INGLISE
KEELE GRAMMATIKA
Present
Simple
Lihtoleviku
moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
make
He/she/it
speaks
We/you/they
go
I
do not make
He/she/it
does not
speak We/you/they
do not go
Do I
make?
Does he/she/it
speak?
Do we/you/they
go?
NB!
ERANDID!
- Verbidele, mis lõpevad –ss, -h, -ch, -tch, -x või –o-ga, lisatakse ainsuse kolmdandas pöördes –es.
he does
he goes
he misses
he watches
he mixes
- Verbid , mis lõpevad –y-ga, mille ees on konsonant , muudavad y i-ks enne –es lisamist.
fly – he flies
carry – he carries
Võrdle: say – he says
Lihtolevik
väljendab:
- Antud momendil toimuvat tegevust, mis ei väljenda kestvat aega, näiteks see, hear , know .
I see that man who you are pointing at.
- Üldist, kogu aeg toimuvat või korduvat tegevust, pole oluline, kas tegevus toimub rääkimise hetkel.
Teachers teach in schools .
He usually goes to gym on Monday .
- Tegevust mingil ajal.
I go to school at 8 o´ clock .
You have to pay taxes once a month .
- Kõigile tuntud fakte.
Life passes by quickly.
Top
of Form
Present
Continuous
Kestva
oleviku moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
am speaking
He/she/it
is
going We/you/they
are
making I
am not speaking
He/she/it
is not going
We/you/they
are not making
Am I
speaking?
Is he/she/it
going?
Are we/you/they
making?
NB!
ERANDID!
- Verbidel, mis lõppevad e-ga kaob, -ing lisamisel e ära.
take - taking
make – making
- Lühikeste silpidega verbidel kahekordistub kaashäälik.
get - getting
swim - swimming
- Y-ga lõppevatel verbidel, y ei kao ära.
study - studying
cry – crying
- . -die / tie / lie muutuvad
dying / tying / lying
Kestev
olevik väljendab:
- Tegevust või muutust, mis toimub antud hetkel ega pole veel lõppenud.
I am making a cake at the moment.
I can´t help you right now, I am working .
- Tegevust, mis toimub mingil aja perioodil.
He wants to buy a car that is why he is taking driving lessons.
- Sageli korduvat tegevust (eriti koos always, continually), mis väljendab kõneleja emotsionaalset hinnangut.
Mona is always crying.
- Varsti toimuvat tegevust, mis on enne kokku lepitud, ette kavatsetud.
We are meeting tonight. We are going to the theatre .
Pane
tähele!
Kestvat
olevikku kasutatakse tegevusverbides (I
am dancing, you are
eating etc.). Mõned verbid on mitte-tegevusverbid, näiteks ei saa öelda I
am liking
või you
are knowing,
vaid I
like
ja you
know.
Järgmiseid
verbe ei kasutata tavaliselt kestvas
olevikus .
like
love hate want
need
prefer know realise
suppose
mean understand
believe
remember belong
contain consist depend
seem Past
Simple
Lihtmineviku
moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
asked He/she/it
went We/you/they
made
I
did not ask
He/she/it
did not go
We/you/they
did not make
Did I
ask?
Did he/she/it
go?
Did we/you/they
make?
Lihtminevik
väljendab:
- Üksikut tegevust või üksteisele järgnevaid tegevusi, mis on lõpetatud enne kõnemomenti või on toimunud minevikus kindlal ajal (in 1984, yesterday , last year etc).
I saw my grand- mother yesterday.
Lisa went to the cinema , after that she went home right away .
John wrote us two months ago.
- Harjumust või korduvat tegevust minevikus.
John always wore a hat.
They played football every Monday.
- Tegevust, mis toimus teatud ajaperioodil, kuid on kõnemomendiks lõppenud.
He lived in this apartment for 5 years .
Top
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Present
Perfect
Täismineviku
moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
have asked
He/she/it
has
gone We/you/they
have made
I
have not asked
He/she/it
has not gone
We/you/they
have not made
Have I
asked?
Has he/she/it
gone?
Have we/you/they
made?
Täismineviku
väljendab:
- Tegevust, mis toimus enne kõnemomenti, kuid mille tagajärg on kõnelejale tähtis.
John has arrived .
I have finished writing a letter .
Oh God! I have cut my finger .
- Tegevust, mis algas enne kõnemomenti, kestab selleni või jätkub edasi. Tegevus võib olla määratletud sõnadega since , for.
They have lived here for two years.
