youtube.com/watch? v=PsfQESpi-Ec, accessed January 19, 2016. University of Manitoba. 2014. Describing English Vowels. Available at http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/articulation/describing-vowels.html, accessed January 19, 2016. Michigan State University. 2003. Phonetics: the physical part of speech, again. Available at https://www.msu.edu/course/lin/401/fs03-s2/phonetics-lecture2.pdf, accessed January 19, 2016. FORTIS CONSONANTS A fortis consonant is a “strong” consonant produced by increased tension in the vocal apparatus. These strong consonants tend to be long, voiceless, aspirated, and high. With fortis consonants, following thumb rules stay true: articulation with more muscular effort and greater breath force, voiceless in all positions, fortis plosives are aspirated in syllable-initial position, vowels are shortened before a fortis consonant. Example: voiceless [bb ] is "lenis", whereas [p] is "fortis"
Labiodental sounds are produced by lip-to-teeth contact. Distribution is the act of looking sounds in different contexts and positions they can occur in. Any speech sounds must always have air flow and some kind of blockage or modification to the air flow. There are 2 kinds of sounds in English: Vowels that are produced do that the airstream is not obstructed – they can stand alone meaning that they can be produced without consonants before or after them Consonants that are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that the air flow is obstructed – consonants require some vowels around them To classify vowels, fixate: The height of the tongue – close, close-mid, open-mid, open What part of the tongue is involved – front, middle, back – and is it up, down or neutral in the mouth The position of the lips – neutral, rounded, spread
For example, clear/l/ and dark/l/. NB! The sounds we produce and hear are continuous: we move our organs of speech continuously and produce a continuous signal still it is possible to divide speech into units, which is called segmentation. The sounds of languages can be produced by: pushing air out of the lungs through the vocal tract (pulmonic, egressive) sucking the air into the mouth (ingressive) NB! Without air we cannot produce sound. There are two classes of sounds: consonants vowels Consonants are produced with some restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the flow of air from the lungs. Vowels are produced so that the airstream is relatively unobstructed. NB! Any speech sound will always exhibit two components in some form or other: An activity that initiates a flow of air (i.e. initiation, lungs as initiators) An activity that modulates or articulates the air-stream, thus generating a specific type of sound Vowel and Consonant
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax:
Rhyme is regular sound repetition occurring at the end of poetic lines (rhyming words have similar or identical sound combinations). Full rhyme identical sounds (last stressed vowel and following consonant) tide-side, cold-gold. Incomplete rhyme derived from full rhyme. Vowel rhyme identical vowels and different consonants pen-best. Consonant rhyme identical consonants and different vowels love-live. Compound rhyme made up of 2 or more words united by single stress women=two men. Eye-rhyme contains identical letters while vowels are pronounced differently farm-warm. Internal rhyme occurs within a poetic line. Head rhyme connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations. Couplet rhyme 2 lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme: a a. Cross rhyme rhyming combination: a b a b.
NB. i: or ý, as in ,,easy, busy", is transcribed as i Close back vowels occur in unstressed syllables, when not preceding a consonant (you, to, into, do) and in unstressed syllables in all positions (through, who). NB. u: or , as in ,,food to eat", is transcibed as u ,,schwa" - is a reduced vowel that is in weak syllables only, and it's sound quality is mid and central. E.g. carrot, perhaps, attend. Syllabic consonants - l, n, m, , r can function as a syllable ( as in button [bt-n]); placing a "schwa" before a syllabic liquid or nasal also shows that these are separate syllables. Stress in simple words stressed first syllable indicates a noun, stressed second syllable indicates a verb (as in pérvert (N) `My neighbour is a pervert'; pervért (V) `Don't pervert the idea'). Factors that contribute to prominence of stress in syllables are loudness, length, pitch, quality.
