Passive seletus (inglise keel) (0)

Passive (= passiiv ehk umbisikuline tegumood)

This house was built in 1935.
Was built on passiiv. Võrdle isikulist ( active ) ja umbisikulist tegumoodi (passive):
Somebody built this house in 1935. ( aktiiv – house on lauses sihitis (=object))
This house was built in 1935. (passiiv – house on lause aluseks (= subject ))
Kui me kasutame isikulist tegumoodi (aktiiv), siis ütleme, mida lause aluseks olev isik (subject) teeb:
My grandfather was a builder . He built this house in 1935.
It’s a big company. It employs two hundred people.
Kui kasutame umbisikulist tegumoodi (passiiv), siis ütleme, mis juhtub lause alusega:
This house is quite old. It was built in 1935.
Two hundred people are employed by the company.
Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegija on teadmata, ebaoluline või selgub kontekstist:
A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (Keegi varastas selle, kuid me ei tea, kes)
Is this room cleaned every day? (Kas keegi seda koristab? – pole oluline, kes)
The thief has been arrested. (On selge, et politseinik arreteeris ta)
Passiivi kasutatakse ka siis, kui tegevus/ sündmus on olulisem, kui isik või inimesed, kes seda tegid, nt uudiste pealkirjades, ajaleheartiklites, ametlikes teadaannetes, reklaamides, instruktsioonides jne:
The annual general meeting will be held on June 25th.
Passiivi saab kasutada ka siis, kui soovime vältida vastutust mõne tegevuse eest või kui viitame mõnele ebameeldivale sündmusele, kuid ei soovi öelda, kes või mis on vastutav / süüdi:
Three people were seriously injured in the accident .
Tegija võib ära jätta, kui lause aluseks on they, he, someone/ somebody, people, one jne:
Somebody has cleaned the car. = The car has been cleaned.
Tegijat ei jäeta ära, kui tegu on olulise inimesega või kui see on oluline lause mõtte edastamisel. Kui me tahame öelda, kes või mis on tegija, kasutame sõna by…:
This house was built by my grandfather.
Two hundred people are employed by the company.
The film was directed by David Lynch .
Prepositsiooni with kasutatakse tööriista, materjali ja koostisosade ees, mida tegija kasutas:
The pasta sauce was made by Tony. It was made with fresh tomatoes from the garden .
Kui me tahame teada, kes või mis oli tegija, saame moodustada passiivi küsimuse Who/ What … by?:
Who was the book written by?
Passiivi moodustatakse be (is/ was jne) + mineviku kesksõna (past participle) ehk III põhivorm ( done / cleaned/ seen jne). Aktiivilause sihitisest saab passiivilause alus. Aktiivilause tegusõna jääb samasse ajavormi , kuid muutub passiivseks. Aktiivilause alus ehk tegija jäetakse ära või pannakse lause lõppu prepositsiooni by järele:
Present simple passive – am/ is/ are + III pv (cleaned/ seen jne)
Many accidents are caused by careless driving .
Present simple active: Somebody cleans this room every day.
passive: This room is cleaned every day.
Past simple passive – was/ were + III pv (cleaned/ seen jne)
We were woken up by a loud noise during the night .
Past simple active: Somebody cleaned this room yesterday .
passive: This room was cleaned yesterday.
These rooms were cleaned yesterday.
Infinitive – (to) be + III pv (done/ cleaned/ seen jne)
The situation is serious. Something must be done before it’s to late .
Active: Somebody will clean the room later.
Passive: The room will be cleaned later.
Perfect infinitive – (to) have been + III pv (done/ cleaned/ seen jne)
I haven ’t received the letter yet. It might have been sent to the wrong address.
Active: Somebody should have cleaned the room.
Passive: The room should have been cleaned.
Present perfect passive – have/ has been + III pv (done jne)
Have you heard? The concert has been cancelled.
Present perfect active: The room looks nice . Somebody has cleaned it.
passive: The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
Past perfect passive – had been + III pv (done jne)
The car was three years old but hadn’t been used very much.
Past perfect active: The room looked nice. Somebody had cleaned it.
passive: The room looked nice. It had been cleaned.
Present continuous passive – am/ is/ are being + III pv (done jne)
There ’s somebody walking behind us. I think we’re being followed.
Present continuous active: Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.
passive: The room is being cleaned at the moment.
Past continuous passive – was/were being + III pv (done jne)
There was somebody walking behind us. We were being followed.
Past continuous active: Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived .
passive: The room was being cleaned when I arrived.
Küsimuste moodustamisel passiivis kasutame samu reegleid nagu jutustavate lausete puhulgi, pidades silmas, et tegusõna oleks küsivas vormis:
Aktiiv: Have they opened the new shopping centre yet?
Passiiv: Has the new shopping centre been opened yet?
Ainult transitiivseid tegusõnu (=tegusõnu, mis võtavad sihitise) saab panna passiivi.
Aktiiv: Jackie lives on the third floor. ( live – ei võta sihitist, passivi moodustada ei saa.)
NB! Mõningaid transitiivseid tegusõnu (have, exist , seem, fit, suit , resemble, lack jne) ei saa passiivseks muuta:
Rick has a red jumper . (NOT: A red jumper is had by Rick)
Mõnel tegusõnal on kaks sihitist. Nt sõnal give:
Somebody gave the police the information. (= Somebody gave the information to the police.) sihitis 1 sihitis 2
Seetõttu on võimalik teha kaks passiivi lauset:
The police were given the information.
The information was given to the police.
Teised tegusõnad, millel saab olla kaks sihitist, on:
ask offer pay show teach tell bring send promise buy sell read offer give lend
Kui me kasutame neid verbe passiivis, alustame enamasti isikuga :
I was offered the job, but I refused it. (=they offered me the job)
You will be given plenty of time to decide. (=we will give you plenty of time)
Have you been shown the new machine ? (=has anybody shown you?)
Kui aktiivilauses järgneb tegusõnale prepositsioon, siis passiivilauses pannakse see kohe tegusõna järele:
Aktiiv: The ball hit Charlie on the head.
Passiiv: Charlie was hit on the head by the ball.
Tegusõnadele hear, help, see ja make järgneb aktiivis infinitiiv ilma to-ta (bare infinitive, nt eat), kuid passiivis to-infinitiiv (to eat):
Aktiiv: Tina’s mum made her clean her room.
Passiiv: Tina was made to clean her room by her mum.
Sõnast let saab passiivis väljend be allowed :
Aktiiv: The teacher let the children leave early .
Passiiv: The children were allowed to leave early.
I don’t like being….
Passiiv sõnadest doing/ seeing jne on being done/ being seen jne. Võrdle:
Aktiiv: I don’t like people telling me what to do.
Passiiv: I don’t like being told what to do.
I remember being taken to the zoo when I was a child . (=I remember somebody taking me to the zoo)
Steve hates being kept waiting . (=he hates people keeping him waiting)
We managed to climb over the wall without being seen. (=without anybody seeing us)