- Tegevust, mis lõpeb enne mingit tegevust või muutust tulevikus, näiteks ajamääruslausetes, kus kasutatakse sidesõnu when, until , till , before jt.
Katie will go for a walk when she has finished her homework .
Pane
tähele!
Täisminevikku
saab kasutada koos just,
already , yet.
Hello !
Have
you just
called
me?
When
is Tom leaving? He has
already gone.
I
have
not eaten yet.
Top
of Form
Present
Perfect Continuous
Kestva
täismineviku moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
have been
asking He/she/it
has been going
We/you/they
have been making
I
have not been asking
He/she/it
has not been going
We/you/they
have not been making
Have I
been asking?
Has he/she/it
been going?
Have we/you/they
been making?
Kestev
täisminevik väljendab:
- Tegevust, mis on hiljuti või alles lõppenud, kuid mille algust ega lõppu pole teada.
You are wet. Have you been running in the rain?
They have been talking to Mary and they have decided...
- Tegevust, mis algas enne kõnemomenti, kestab selleni või peale seda. Sel juhul rõhutakse tegevuse kestvusele (how long, for, since etc).
How long have you been learning Italian ?
I have been drawing for almost two hours now.
Top
of Form
Past
Continuous
Kestva
mineviku moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
was asking
He/she/it
was going
We/you/they
were making
I
was not asking
He/she/it
was not going
We/you/they
were not making
Was I
asking?
Was he/she/it
going?
Were we/you/they
making?
Kestev
minevik väljendab:
- Tegevust, mis toimus minevikus mingil kindlal ajal. Tegevuse aeg on antud või tuleb välja kontekstist.
Yesterday John was reading when the bell rang.
While we were eating the policeman came to announce very important news.
- Mineviku tegevust, mida vaadeltakse tulevikus toimuvana ( eriti verbidega leave, start, go, come ).
She bought some new pens and paper , for she was going to school for the first time the next day.
They packed their suitcases, for they were coming back home the next week.
Past
Perfect
Ennemineviku
moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
had asked
He/she/it
had gone
We/you/they
had made
I
had not asked
He/she/it
had not gone
We/you/they
had not made
Had I
asked?
Had he/she/it
gone?
Had we/you/they
made?
Enneminevik
väljendab:
- Tegevust, mis lõppes enne teatud aega või enne teist tegevust minevikus.
She had seen the play before.
Mary and Tom had already started playing cards when June arrived.
- Tegevust, mis algas enne antud aega minevikus, kestis peale antud aega või lõppes just enne seda. Tegevus on määratletud ajaga, näiteks since, for.
Mona had gone in university for 2 years before she met her future husband .
Tom had played football since July .
Top
of Form
Past
Perfect Continuous
Kestva
ennemineviku moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
had been asking
He/she/it
had been going
We/you/they
had been making
I
had not been asking
He/she/it
had not been going
We/you/they
had not been making
Had I been
asking?
Had he/she/it been
going?
Had we/you/they been
making?
Kestev
enneminevik väljendab:
- Tegevust, mis algas enne antud aega minevikus, kestis peale antud aega või lõppes just enne seda. Tähelepanu pööratakse tegevuse kestvusele.
By the time we left France we had been living in Lion for two months.
Tom gave up smoking year ago. He had been smoking for 10 years.
She was very tired. She had been working all day.
Top
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Top
of Form
Future
Simple
Üldtuleviku
moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I/we
will ask
He/she/it
will go
You/they
will make
I/we
will not ask
He/she/it
will not go
You/they
will not make
Will
I ask?
Will
he/she/it go?
Will
we/you/they make?
Pane
tähele!
Üldtuleviku
moodustamiseks kasutatakse abiverbe will/
shall .
Traditsiooniliselt
esineb shall
ainsuse ja mitmuse 1. pöördes ( I, we ).
Kaasaegses inglise keeles
kasutatakse will
kõigis pööretes ning shall,
et küsida kellegi arvamust, kuid tendents on kasutada abiverbi will
kõigis pööretes.
Will/shall-tuleviku
asemel saab kasutada mitmetel juhtudel going
to-tulevikku.
Üldtulevik
väljendab:
- Ühekordset, korduvat või harjumuspärast tegevust tulevikus.
I will meet John in the station .
My birthday will come again .
- Tegevust või situatsiooni, mis kestab tulevikus.
He will hate you for that.
She will love you some day.
- Otsust, mis on tehtud kõnelemise hetkel.
The window is closed. I will open it.
They are hungry. They will eat something .
Pane
tähele!
Me
kasutame going
to-tulevikku
siis, kui oleme juba enne otsustanud midagi teha või vastavalt
olukorrale näeme, et midagi on varsti juhtumas.
