at http://facweb.furman.edu/~wrogers/phonemes/phono/phvowel.htm, accessed January 19, 2016. Foley, Dan. 2008. IPA back, front and mid vowels. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=PsfQESpi-Ec, accessed January 19, 2016. University of Manitoba. 2014. Describing English Vowels. Available at http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~krussll/phonetics/articulation/describing-vowels.html, accessed January 19, 2016. Michigan State University. 2003. Phonetics: the physical part of speech, again. Available at https://www.msu.edu/course/lin/401/fs03-s2/phonetics-lecture2.pdf, accessed January 19, 2016. FORTIS CONSONANTS A fortis consonant is a “strong” consonant produced by increased tension in the vocal apparatus. These strong consonants tend to be long, voiceless, aspirated, and high. With fortis consonants, following thumb rules stay true: articulation with more muscular effort and
consonants, when forming their judgments. /.../ In a follow-up experiment we found evidence that listeners' judgments improved if they were presented with multiply phonemes, such as a vowel and /s/." References: "The acoustic and perceptual bases of judgments of women and men's sexual orientation from read speech." - Authors: Benjamin Munson, Elizabeth C. McDonald, Nancy L. DeBoe, Aubrey R. White. Journal of Phonetics Volume 34, Issue 2, April 2006, Pages 202240 Online access: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447005000379 6.12.2015 "Judgments of self-identified gay and heterosexual male speakers: Which phonemes are most salient in determining sexual orientation?" Authors: Erik C. Tracy, Sierra A. Bainter, Nicholas P. Satariano. 2015 September, Acoustical Society of America, Volume 138, Issue 3 Online access: http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/138/3/10.1121/1.4933884 6.12
Phonology. Mid-term 2. Syllable - is a phonological unit consisting of one or more phonemes. In phonetics a syllable is a unit which consists of a centre, that has little or no obstruction to airflow; it is comparatively louder than other sounds. In phonology syllables are the possible combinations of phonemes. The syllable consists of - onset, nucleus, coda. (every syllable has a nucleus: vowel, syllabic l, or m, n). Rhyme/rime nucleus + coda; the nucleus and the coda constitute a sub-syllabic unit rhyme. Words rhyme, when their nucleus and coda are identical. (E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn')
Approximant, Palatal: j Approximant, Velar: w Lateral, Alveolar: l Phonetics and Phonology. Mid-term 1. Phonetics the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds: how they may be "strung" together to form meaningful units how they are produced It studies: how to describe the speech sounds in the languages of the world what these sounds are how they fall into patterns how they change in different circumstances Acoustic phonetics the study of the physical properties of the sounds themselves. Auditory phonetics the study of the way listeners perceive these sounds. Articulatory phonetics the study of how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language. Phonology maybe used by actors, teachers, computer engineers etc. Phonology the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It studies: the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in a language
Kasutatud 22.09.2017 https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ben Bengali keel. (1985). Kasutatud 22.09.2017 http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/bengali_keel1 Bengali keel. (1968). Kasutatud 22.09.2017 http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/bengali_keel2 Devanaagari. (1968). Kasutatud 22.09.2017 http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/devanaagari1 Bengali alphabet, pronunciation and language. Kasutatud 22.09.2017 https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. 24.12.2009. Bengali phonetics. Kasutatud 26.09.2017. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and- african-studies/article/bengali- phonetics/D0EC5C797B69A94402EF3AFBE8DC8BDC Erelt, M., Erelt, T., Ross, K. Häälikud. Eesti keele käsiraamat. Kasutatud 26.09.2017 https://www.eki.ee/books/ekk09/index.php?p=2&p1=5 Syntax. Estonian grammar. Kasutatud 26.09.2017 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_grammar Grammar. Bengali language. Kasutatud 26.09.2017 https://en.wikipedia
separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns may carry a new meaning (nt, arms-weapons, looks-appearance, works-plant) b)connected with phonetics. The meaning of a word is expressed by sounds and it depends on the order of sounds(spoonerism) c)history of the lg helps to understand ahanges in the meanings of words (nt, legend ment a book where a life of saints was described) d)stylistics is the sign of expressive means of the language. The same idea may be expressed in different ways and so may aquire a new meaning.(nt, good-bye is neutral, ta-ta is colloquial, father-
Definitions: Phonology is the study that describes the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Phonetics is the general study of the charecteristics of speech sounds – studies how different speech sounds are produced. Phoneme is a meaning-distinguishing sound in a language. E.g. artistic-al-ly To know if a sound is a phoneme use the minimal contrasting pair method where the difference is only one sound: pin vs pen. Allophones are different variations of how a phoneme is pronounced according to the context. E.g. dark and clear l – clear and dull. Segmentation is the act of dividing speech sounds into units. E.g. segment- ation Larnyx (kõri) is the voice box. Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords. Manner of articulation is the way the airstream is blocked when producing a sound – blocked vs partially blocked; vibrating vs no vibration. Different sound types: Velar sounds are produced by the tongue b...
