[θ] fricativa interdental sorda [s] fricativa alveolar sorda [ss] fricativa alveolar sonorizada [ǰ] fricativa palatal sonora [x] fricativa velar sorda Africada - En su articulación intervienen un momento oclusivo seguido de otro momento fricativo. Tanto la oclusión como la fricción se producen en el mismo lugar articulatorio. [c] africada palatal sorda [ɟ] africada palatal sonora Nasales - Se produce un cierre de los órganos articulatorios bucales y un pasaje rinofaríngeo abierto. [m] nasal bilabial sonora [n] nasal alveolar sonora [ɲ] nasal palatal sonora [ɱ] nasal labiodental sonora [n ṇ] nasal interdental sonora [ņ] nasal dental sonora [ᶇ] nasal palatalizada sonora [ŋ] nasal velar sonora Líquidas son las consonantes más abiertas y sonoras. Se dividen en laterales y vibrantes. Laterales - el aire sale a través de un estrechamiento por los lado de la lengua y los rebordes de la región pre o mediopalatal. [l] lateral alveolar sonora [l ṇ] lateral interdental sonora
Glotis (Häälepilu) 3)Cavidades supraglóticas - o cavidades resonantes (No podríamos percibir los sonidos sin las cavidades resonantes que amplifican los sonidos. Las cavidades supraglóticas actúan como filtros acústicos sobre la onda compleja inicial facilitando el paso y reforzando a determinados componentes y eliminando o debilitando las frecuencias más alejadas de las resonantes). resonatsõõned faringe neeluõõs cavidad bucal suuõõs cavidad nasal En la cavidad bucal: La lengua ◦ ápice de la lengua (keeletipp ) ◦ dorso de la lengua (keeleselg ): predorso, mediodorso, postdorso ◦ raíz (keelejuur) Paladar (suulagi ): ◦ paladar duro/ paladar (kõva suulagi ): prepaladar, mediopaladar, postpaladar ◦ paladar blando/ velo paladar/ velo (pehme suulagi ): zona prevelar, zona postvelar dientes:
air is out of the lungs – s, m, n etc. Fricatives on English: Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- Glottal alveolar Fortis f s Lenis v z Affricates are sounds that start with a plosive and end with a fricative – both have the same place of articulation. Affricates of English: Nasal consonants are produced so the air flow in the oral cavity is completely blocked and the velum lowers and air escapes through the nasal cavity. Nasals of English: m – bilabial n - alveolar - velar Laterals are sound where the air escapes from the sides of the tongue and out of the oral cavity – closure is made somewhere along the axis of the tongue. Lateral of English:
Phonetics and Phonology. Mid-term 1. Terminology. Testi tuleb kindlasti see tabel! Nasal, Bilabial: m Nasal, Alveolar: n Nasal Velar: Plosive, Bilabial: p; b Plosive, Alveolar: t; d Plosive, Velar: k; Affricate, Post-Alveolar: t; d Fricative, Labio-dental: f; v Fricative, Dental: ; Fricative, Alveolar: s; z Fricative, Post-Alveolar: ; Fricative, Velar: x Fricative, Glottal: h Approximant, Alveolar ja Post-Alveolar: Approximant, Palatal: j Approximant, Velar: w Lateral, Alveolar: l Phonetics and Phonology. Mid-term 1. Phonetics the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds:
4-6 weeks 2 6,2 3 months 1 to 2 4 >12 month 1 to 2 2 to 6 *LOAEL=lowest-observed-adverse-effect level *NOAEL=no observed adverse effect level *The ranges of the values are caused by the different concentrations selected in the various studies. High concentrations of formaldehyde (10 - 20 ppm) cause marked hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the nasal respiratory epithelium. The lesions are primarily located in the anterior part of the nose and spread with increasing exposure time and concentrations to more distal locations in the nasal cavity. Dermal Repeated exposure studies in mice were performed using dermal application, mostly in the context of skin initiation promotion. None of these studies showed evidence of substance-specific systemic toxicity. Studies in Humans
1938 · No written form untill 19th century · Has been under different foreign rules CHANGES · Only changes is the increasing usage of loan-words · Less important · Vanishing in my opinion FEATURES Consonants Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Post-alveolar Velar Pharyn-geal Glottal Nasal m n voiceless p t k Plosive voiced b d voiceless ts t Affricate voiced dz d voiceless f s Fricative
Konsonater bara fyller stavelser. 2. Ge exempel på svenska enstaviga ord som innehåller följande ljud (stryk under ljudet, dvs. här = grafemet, i ordet, samt det fonetiska tecken): Vokaler : a) en rundad bakre halvöppen, månne, boss b) en rundad främre halvöppen, c) en orundad främre öppen val mat d) en rundad bakre halvsluten; låg Konsonanter: a) en tonlös bilabial klusil, b) en tonlös dental frikativa, sal d) en tonande bilabial nasal, e) en tonlös främre palatal frikativa kär 3. Rita en vokalfyrsiding. Identifiera sedan vokalerna i följande ord och placera dem i vokalfyrsidingen: rot, så, föl, rott, sått, föll, sil, fel, ful, sill, säl, russ, hal, här, behöva, hall 4. Vilka är de fyra viktigaste kriterierna för beskrivningen av en vokal? Tungans vertikala läge (hög, mellanhög, mellanlåg, låg), tungans horisontala läge (främre, bakre), läpprundning och munnens öppenhetsgrad 5