The articles have a nine year gap, and the newer, written 2015 also mentions Munson et al's research several times. One of the main differences between the researches is that while Munson et al included bisexual men and women, and also Lesbians, Erik.C. Tracy worked solely with the topic of gay men. Both, however, did their research on American English. As to the conclusions: * Yes, listeners can distinguish between LGB and heterosexual men and women. * Listeners rely more on vowels than consonants, and of those, only few. * The /s/ is the most important consonant when making a judgment. (also deriving from this topic, see "gay lisp" there were some excellent articles about that, too, but unfortunately they were about a research done in Belgium). But only if you are male. (Apparently there is a "gay lisp", but no "lesbian lisp", although that would sound much better.) * Higher frequency in men and lower in women's case makes the listeners distinguish them as part of the LGB group
· Co-official language in Malta DOMINANCE · Has fairly little importance. · English and Italian more popular · 12 of 13 websites in English only · Only dominant on radio INFLUENCES · Half the vocabulary from Italian and Sicilian · Wasn't recognized as official language `till 1938 · No written form untill 19th century · Has been under different foreign rules CHANGES · Only changes is the increasing usage of loan-words · Less important · Vanishing in my opinion FEATURES Consonants Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Post-alveolar Velar Pharyn-geal Glottal Nasal m n voiceless p t k Plosive voiced b d
NAVAJO LANGUAGE Merilin Reisenbuk What is Navajo Language? Navajo is an Athabaskan (is a large group of indigenous peoples of North America) language spoken in the southwest United States by the Navajo people. It is geographically and linguistically one of the Southern Athabaskan languages. Orthography and pronunciation Consonants Vowels. Navajo has four basic vowel qualities: a, e, i and o. Each of these may occur either short or long. Tones. Navajo has two tones, low and high. - high, as in áá and éé - low, as in aa and ee Grammar The key element in Navajo is the verb. Every verb must have at least one prefix. Many concepts expressed using nouns in other languages appear as verbs in Navajo. There are two main types of nouns in Navajo:
was a huge success and became another national treasure. Atkinson's other characters rely more heavily on language. Atkinson often plays authority figures, especially priests or vicars, speaking absurd lines with a completely deadpan delivery. One of his better-known comic devices is over-articulation of the "B" sound, such as his pronunciation of "Bob" in the Blackadder II episode "Bells". Atkinson suffers from a stammer, and the over-articulation is a technique to overcome problematic consonants. Atkinson's often visually based style, which has been compared to Buster Keaton, sets him apart from most modern television and film comics, who rely heavily on dialogue, as well as stand-up comedy which is mostly based on monologues. Rowan made his big-screen debut in 1983's unofficial James Bond picture Never Say Never Again. Despite this film receiving mixed reports, he has continued to juggle TV and film roles. In 1997 Mr. Bean came to the big screen. This was followed by spoof Bond
Stress which is meant to single out certain words as emotionally important, to point out their hidden or specific meaning is called emphatic or emphasis : I told you he is ´un ´well. (=drunk) Emphatic stress may be signalled graphically by italics, exclamation marks, dots, dashes. It is used to express one's attitude to the interlocutor or the utterance such as admiration, surprise, distrust, contempt. Accompanying means of emphasis can be the prolongation of vowels and consonants. Vowels are generally prolonged when positive emotions are expressed: I'm so glad. It's fantastic. Consonant sounds tend to become longer to expresses negative feelings:lousy, phony, monstrous. The chief means of making one's speech emotional is intonation and pausation. Logical pauses divide the utterance into meaningful parts (corresponding) to sense-groups, often marked in the text by punctuation, e.g I didn't know him then, / but I do now. //
I am an English teacher at a school in the center of the town. I like books and taking photographs. I usually have lunch at school. I usually go home by car. We have all kinds of food in Olympia. I like Italian food very much. Sometimes, I go to an Italian restaurant in Seattle. The restaurant is called "Luigi's". Italian food is great! Here are the rules for when to use "A, An or The": · a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants She has a dog. I work in a factory. · an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u) Can I have an apple? She is an English teacher. · the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know) The car over there is fast. The teacher is very good, isn't he?