I was born…

Me ütleme I was born…, mitte I am born:
I was born in Chicago. ( minevik )
Where were you born? (minevik)
How many babies are born every day? ( olevik )

Get

Passiivis võid kasutada sõna be asemel sõna get:
There was a fight at the party , but nobody got hurt . (=nobody was hurt)
I’m surprised Liz didn’t get offered the job. (=Liz wasn’t offered the job)
Sõna get saab kasutada ainult siis, kui midagi toimub. Näiteks ei saa kasutada sõna get järgnevates lausetes:
Jill is liked by everybody . (Mitte gets liked – see ei ole sündmus)
He was a mystery man. Very little was known about him. (Mitte got known)
Sõna get kasutatakse tavaliselt mitteametlikus kõnekeeles. Sõna be saab kasutada kõikides situatsioonides.
Sõna get kasutatakse ka järgnevates väljendites, mis ei ole tähenduselt passiivis:
get married / divorced; get dressed (=put on your clothes), get lost , get changed (= change your clothes).

It is said that… He is said to… He is supposed to…

Henry on väga vana. Keegi ei tea täpselt, kui vana ta on, kuid…
It is said that he is 108 years old.
He is said to be 108 years old.
Mõlemad laused tähendavad, et “Räägitakse, et ta on 108 aastat vana.”
Neid lausestruktuure saab kasutada mitmete tegusõnadega, eriti sõnadega:
Alleged believed considered expected known reported thought understood
Võrdle neid kahte struktuuri:
Cathy works very hard .
It is said that she works 16 hours a day.
She is said to work 16 hours a day.
The police are looking for a missing boy.
It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.
The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.
The strike started three weeks ago.
It is expected that it will end soon.
The strike is expected to end soon.
A friend of mine has been arrested.
It is alleged that he hit a policeman.
He is alleged to have hit a policeman.
The two houses belong to the same family.
It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them .
There is said to be a secret tunnel between them.
Neid struktuure kasutatakse tihti uudiste edastamiseks:
It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion.
Two people are reported to have been injured in the explosion.
(Be) supposed to
Mõnikord (it is) supposed to = (it is) said to…:
I want to see that film. It’s supposed to be good. (=it is said to be good)
Mark is supposed to have hit a policeman, but I don’t believe it.
Kuid mõnikord on väljendil supposed to teine tähendus. Väljendit supposed to kasutatakse ka väljendamaks kavatsusi, plaane ja ootusi/ eeldusi .
The plan is supposed to be a secret, but everybody seems to know about it. (=the plan is intended to be a secret)
What are you doing at work ? You’re supposed to be on holiday. (=you arranged to be on holiday)
Our guests were supposed to come at 7.30, but they were late.
Jane was supposed to phone me last night, but she didn’t.
I’d better hurry. I’m supposed to be meeting Chris in ten minutes.
You’re not supposed to do sth = millegi tegemine ei ole lubatud või soovitav :
You’re not supposed to park your car here . It’s private parking only.
Jeff is much better after his illness , but he’s still not supposed to do any heavy work.