POSS that one there below her way out she while kayak towards ´Then suddenly, she swept up her work-bag from its place below her as she went out towards her kayak` 6. Strukturalismi sünd (Baudouin de Courtenay, Sassure) ja edasiareng Praha koolkonnas (Jakobson): Strukturaallingvistikaga keel on terviksüsteem, mille ajalugu uurida on tarbetu. Foneetikud olid juba teinud märkimisväärseid edusamme 19. sajandil. 1877 avaldatud raamatus Handbook of Phonetics tegi Henry Sweet vahet häälikutel, mille erinevus sõltub kontekstist ja neil, mis on erinevad ,,iseenesest". Sama erinevus võib ühes keeles olla distinktiivne ja teises mitte. Foneemi mõistet tal veel ei olnud, see tuli esimest korda Baudouin de Courtenay 1893 publitseeritud foneemiteoorias, mille ta tõenäoliselt oli formuleerinud juba varem (st Tartus, sest BdC töötas Tartu ülikoolis 1883-1893). Saussure
Jaan Ross, Pire Teras, Eva Liina Asu, Arvo Eek, Diana Krull, Ilse Lehiste, Einar Meister, Meelis Mihkla, Merike Parve, Mart Rannut. (2003). Tänapäeva eesti kirjakeele uurimine. Foneetika. Eesti keele uurimise analüüs. Emakeele Seltsi aastaraamat 48. Tallinn: 7-26. Paul Ariste "Eesti foneetika" (1946 ja kordustrükid) · Ariste annab ülevaate eesti keele foneetika uurimise ajaloost, inimese hääldusorganitest ja kuulmissüsteemi ehitusest, peamistest häälikutüüpidest, eesti keele häälikusüsteemist, prosoodiast, soome-ugri keelte foneetilisest transkriptsioonist jm. · Ariste: rohked tähelepanekud eesti ühiskeelest erinevate foneetiliste iseärasuste kohta murretes ja kõnekeeles. · Ariste foneetikakäsitlus toetus peamiselt kuuldelistele (ja visuaalsetele) tähelepanekutele. Ta esitab kvalitatiivsetele väidetele toetuseks harva kvantitatiivseid kinnitusi. · Ariste ettekujutus foneetika ja fonoloogia vahekorrast: määratles fonolo...
Arvo Eek „Eesti keele foneetika I“ Clark & Yallop „An introduction to PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY. Second edition“ Foneetika ehk hääldus- ja häälikuõpetus Kõne kirjeldamine Häälikute ja nende käitumise uurimine kõnevoolus - Häälikud esinevad tavaliselt koos ja on üksteisega seotud, võivad esineda sõnas eri positsioonides, olla eri pikkustega, omavahel kombineeruda ja üksteist mõjutada. Häälikuüleste nähtuste uurimine:
· Sündisid mitmed uurimisalad murdeuurimine, keelegeograafia, foneetika jt. · Keel kui tervik, keele olemus, kadus vaateväljast. 6. Strukturalismi sünd (Baudouin de Courtenay, Sassure) ja edasiareng Praha koolkonnas (Jakobson): Strukturaallingvistikaga keel on terviksüsteem, mille ajalugu uurida on tarbetu. Foneetikud olid juba teinud märkimisväärseid edusamme 19. sajandil. 1877 avaldatud raamatus Handbook of Phonetics tegi Henry Sweet vahet häälikutel, mille erinevus sõltub kontekstist ja neil, mis on erinevad ,,iseenesest". Sama erinevus võib ühes keeles olla distinktiivne ja teises mitte. Foneemi mõistet tal veel ei olnud, see tuli esimest korda Baudouin de Courtenay 1893 publitseeritud foneemiteoorias, mille ta tõenäoliselt oli formuleerinud juba varem (st Tartus, sest BdC töötas Tartu ülikoolis 1883-1893). Saussure
2006. Linguistic and extra-linguistic predictors of inter-Scandinavian intelligibility. Linguis- tics in the Netherlands, 101-113. Gooskens, C. 2007. The contribution of linguistic factors to the intelligibility of closely related languages. In Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28 (6), 445-467. Gooskens, C. & W. Heeringa 2004. The position of Frisian in the Germanic language area. In D. Gilbers, M. Schreuder & N. Knevel (eds.), On the boundaries of phonology and phonetics. To honour Dr. Tjeerd de Graaf. Groningen: University of Groningen, Faculty of Arts, Klankleergroep, 61-87. Haugen, E. 1966. Language conflict and language planning: the case of modern Norwegian. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Hendriks, B. & M. van Mulken 2012. Comparing effectiveness of ELF, L1-L2 interaction and receptive multilingualism in Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC). A paper in Berlin 2012. High Level Group on Multilingualism (HLGM). Final report. 2007
