Gross domestic product (0)

Lõik failist

Sarnased õppematerjalid

3

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Introduction to macroeconomics

The list of reasons why economies grow: · population increase, since more people can produce more output. · accumulation of means of production: plant and equipment, roads, communication networks, and other forms of infrastructure make workers more productive. Most important is the development and harnessing of knowledge to economic ends. The most frequently used measure of a nation's economic well-being is its output and income, the gross domestic product (GDP). The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, · GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory. Business cycles. · refers to economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over several months or years.

Micro_macro ökonoomika

106

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Business peciliarities in Ukraine and Bealrus

banking sector comparable in relative size to that of many well-established market economies. Credit was at last available, and not only from state-controlled and other politically connected banks, but from reputable foreign banks channeling easy international liquidity to Ukraine as they did to other emerging economies. From 2000 to 2007, Ukraine's real growth averaged 7.4 percent and was thus very similar to Russia's. In both countries, this growth was driven by domestic demand: orientation toward consumption, other structural change, and financial development. In Ukraine, domestic demand grew in constant prices by almost 15 percent annually. It was supported by expansionary--pro-cyclical--fiscal policy generally driven by populism for perceived short- term political gain. Further, industrial capacity left idle in the 1990s was brought into use, capital inflows surged after 2005, and credit growth was fueled by external borrowing. In terms of markets, in

Inglise keel

5

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„International Ecomomics“ by Hendrik Van den Berg

Its realy easier ofcours. I wrote to the Defence Forces library and asked to send me something about economi. Well , I got „International Economics“ by Hendrik Van den Berg. We had to read 100 pages. So I did. What I remmember about from 100 pages economics? There were a lot interesting what I didnt know before. It all started about U.S Economics. U. S Economy does not appear to be „globaal“ if look at its ratio of tarded otuput to GDP (Gross Domestic product, which is the total value added of production that occurs within a country-s borders, regardless of who owns the factors of production used in the production process.)U.S exports and imports only about 10% of its national output and consumption Services are difficult to export and import; if you need haircut or you want to go out tonight , you choose from among local suppliers. Rapidly growing ratio of manufacturing exports. Fact is, that manufacturing has

Majandus

16

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Economic Country Review

manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining selfsufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU in recent years and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and domestic demand hard in 2009, with Finland experiencing one of the deepest contractions in the euro zone. A recovery of exports, domestic trade, and household consumption stimulated economic growth in 2010. The recession left a deep mark on general government finances and the debt ratio, turning previously strong budget surpluses into deficits. In addition to marginal growth prospects, general government finances will remain in deficit during the next few years

Majandusanalüüs

26

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Public Administration and Innovation

● “An innovative business is one which lives and breathes “outside the box”. It is not just good ideas, it is a combination of good ideas, motivated staff and an instinctive understanding of what your customer wants” – (Branson 1998) ● “...novel implementation of an invention, discovery, new or existing knowledge in economic process” (Joseph A. Schumpeter) ● An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations” (Oslo Manual). Innovation and entrepreneurship Schumpeter on innovation: the role of inventions and entrepreneurs ● Innovation as “new combinations” of existing resources: “Innovation is possible without anything we should identify as invention and invention does not necessarily induce

Public Administration

22

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Mikro ja makroökonoomika terminid

kahaneva piirtootlikkuse law of diminishing marginal Закон убывающей предельной seadus productivity производительности kasvav mastaabiыээые increasing returns to scale Возрастающий доход масштаба keskmine kogukulu average (total) cost, AC Средние (совокупные) затраты keskmine kogutoodang average physical product, APP Средний продукт Ilmutatud kulu Explicit cost Явные затраты ilmutamata Implicit cost Неявные затраты keskmine muutuvkulu average variable cost, AVC Средние переменные затраты keskmine püsikulu average fixed cost, AFC Средние постоянные затраты

Majandus

9

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Jamaica

fiscal and monetary policies, has contributed to a controlled reduction in the rate of inflation. The annual inflation rate has decreased from a high of 80.2% in 1991 to 7.9% in 1998. inflation for FY1998/99 was 6.2% compared to 7.2% in the corresponding period in CUU1997/98. The Government remains committed to lowering inflation, with a long-term objective of bringing it in line with that of its major trading partners. After a period of steady growth from 1985 to 1995, real GDP (gross domestic product) decreased by 1.8% and 2.4% in 1996 and 1997, respectively. The decrease in GDP in 1996 and 1997 was largely due to significant problems in the financial sector and, in 1997, a severe island-wide drought (the worst in 70 years) that drastically reduced agricultural production. In 1997, nominal GDP was approximately J$220,556.2 million (US$6,198.9 million based on the average annual exchange rate of the period).

Inglise keel

23

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INVESTBULGARIA AGENCY

INVESTBULGARIA AGENCY  WHO ARE WE InvestBulgaria Agency (IBA) is a Government institution providing information, contacts and project management support to potential investors. IBA services: Macroeconomic data on Bulgaria Data on operational costs Regional information Personalized administrative servicing Legal advice Liaison with central and local governments Liaison with branch chambers and NGOs www.investbg.government.bg  GENERAL INFORMATION Official name: Republic of Bulgaria Area: 110 994 sq.m. Population: 7.4 million Capital: Sofia Time zone: EET (UTC+2) Official language: Bulgarian Currency: Lev (BGN) Fixed exchange rate: 1 = BGN 1.95583 Type of government: Parliamentary Member of: EU, NATO, WTO

Inglise keel

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