a role during fungal
• penetration, SNAREs are also involved in regulation of post invasive
de-
• fense layers (Zhang et
5. Kokkuvõte
• Me oleme klooninud kolme täielikku open
reading frame containing cDNA sequences of SNARE genes
and analyzed their predicted proteins.
• Taken together, this study represents the
first systematic analysis of SNARE genes in wheat that
provides
early evidence of three wheat SNARE
homologues to have a vital role in vesicle-
mediated plant immunity.
• For an
understanding of the detailed molecular
mechanisms and their exact role in wheat defense
to leaf rust more detailed studies are needed.
Document Outline
- Terminid
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- 4. Arutelu
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- 5. Kokkuvõte
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