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language:
fonoloogilised opositsioonid. III välte intonatsioonikurv. 1946 ,,Eesti foneetika" (sisaldab ka fonoloogiat) 1950.-1970nd. täiendatud kordustrükid ,,Eesti keele foneetika". Foneetikas 1960nd. uusi uurijaid, KKI eksperimentaalfoneetika labor: Georg Liiv, Arvo Eek, Mart Remmel. Häälikute akustilised uuringud. Remmel 1975 foneemisüsteemi kirjeldus. Hille Pajupuu: diftongid. Estonian Papers in Phonetics 1972-1985. Arvo Eek: häälikute kvantiteet eri silpides; rõhk; välte, rõhu ja intonatsiooni suhted. Eesti keel tsentraliseeritud keelena. Ilse Lehiste (Ohio): mitmed lingvistikavaldkonnad, eri keeled. Suprasegmentaalide üldteooria, eesti keele kvantiteet, kõnesüntees. Esimene kõnesüntesaatoril loodud eestikeelne tekst. Välde on silbi omadus, selle juures oluline rõhulise ja järgmise silbi kestussuhe Fonoloogia põhiprobleemid on prosoodias: välde, rõhk, palatalisatsioon
language use. For example: Never use ain’t Don’t split an infinitive (To quickly run) Descriptive grammar → Underlies the actual usage of speakers of the language. Grammar also has many components: Phonetics → The study of the acoustic detail of speech sounds and how they are articulated. Phone is a smallest unit of sound in human speech. Phones can be represented with IPA symbols (International Phonectic Alphabeth).
Keeleajalugu, kirjeldav ja eksperimentaalne uurimus, fonoloogilised opositsioonid. III välte intonatsioonikurv. 1946 ,,Eesti foneetika" (sisaldab ka fonoloogiat) 1950.-1970nd. täiendatud kordustrükid ,,Eesti keele foneetika". Foneetikas 1960nd. uusi uurijaid, KKI eksperimentaalfoneetika labor: Georg Liiv, Arvo Eek, Mart Remmel. Häälikute akustilised uuringud. Remmel 1975 foneemisüsteemi kirjeldus. Hille Pajupuu: diftongid. Estonian Papers in Phonetics 1972-1985. Arvo Eek: häälikute kvantiteet eri silpides; rõhk; välte, rõhu ja intonatsiooni suhted. Eesti keel tsentraliseeritud keelena. 2008 ,,Eesti keele foneetika I" (sissejuhatus, vokaalide kirjeldus) Ilse Lehiste (Ohio): mitmed lingvistikavaldkonnad, eri keeled. Suprasegmentaalide üldteooria, eesti keele kvantiteet, kõnesüntees. Esimene kõnesüntesaatoril loodud eestikeelne tekst. Välde on silbi omadus, selle juures oluline rõhulise ja järgmise silbi kestussuhe
· Sündisid mitmed uurimisalad murdeuurimine, keelegeograafia, foneetika jt. · Keel kui tervik, keele olemus, kadus vaateväljast. 6. Strukturalismi sünd (Baudouin de Courtenay, Sassure) ja edasiareng Praha koolkonnas (Jakobson): Strukturaallingvistikaga keel on terviksüsteem, mille ajalugu uurida on tarbetu. Foneetikud olid juba teinud märkimisväärseid edusamme 19. sajandil. 1877 avaldatud raamatus Handbook of Phonetics tegi Henry Sweet vahet häälikutel, mille erinevus sõltub kontekstist ja neil, mis on erinevad ,,iseenesest". Sama erinevus võib ühes keeles olla distinktiivne ja teises mitte. Foneemi mõistet tal veel ei olnud, see tuli esimest korda Baudouin de Courtenay 1893 publitseeritud foneemiteoorias, mille ta tõenäoliselt oli formuleerinud juba varem (st Tartus, sest BdC töötas Tartu ülikoolis 1883-1893). Saussure tundis BdC töid ja pidas teda üheks vähestest, kes keeleteooria
To die to expire to go west To kill to slay to make away / to do in To begin to commence to get going Stylistics is a very special science because it has no fixed single unit of study. In contrast to other linguistic sciences (e.g. lexicology (words), morphology (word structure), syntax (structure of sentences), phonetics (sounds and intonation) stylistics studies everything that FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 3 makes the utterance of the text expressive. Stylistics cuts right across all the basic linguistic sciences. Phonetics: "silent sleepy streets" (alliteration; lexicology) "quiet noiseless streets" sentence is the same but the effect is different.