*War of independence 1918-1920 during the Russian Civil War, resulted in a victory for Estonia *Deportation 1949 *Estonia becomes independent 20th August 1991 *Joining EU 1st May 2004 Language: Estonian language, belongs to the Balti-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages, closely realted to Finnish and rather remotely to Hungarian; Latin alphabet with 32 letters , 5 of which occur only in foreign words, the phenomes include 9 vowels and 18 consonants; words are borrowed from Latin, Greek, English etc.; since 1995 the 14th of March is celebrated as the Mother Tongue Day, in 2000 UNESCO declared 21 February World Mother Tongue Day; the first estonian calendar was published in 1731, radio broadcasts started in 1924, book was published in 1535 Population: In the 13th cen. The population numbered between 100000 and 200000, but this figure changed as a result of wars, epidemics, migration and famine during the centuries
The idea of the cycle of the Sun and the Moon, the movement of the waves, nature. · The subject matter of A-S poetry is actually centered on the three things that were most important in A-S lives: war, the sea that surrounded the British Isles and death. · Main qualities: somberness, awareness of inevitable death. Formal features of A-S poetry: 1. No rhyme, instead they used alliteration; A-S poetry is alliterative. (Alliteration the repetition of the same consonants in a line); 2. Every line contains a caesura a pause in the middle of a line; 3. In every half-line there are two stressed syllables, so all in all, 4 in a line; 4. The number of unstressed syllables is not fixed; 5. There is no rhyme; 6. There are very few similes (a direct comparison, i.e your hair is like gold), in Beowulf there are 5 similes; 7. On the other hand there are many metaphors, typically A-S metaphors kennings (a
5) Males precede females man and woman, Adam andEve, brother and sister short monophong – long vowel or diphthong a higher vowel – a lower vowel • trick or treat, stress and strain • elama nagu kass ja If the first constituent has a back vowel theordering is u, koer o, a Clip-clop, clitter-clatter, obladi oblada fewer initial consonants – more initial consonants • long and strong, by hook or by crook • ähkis ja puhkis Fewer final consonants – more final consonants • odds and ends, safe and sound • õde ja vend, a less obstruent initial consonant – a more obstruent luu ja nahk initial consonant
o Humans precede other animates man or beast o Adults precede non-adults father and son; men, women, and children o Males precede females man and woman, Adam and Eve, brother and sister Short-long principle – monosyllable or polysyllable always comes first o bits and pieces Short monophtong – long vowel/diphtong o Trick or treat, stress and strain Fewer initial consonants – more initial consonants o long and strong, Less obstruent initial consonant – more obstruent initial consonant o Willy nilly, wear and tear Higher vowel – lower vowel o Zig-zag, click-clack, tick-tock, obladi-oblada Fewer final consonants – more final consonants o Odds and ends, safe and sound, More obstruent single final consonant – less obstruent single final consonant o Kith and kin, thick and thin, push and pull 49
strengthen the speaker's disbelief. Such pauses may be marked in a text and may be introduced by a speaker. STRESS: We can speak about logical stress it singles out words that are primary in the context. Stress that is used to single out words that are emotionally important or to point out their hidden or specific meaning is called emphatic. Emphatic stress may be signaled graphically by the Italics, dots, exclamation marks, etc. Accompany means of emphasis may be prolongation of vowels and consonants. Vowels are usually prolonged to express positive feelings. Consonants become longer to express negative emotions. ORCHESTRATION: Both oral and written speech may possess orchestration the choice of words with respect to acoustic properties of sounds, their sequence, and repetition. Due to their acoustic features sounds may create certain feelings, ideas or images. This is called euphony (from Greek "pleasant to the ear"). 7. PHONETIC STYLISTIC DEVICES
vocabulary) Pronounciation: Differences between WEng and RP: · Last, dance, etc. often have /æ/ rather than /a:/ · Unstressed orthographic a tends to be /æ/ rather than · Unstressed orthographic o tents to be rather than · There is no contrast between · There is, in many varieties, an additional contrast between and between · The vowels do not occur in many varieties in WEng · Educated WEng is not rhotic · Tendency to lengthen intervocalic consonants before unstressed syllables (butter, money) Non-systemic pronounciation differences · For some speakers, /g/ is absent in the words language and longer. · For some speakers // occurs in the words comb and tooth. Grammar: · Generalisation of word forms (I likes, they sees) · Non-standard use of ,,never" (I never did it) · Participles are often proceeded by ,,a" (I sat there a-watching) · Universal tag ,,isn't it" is used disregarding the main person, tense or auxiliary (You
We can speak about logical stress it singles out words that are primary in the context (e.g. "I didn't mean you, I mean everybody."). Stress that is used to single out words that are emotionally important or to point out their hidden or specific meaning is called emphatic (e.g. "I told you he is unwell."). Emphatic stress may be signaled graphically by the Italics, dots, exclamation marks, etc. Accompany means of emphasis may be prolongation of vowels and consonants. Vowels are usually prolonged to express positive feelings (e.g. "I am so glaaaaaad."). Consonants become longer to express negative emotions (e.g. "Mmmmmonstrous idea"). ORCHESTRATION: Both oral and written speech may possess orchestration the choice of words with respect to acoustic properties of sounds, their sequence, and repetition. Due to their acoustic features sounds may create certain feelings, ideas or images