its breeding range, and winters farther south. Water depths of less than 1 m are preferred. Mallards avoid areas more than a few metres deep. When the male molts, he ends up losing his distinctive green head of feathers, but still has the white collar ring and rusty-brown chest. Both males and females are unable to fly after molting until they re-grow them in time for the fall migration.The female has the louder and more distinctive "quack" than males. Male Mallards have more of a nasal quack that is much quieter. This noted, males and females together make a lot of noise. Mallards have become quite tolerant of humans. This can be seen by the number of Mallards living in urban areas, in much greater frequency than other ducks. The population of the mallards is in Estonia 20 000-30 000 pairs, in Europe 3,3-5,1 million pairs. Mallard is not an immediate threat to the survival of the species.
Close back vowels occur in unstressed syllables, when not preceding a consonant (you, to, into, do) and in unstressed syllables in all positions (through, who). NB. u: or , as in ,,food to eat", is transcibed as u ,,schwa" - is a reduced vowel that is in weak syllables only, and it's sound quality is mid and central. E.g. carrot, perhaps, attend. Syllabic consonants - l, n, m, , r can function as a syllable ( as in button [bt-n]); placing a "schwa" before a syllabic liquid or nasal also shows that these are separate syllables. Stress in simple words stressed first syllable indicates a noun, stressed second syllable indicates a verb (as in pérvert (N) `My neighbour is a pervert'; pervért (V) `Don't pervert the idea'). Factors that contribute to prominence of stress in syllables are loudness, length, pitch, quality. Stress (accent) relative loudness and tenseness of syllable peak, the use of extra respiratory energy during a syllable.
It causes a lot of pain and even 1 blindness to the animal, also considerable financial losses in the herds because of the decreased weight gain, milk discard and costs of therapy (Postma et al., 2007). IBK can occur without clinical signs and bacteria can be cultured on the healthy cattle (Angelos, 2015). Problem is the resistance of Moraxella bovis in bovine herds and the establishment of biofilms in the nasal cavity and eyes of ruminants without any sings of infection (Ely et al., 2017). Pathogenesis Moraxella bovis is a gram-negative bacillus causes IBK in cattle. The occurrence and clinical signs depend on environment, season concurrent pathogens, host immune system and Moraxella bovis strain. The disease is highly contagious and can easily spread in the farm. Moraxella bovis is not capable to move but can cause the destruction of red blood cells (M.H. Brown et al. 1998)
cup, dish, mint, leitchester, clorcester, colonia, lincoln, fossbrok, mass, monk, nunn, bishop, abbot, minster, apostle, pope, altar, hymn, democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, aboration, enthusiasm, permissions, imaginary, allusion, anacroism, dexterity, nucleous, formula, vertegra, corpuscle, atomic, carnivorous, incubate, molacule, i.e- that is, viz- videlicet, etc- et cetera, e.f- confer Latin adjectives for english nouns- nose-nasal, mouth-oral, sun-solar, moon-lunas, son-filial, daughter- filial, mother- maternal, father- paternal. GREEK- abbot, angel, apostle, bishop, school, cilinder, cycle, dialoge, cardiac, phonetic, gymansium, biathlon, pentathlon, decathlon, olympic, diagnoses, prognoses, analyses, technology, epic, drama, poem, tragedy, comedy, theatre, epilogue, prologue, methaphor CELTIC- welsh, walloon, wallnut, bannock, bin, brock, badger, caln, whiskey, lock, slogan, arthur, donald and mac.
kitchen, plum, cup, dish, mint, Leicester, Clocester, colonia, lincoln, fossbrok, mass, monk, nun, bishop, abbot, minster, apostle, pope, altar, hymn, democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, abortion, enthusiasm, permissions, imaginary, allusion, anachronism, dexterity, nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic, carnivorous, incubate, molecule, i.e- that is, viz- videlicet, etc- et cetera, c.f- confer Latin adjectives for english nouns- nose-nasal, mouth-oral, sun-solar, Greek borrowings abbot, angel, apostle, bishop, school, cilinder, cycle, dialogue, cardiac, phonetic, gymnasium, biathlon, pentathlon, decathlon, olympic, diagnosis, prognosis, analysis, technology, epic, drama, poem, tragedy, comedy, theatre, epilogue, prologue, metaphor Celtic borrowings welsh, walloon, walnut, bannock, bin, brock, badger, caln, whiskey, lock, slogan, arthur, donald and mac.