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These are called functional styles or registers (fiction, newspaper) Stylist...
political centralization under the Moscow rule, compulsory education, mass migration from rural to urban areas in the 20th century, as well as other factors. The standard language is used in written and spoken form almost everywhere in the country, from Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the East, notwithstanding the enormous distance in between. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. All dialects also divided in two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the
Keeleteaduse alused: kordamisküsimused 2016 kevadel. Eksam koosneb kolmest mõttelisest osast: 1. 2 essee-tüüpi küsimust järgneva 27 kordamisküsimuse hulgast (laiemad küsimused võivad olla pooleks jagatud). 2. 1 essee-tüüpi küsimus viie kohustusliku artikli kohta (vt allpool) (tuleb valida üks kahest küsimusest) 3. 10 terminit või nime kordamisküsimustes paksus kirjas olevate mõistete ja nimede hulgast – vastata ühe lausega. Isikute ja ajalooliste nähtuste puhul palun kirjutada ka sajand (20. sajandi puhul kas esimene või teine pool). Võimalikud on ka loomingulisemad boonusküsimused! Punasega kirjas olevad mõisted on alumised terminid. 1. India: keeleteaduse alged seoses veedadega, Panini grammatika (olemus, eripärad, tähtsus keeleteadusele); TERMIN: Pānini - india keeleteadlane (u 5.–4. saj e.m.a), esimese süstemaatilise sanskriti keele grammatika «Kaheksaosaline arutlus» (skr as´t...
Mäesaar, K. (2010). Narratiivi loome oskused 5-6 aastastel lastel. Teadusmagistritöö. Tartu ülikool. Eripedagoogika osakond. Norbury, C. F., Bishop, D. V. M. (2003). Narrative Skills of Children with Communication Impairments. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorder, 38, 287-313. Pearce, W. M., McCormack, P. F., James, D. G. H. (2003). Exploring the Boundaries of SLI: Findings from Morphosyntactic and Story Grammar Analyses. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 17, 325-334. Perk. K. (2011). Sensoorse alaalia avaldumine eesti keeles: juhtumikirjeldus. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool. Eripedagoogika osakond. Prants. M. (2012). Tegusõna vormide moodustamine spetsiifilise kõnearengupuudega 5- 6-aastastel lastel. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool. Eripedagoogika osakond. Price, R. J., Roberts, E. J., Jackson, C. S. (2006) Structural Development of the Fictional Narratives of African American Preschoolers. Language, Speech and Hearing In Schools, 37, 178-190.
To this day the Navy uses it. This is a remarkable longevity. So important is his system that it confers upon Jefferson the title of Father of American Cryptography. [Codebreakers 117.jpg] Charles Wheatstone had a remarkably fertile mind. He constructed an electric telegraph before Morse did, invented the concertina, improved the dynamo, studied underwater telegraphy, produced some of the first stereoscopic drawings, published half a dozen papers on acoustics, discussed phonetics and hypothetical speaking machines in print, conducted numerous electrical experiments, and popularized a method for the extremely accurate measurement of electrical resistance now in frequent use and called the "Wheatstone bridge." His work was highly enough regarded for him to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society and to be knighted. He was nominally professor of experimental philosophy at King's College, London, but was so excessively shy that he hardly ever actually lectured.
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