mean you, I meant everybody) · Emphatic Stress--stress that singles out words as emotionally important or points out their hidden or specific meaning. (I told you, he is unwell--meaning drunk or high). Emphatic stress is suggested graphically by the Italics, exclamation marks, dots and dashes. · Accompanying means of emphasis can be the prolongation of vowels. Vowels are prolonged to express positive emotions (glad). Consonants are prolonged to express negative feelings (lousy, monotonous) Pauses: · Logical pauses divide the utterance into meaningful parts--sense groups--and are marked by punctuation. (I didn't know him then, but I do now.) · Emotional pauses are introduced to draw attention to the words or phrases that follow, and thus, emphasize this word or phrase. (She is so gentle, so / gently cruel (pause is acted)
Four stresses per line, the stresses evenly spaced A pause (in Latin called caesura) in the middle of the line. Two stresses before the pause, two stresses after the pause. The number of unstressed syllables between the stressed syllables is not significant, varies. Old English poetry: initial rhymes (importantfor remembering! After all, the poetry was mainly oral, only selected poems written down by clerks at the command of noblemen/kings). Alliteration consonants at the beginning of words are repeated. Alliteration applied to stressed syllables. Alliteration bound together the two halves of the line. Therefore, the third stressed syllable (first in the second half) had to alliterate with at least one stressed syllable in the first half of the line. Old forms in general survive more easily in 1. compound words (BRIDEGROOM, WEREWOLF), 2. place names (SCARBOROUGH, CANTERBURY), 3. idiomatic phrases (e.g. OVER HILL AND DALE, HALE AND HEARTY), 4
Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /ei/ in the place of Proto-Slavic * and /ou/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/. An interesting morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. is pronounced [nasli], not [nsli]) this is called yakanye (). Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. The morphology features a palatalized
For example, say: an axe an igloo an egg an orange an envelope an umbrella an ice cream an uncle 4 But some words don't follow this rule. For example, use a (not an) before these words that begin with u: a uniform a university 4 Use a before words beginning with the other letters of the alphabet, called consonants. For example, say: a basket a rainbow a bowl a monster a car a pillow a hill a watch a house a zoo 4 But some words don't follow this rule. For example, use an (not a) before these words that begin with h: an heir an honor an hour 22 Plural Nouns
. . , z = A. [Codebreakers 073.jpg] Consequently, in Babel, the repeated b, or beth, the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, became the repeated SH, or SHIN, the next-to-last letter, in SHESHACH. Similarly, the /, or lamed, became the hard CH, or KAPH. The kaph of Kashdim reciprocally became the LAMED of LEB KAMAI. In this determination, the Hebrew letters sin and shin, which differ only by where a dot is placed, are regarded as the same letter. The only letters in Hebrew are consonants and two silent letters, aleph and ayin; vowels are represented by dots or lines, usually below the letters. What is a final i in the English LEB KAMAI is a letter YOD in Hebrew, whose atbash reciprocal is mem. The word "atbash," incidentally, derives from the very procedure it denotes, since it is composed of aleph, taw, beth, and shin—the first, last, second, and next-to-last letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Both SHESHACH and LEB KAMAI have considerably embarrassed biblical commentators
But with time provides the answer. they were simplified and refined The man in the first photo seems to and eventually evolved into signs · In a weaker class, work on the first have a huge amount of luggage with representing the consonants of the statement together and then ask the him. I imagine he is planning to stay language. The first true alphabet was students to work individually. for a long time. He looks bewildered the Semitic alphabet which appeared and rather disorientated
gained, but wisdom is lost, and so are joy, love, creativity, and aliveness. They are concealed in the still gap between the perception and the interpretation. Of course we have to use words and thoughts. They have their own beauty – but do we need to become imprisoned in them? Words reduce reality to something the human mind can grasp, which isn’t very much. Language consists of five basic sounds produced by the vocal cords. They are the vowels a, e, i, o, u. The other sounds are consonants produced by air pressure: s, f, g, and so forth. Do you believe some combination of such basic sounds could ever explain who you are, or the ultimate purpose of the universe, or even what a tree or stone is in its depth? THE ILLUSORY SELF The word “I” embodies the greatest error and the deepest truth, depending on how it is used. In conventional usage, it is not only one of the most frequently used words in the language (together with the related words:
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