andmete kirjeldamine pöördumine andmete poole arvutusvead võrdluste vead juhtimise vead alamprogramm sisend ja väljund Standard kui küsimustik- standardid esitavad küsimustikke standardi ala kohta. 33. Saavutatav töökindluse tase seniste meetoditega, selle olulise suurendamise võimalusi Testimisega on saavutatav tase 10-4 viga tunnis ehk umbes üks viga aastas. NASAl aga 10-10 ehk üks viga miljoni aasta jooksul. 34. Arenduse dubleerimine /N-versiooniline programmeerimine Paralleelselt arendatakse ja kasutatakse mitut programmi versiooni. Kasutamisel võrreldakse tulemusi, enam levinud vastused loetakse õigeks. Hea riistvara puhul, halb tarkvara puhul. 35. Veapuu analüüs Ehitatakse veapuu, kus alustatakse suurest veast, mida tahetakse vältida, vaadatakse selle vea eeltingimusi, eeltingimuste eeltingimusi. 36
avastusest NASA koosolekul. Nad on kindlad, et elusorganismid on koopasügavustes pisikeste veelätete juures. NASA sõnul ei ole teadlased leidnud elusolendeid, vaid metaanijälgi, mis võivad olla elusolendite jäägid. Stoker ja Lemke arvates on Marsil tõepoolest elu, mis võib olla sealse keskkonnaga kohanenud. Nad rõhutasid siiski, et tegu pole olendite, vaid kõigest bakteritega. (Hiietamm, A 2005) Stoker ja Lemke soovitasid NASAl rohkem rõhku panna Marsi sisemusele mitte selle pinnale. Marsile laskunud NASA robotkulgurid Spirit ja Opportunity leidsid Marsi pinnalt vee jälgi, mis viitab sellele, et kunagi on olnud Marsil elu eksisteerimiseks küllalt vett. Opportunity leidis uuritud kraatris ainet, mis Maal moodustub vees. Teadlaste sõnul kunagise vee olemasolu kohtu annab tõestus sealne suur soolasisaldus. (Hiietamm, A 2005)
allusion, anachronism, dexterity scientific (17th-18th nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic,carnivorous, incubate, aqueous, centuries) molecule The plurals of nucleus, verterbra, corpus, etc. Latin abbreviations in English i.e. = id est that is to say viz = namely etc = et cetera Latin adjectives for English nouns nose – nasal sun – solar son – filial mother – maternal mouth – oralmoon – lunar daughter – filial father – paternal stone – lithic 5. Greek borrowings The Greek language has contributed 50,000 words to the world. Christianity: New Testament in Greek. Catholic Church – Scclesiastical Latin. Examples: abbot, angel, apostle, bishop; school, cylinder, cycle, criterion, dialogue, cardiac, phonetic, gymnasium,
Tuuma rolli täidab Bulbus olfactorii. Pole ka ühtset tundeganglioni, vaid haistmisepiteelis on ganglionirakud laiali paisatud. Haistmistee: haistmisrakud (haistmisepiteelil) neuriit (põimub) haistmisniitideks e närvideks (läbi lamina cribrosa) bulbus olfactorius glomeruli olfactorii (koos mitaalrakkudega, mille neuriidid tractus olfactoriuses) Olfactory pathway I neuron (cell body) (10-20 million bipolar neurons) are located in the nasal cavity - regio olfactoria II neuron - bulbus olfactorius, axons of bulbus form tractus olfactorius III neuron - trigonum olfactorium, septum pellucidum, area subcallosa, substantia perforata anterior 3. neuroni aksonid moodustavad: a) stria olfactoria medialis: kulgeb ümber corpus callosumi, lõpeb gyrus dentatuses b) stria olfactoria intermedia: läbib fornixi, lõpeb hippocampuses. c) Stria olfactoria lateralis: läbib limen insula, lõpeb uncus geri parahippocampalises
Literary (renaissance) o Democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, aberration, enthusiasm, pernicious, imaginary, allusion, anachronism, dexterity Scientific (17.-18. century) o Nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic, carnivorous, incubate, aqueous, molecule Latin abbreviations o i.e – id est – that is to say Latin adjectives for english nouns o Nasal, oral, solar, paternal, maternal, lithic, lunar, filial Actual inflected Latin verbs used as nouns o Audio, audit, caveat, video. Endings dropped or adapted, often through French o add, addition, additive, agent, agentive, aqueduct, candle, colo(u)r, colossal, consider, contemplate, decide, decision, erupt, eruption, general, generic, hono(u)r, hono(u)rable,
