Foneetika ja fonoloogia (0)

Definitions:
Phonology is the study that describes the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.
Phonetics is the general study of the charecteristics of speech sounds – studies how different speech sounds are produced.
Phoneme is a meaning -distinguishing sound in a language. E.g. artistic -al-ly
To know if a sound is a phoneme use the minimal contrasting pair method where the difference is only one sound: pin vs pen.
Allophones are different variations of how a phoneme is pronounced according to the context . E.g. dark and clear l – clear and dull.
Segmentation is the act of dividing speech sounds into units . E.g. segment- ation
Larnyx ( kõri ) is the voice box.
Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.
Manner of articulation is the way the airstream is blocked when producing a sound – blocked vs partially blocked; vibrating vs no vibration.
Different sound types :

• Velar sounds are produced by the tongue being in contact with the lower side of the velum aka soft palate.
  
• Alveolar sounds are produced by the tongue touching the alveolar ridge.
  
• Post-alveolar sounds are produced by the tongue touching the area before the alveolar ridge.
  
• Dental sounds are produced by the tongue touching the front teeth.
  
• Bilabial sounds are produced by the contact of both lips .
  
• Labiodental sounds are produced by lip-to-teeth contact.
  

Distribution is the act of looking sounds in different contexts and positions they can occur in.
Any speech sounds must always have air flow and some kind of blockage or modification to the air flow.
There are 2 kinds of sounds in English :

• Vowels that are produced do that the airstream is not obstructed – they can stand alone meaning that they can be produced without consonants before or after them
  
• Consonants that are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that the air flow is obstructed – consonants require some vowels around them
  

To classify vowels, fixate:

• The height of the tongue – close , close-mid, open -mid, open
  
• What part of the tongue is involved – front, middle, back – and is it up, down or neutral in the mouth
  
• The position of the lips – neutral, rounded, spread
  

Classification of vowels:

• Close vowels – tongue is near the hard palate - i, e, ᴂ
  
• Open vowel – tongue is low and there’s room between the tongue and hard palate - ɑ, ᴂ
  
• Back vowel – back of the tongue is in highest point - ᴜ, ᴧ
  
• Front vowel – front of the tongue is raised – i, e
  

Vowels of English:
Short vowels (6)
Long vowels (5)
e - bet, men, yes (e)
ᴂ - bat, man, gas (ä)
3: - bird , heard (öö)
ᴧ - but, some, rush (a)
ɑ: - card, half (aa)
ᴅ - pot, gone , cross (o)
ɔ: - bored, called (oo)
ᴜ - put, pull , push (u)
u: - food, choose (uu)
ɪ - pin, chin , king (i)
i: - teeth, meat (ii)
Diphthongs are sounds that consist of 2 vowel sounds and when producing these the tongue glides from one position to other .
There are 2 kinds of diphthongs:

• Centring diphthongs – ending with ə - tongue glides to the centre
  
• Closing diphthongs – ending with ɪ and ᴜ - tongue glides to close position
  

Diphthongs of English:
Centring diphthongs
Closing diphthongs
ɪə - beard , fierce
eɪ - paid , pain
eə - aired, cairn
aɪ - time, nice
ᴜə - moored, tour
ɔɪ - void, voice
əᴜ - houm, load
aᴜ - loud , grown, house
Triphthongs are sounds consisting of 3 vowels. They form when adding schwa to the 5 closing diphthongs.
A stop consonant aka a plosive is a consonant articulation which stops the airflow completely – air can’t escape through the mouth. When the blockage is released a burst of air is released with a sound (plosion).
Plosives divide into:

• Bilabial – the stop is made by two contracting lips
  
• Alveolar- the stop is made by the tongue touching the alveolar ridge
  
• Velar – the stop is made with the velum aka soft palate
  
• Fortis – aspirated consonants
  
• Lenis – not aspirated
  

Plosives of English:
Bilabial
Alveolar
Velar
Fortis
p
t
k
Lenis
b
d
g
Fricatives are produced by narrowing the distance between 2 articulators to produce a turbulent airflow. Continuant consonants can be produced until all the air is out of the lungs – s, m, n etc.
Fricatives on English:
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Post-alveolar
Glottal
Fortis
f
s
Lenis
v
z
Affricates are sounds that start with a plosive and end with a fricative – both have the same place of articulation. Affricates of English:

• 
  
• 
  

Nasal consonants are produced so the air flow in the oral cavity is completely blocked and the velum lowers and air escapes through the nasal cavity.
Nasals of English:

• m – bilabial
  
• n - alveolar
  
• - velar
  

Laterals are sound where the air escapes from the sides of the tongue and out of the oral cavity – closure is made somewhere along the axis of the tongue.
Lateral of English:

• - which has 2 allophones – clear l’ when perceived by a vowel ( glass ) and dark l’ when perceived by a consonant ( doll )
  

Approximates are speech sounds where the articulators are not in strong contact - almost not touching each other.
Approximates of English:

• r - row, raw, write
  
• j - year, youth , yes
  
• w - wrong , with
  

Rhotic means that r- sounds are not pronounced. car = kɑ:r
Non-rhotic means that r-sounds are not pronounced (BBC). car = kɑ:
Sounds according to the place of articulation:

• Bilabial – consonants p, b and nasal m
  
• Alveolar – consonants t, d and nasal n
  
• Velar – consonants k, g and nasal n
  
• Labiodental – fricatives f, v