Inglise keele grammatika reeglid (1)

1. Active / Passive
Active - the professor teaches the students .
Passive - The students are taught by the professor
2. Present Simple [ VERB ] + s/es in third person . Tegevus on korduv või tavapärane.
You speak English . I play tennis. Cats like milk . The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. I am here now.
Active= Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Passive= Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom.
3. Present Continuous [am/is/are + present participle]. Tegevus toimub/ei toimu praegusel hetkel.
You are watching TV. You are learning English now. I am studying to become a doctor . I am meeting some friends after work .
Active= Right now, Tom is writing the letter . Passive= Right now, the letter is being written by Tom.
4. Past Simple [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs . Tegevus algas/lõppes minevikus täpsel ajal.
You called Debbie. I saw a movie yesterday. I finished work, walked to the beach , and found a nice place to swim . I lived in Brazil for two years . I studied French when I was a child . Active = Tom repaired the car. Passive= The car was repaired by Tom.
5. Past Continuous [was/were + present participle]. Pikalt kestev tegevus katkestati minevikus.
You were studying when she called. I was watching TV when she called. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner . I was studying while he was making dinner. She was always coming to class late. Active= The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store . Passive= The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
6. Present Perfect [has/have + past participle]. Tegevus toimus teadmata ajal minevikus.
You have seen that movie many times . I have seen that movie twenty times. I have been to France . You have grown since the last time I saw you. Man has walked on the Moon . James has not finished his homework yet. I have had a cold for two weeks. Active= Many tourists have visited that castle . Passive= That castle has been visited by many tourists.
7. Present Perfect Continuous [has/have + been + present participle]. Tegevus algas minevikus ning kestab siiani.
You have been waiting here for two hours . They have been talking for the last hour. Recently, I have been feeling really tired. Sam has had his car for two years. Active= Recently, John has been doing the work. Passive= Recently, the work has been being done by John.
8. Past Perfect [had + past participle]
You had studied English before you moved to New York . I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. Active= George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic 's license. Passive= Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
9. Past Perfect Continuous [had been + present participle]
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived . They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. Jason was tired because he had been jogging. Active= Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant 's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Passive= The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
10. Future Simple Kaks erinevat vormi: "will" ja "be going to".
[will + verb] You will help him later . [am/is/are + going to + verb] You are going to meet Jane tonight.
I will send you the information when I get it. I will call you when I arrive . He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year. Active= John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Passive= The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
11. Future Continuous Kaks erinevat vormi: "will be doing " ja "be going to be doing". Future Simple ja selle erinevus on see, et praegust tulevikuvormi pole võimalik asendada omavahel.
[will be + present participle] You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. [am/is/are + going to be + present participle] You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. Jane will be at my house when you arrive.
Active= At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes. Passive= At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
12. Future Perfect Kaks erinevat vormi: "will have done" ja "be going to have done". Vorme pole võimalik omavahel asendada.
[will have + past participle] You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. [am/is/are + going to have + past participle] You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
By next November, I will have received my promotion . I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework.
Active= They will have completed the project before the deadline . Passive= The project will have been completed before the deadline.
13 Future Perfect Continuous Kaks erinevat vormi: "will have been doing " ja "be going to have been doing". Vorme pole võimalik omavahel asendada.
[will have been + present participle] You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. [am/is/are + going to have been + present participle] You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim.
Active= The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. Passive= The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
14. Used To [used to + VERB]
Jerry used to study English. I used to live in Paris. You used to play the piano .
Active= You used to play the piano. Passive= The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
15. Would Always [would always + VERB]
You would always take your surfboard with you when you went to the beach. She would always send me strange birthday gifts. Jerry would come to the parties every weekend . Active= My mother would always make the pies. Passive= The pies would always be made by my mother.
16. Future in the Past Kaks erinevat vormi: "would" ja "was going to" .
[would + VERB] I knew you would help him. [was/were + going to + VERB] I knew you were going to go to the party .
I told you he was going to come to the party. I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner.
Active= I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. Passive= I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
17. Gerunds See on nimisõna, mis on tuletatud teguseõnast ning lõppu käib -ing.
Reading helps you learn English. He enjoys not working.
18. Infinitives See on tegusõna to vorm. Näiteks: sõnast learn tekib to learn
19. Phrasal Verb See on tegusõna + eessõna või määrsõna, mis loob esimesest lausest teise tähenduse, kasutades sama tegusõna.
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. He ran away when he was 15.
20. Negative question
Negatiivsed küsimused sisaldavad enamasti emotsioone ning kõlavad teatud situatsioonides ebaviisakalt.
Didn't she like the film ? – Yes, she did. Aren 't they reading now? – Yes, they are. Isn't he a student ? Can't you read? Isn't she a beauty ?
21. General question
Oodatav vastus sellele küsimusele on lühike (Jah; ei).
Algab tavaliselt järgmiste küsisõnadega: Do? Did? Have? Has? Is? Are? Was? Were? Can? Could ?
Are you from Brazil? - Yes, I am / No, I am not. Did you meet Andy? - Yes, I did / No, I didn't. Was she at home yesterday? - Yes, she was / No, she wasn't.
22. Special question
Eriküsimused nõuavad detailset vastust. Enamasti algavad "Wh-" küsimustega.
Algab tavaliselt järgmiste küsisõnadega: What? Which? When? Where? Why? Whose ? ja How? How many? How much?
Where are you from? - I am from Estonia. What are you wearing on your head? - I'm wearing a läkiläki või It's a läkiläki! How much money do you have? - I have only $10. How old are you? - I'm 16.
23. Subject question
Küsimuse sees peitub juba oodatav vastus. Näiteks tahetakse teada tegijat ja küsimus algab "Who".
Who will buy milk? Who's in charge here? What makes you think so? Who wants some coffee ?
24. Tag question
Teegiküsimused koosnevad kahest osast. Esimene osa on üldsõnaline lause. Teine osa on lühike põhiküsimus. Jaatava lause puhul on küsisõna eitavas vormis. Eitava lause puhul on küsisõna jaatav. Esimeses osas tuleb kasutada madalat hääletooni, teises osas jällegi kõrgemat või madalat hääletooni.
It's a nice day, isn't it? It was true, wasn't it? You know him, don't you? He went there, didn't he? You can swim, can't you? He should go, shouldn't he?
You live here, don't you? - Yes, I do. / Yes, I live here. You don't live here, do you? - No, I don't. / No, I don't live here.
25. Reported question
Peter: "Do you play football ?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football. Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.
“Do you like working in teams ?” - He asked if I like working in teams. “Did you enjoy the party?” - She asked me whether I’d enjoyed the party.