intensive care unit.// Pediatric Anaesthesia, 16, 968-973 Whitwam, J. G.(toim.)(1994.) Day-Case Anaesthesia and Sedation. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 63 Wyllie, J. P. (2008). Neonatal endotracheal intubation. Archives and Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice 93 (2): 44-49 Xue, F. S., Liao, X., Liu, K. P., Liu, Y., Xu, Y. C., Yang, Q. Y., Li, P., Li, C. W., Sun, H. T. (2007.) The circulatory responses to tracheal intubation in children: a comparison of the oral and nasal routes.// Anaesthesia, 62, 220-226 Ylikorkala, O., Kauppila, A. 2003. Sünnitusabi ja günekoloogia. Tallinn: AS Medicina, 342-247 Lisa 1 Mansetiga ja mansetita intubatsioonitoru Lisa 2 Magilli klemmid Lisa 3 Laste intubatsiooniks enimkasutatavad ravimid (Whitwam 1994, Gregory 1994, Tunell 1998, Reinhard 2004, Pharmaca Estica 2007/2008)
IgA-l mingi keskne osa Limaskestadega assotsieeruv immuunsüsteem kuulub adaptiivse immuunsuse hulka. Ta tagab lokaalset kaitset kogu keha ulatuses, paiknedes peamistes antigeenide sissetungimise väratites ning moodutab 50% kogu lümfoidsest koest. Teda võib vaadelda kahe omavahel interakteeruva osana: a) organiseerunud koed, kus antigeene seotakse e MALT- mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (saab jagada veel omakorda kolmeks: GULT- gut (sool) associated lymphoid tissue, nasal (nina) ehk NALT ja bronchial (bronhiaalne) ehk BALT (viimased on seotud respiratoorse traktiga) ja b) difuussed lümfoidsed koed, kus vastavad rakud ja antikehad talitlevad kaitsjatena. MALT iseloomustus: NALT ja BALT - nasaalne ja bronhiaalne limaskestadega seonduv lümfoidne kude: need mikroobid, mille tungimist kopsu ei suudeta ära hoida sekreteeritud lima ja ripsmete liikumise abil, satuvad kontakti
class. It was harder for my new classmates to stare at me in the back, but somehow, they managed. I kept my eyes down on the reading list the teacher had given me. It was fairly basic: Bronte, Shakespeare, Chaucer, Faulkner. I'd already read everything. That was comforting... and boring. I wondered if my mom would send me my folder of old essays, or if she would think that was cheating. I went through different arguments with her in my head while the teacher droned on. When the bell rang, a nasal buzzing sound, a gangly boy with skin problems and hair black as an oil slick leaned across the aisle to talk to me. "You're Isabella Swan, aren't you?" He looked like the overly helpful, chess club type. "Bella," I corrected. Everyone within a three-seat radius turned to look at me. "Where's your next class?" he asked. I had to check in my bag. "Um, Government, with Jefferson, in building six." There was nowhere to look without meeting curious eyes.
resentments, jealousies, and so on. But they were also supposed to cleanse the body of impurities by fasting and even by inducing vomiting. Catharsis was a medical term in Aristotle's time for the natural processes by which the body eliminates poisons and wastes. It comes from the word "katharos" which means pure, so a catharsis is a purification, but it can also be a purgation, a vomiting up or violent expelling of impurities. Sneezing is a cathartic reaction to rid the nasal passages of impurities. In the Poetics, Aristode used the term "catharsis of the emotions" as a metaphor, comparing the emotional effect of a drama with the way the body rids itself of toxins and impurities. T h e Greeks and other ancient peoples knew that life is hard, involving many unpleasant compromises and the eating of much crow. Emotional 346 CATHARSIS
Characteristically, Roosevelt liked the telephone because it cut through the red tape of diplomatic routine and the delays of coding and cabling and because it gave him personal contact with the speaker. Occasionally he spoke' with Premier Paul Reynaud, and frequently and increasingly with Churchill. The President's words sped from the White House to the overseas switchboard in an A. T. & T. building at 47 Walker Street, New York. In common with all other transatlantic conversations, the nasal Roosevelt drawl then entered a special locked room, barred to all except government-licensed employees, where the A-3 equipment mangled it. Here engineers watched dials and listened to the sound to make sure that the speech was properly scrambled. At the transmitter, channel mixers continually shifted the transmission from one frequency to another, so that anyone listening on one circuit would hear it go suddenly blank. And someone was indeed listening. The Deutsche Reichspost—which,
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