Mary
and John have decided to organise a
party . They are
going to invite
lots of
friends .
Look !
They are breaking up. I am
sure that Nancy is
going to burst
into tears.
Top
of Form
Future
Continuous
Kestva
tuleviku moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
will be asking
He/she/it
will be going
We/you/they
will be making
I
will not be asking
He/she/it
will not be going
We/you/they
will be not making
Will I
be asking?
Will he/she/it
be going?
Will we/you/they
be making?
Kestev
tulevik väljendab:
Top
of Form
Future
Perf + Cont (I will have done, I will have been doing)
Future Perfect (I will have done )
Ennetuleviku moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
will have asked
He/she/it
will have gone
We/you/they
will have made
I
will not have asked
He/she/it
will not have gone
We/you/they
will not have made
Will I
have asked?
Will he/she/it
have gone?
Will we/you/they
have made?
Ennetulevik
väljendab:
- Tegevust tulevikus, mis lõppeb enne teist tulevikutegevust või enne teatud aega.
By next July, I will have finished with this job.
When you arrive, she will have done her homework.
- Tegevust, mis algab enne teatud momenti tulevikus, kestab selleni või ka pärast seda.
I will have worked in Paris for two years by the time my contract finishes .
Future
perfect continuous (I will have been doing)
Kestva ennetuleviku
moodustamine
Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
will have been asking
He/she/it
will have been going
We/you/they
will have been making
I
will not have been asking
He/she/it
will not have been going
We/you/they
will not have been making
Will I
have been asking?
Will he/she/it
have been going?
Will we/you/they
have been making?
Kestev
ennetulevik väljendab:
- Tegevust tulevikus, mis kestab mingi teise tegevuseni, mingi ajani või ka peale seda.
By the end of March she will have been lying in the hospital for two months.
He will have been writing for an hour by the time Mary calls him.
Top
of Form
Passive
(is,was done; be, been, being done)
REEGEL:
- Inglise keeles laused võivad olla kahes tegumoes: aktiivis ja passiivis.
My child drew a picture . ( aktiiv ; lauses on alus, kes on ka tegija ) (alus) (öeldis) ( sihitis )
The picture was drawn. (passiiv; lauses on alus, kuid see ei ole tegija) (alus) (öeldis)
- Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegija on teadmata või tema mainimine ei ole oluline.
MOODUSTAMINE
Passiivi
ajavormid moodustatakse be
pöördelistes
vormidest antud ajas ja lisatakse põhiverbi mineviku
kesksõna
(Past
Participle).
Kui tegija on teada ja tahetakse teda ära mainida, siis kasutatakse
eessõna by,
millele järgneb tegija.
Ajavorm
Tense form
Aktiiv
Active voice Passiiv
Passive voice
Present simple Present
cont .
Present
perf .
Present perf. cont.
Mary teaches me.
Mary is teaching me.
Mary has taught me.
Mary has been teaching me.
I am taught by Mary.
I am being taught by Mary.
I have been taught by Mary.
I have been taught by Mary.
Past simple
Past cont.
Past perf.
Past perf. cont.
Mary taught me.
Mary was teaching me.
Mary had taught me.
Mary had been teaching me.
I was taught by Mary.
I was being taught by Mary.
I had been taught by Mary.
I had been taught by Mary.
Future simple
Future cont.
Future perf.
Future perf. cont.
Mary will teach me.
Mary will be teaching me.
Mary will have taught me.
Mary will have been teaching me.
I will be taught by Mary.
I will be taught by Mary.
I will have been taught by Mary.
I will have been taught by Mary.
Top
of Form
Modals
(can, could, may might etc)
Modaalverbid
Modaalverbid on
can, could , may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would.
Nad väljendavad võimet, luba, soovi jne teha midagi. Kõiki modaale
ei saa kasutada inglise keele kõikides aegades, seetõttu on olemas
modaalide asemikud (substitutes).
Modal Verb Substitute
Example
must
to have to
I must
talk . = I have to talk.
must not
not to be
allowed to
I must not talk = I am not allowed to talk
can
to be
able to
I can talk. = I am able to talk.
may
to be allowed to
I may talk. = I am allowed to talk.
need
to have to
I need to talk. = I have to talk.
need not
not ta have to
I need not talk. = I don't have to talk.
shall / should / ought to
to be
supposed to / to be expected to / to be to
I shall / should / ought to talk. = I am supposed to talk. / I am expected to talk. / I am to talk.
Modaalverbide tähendused
Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
must
can
They must be
happy about it.
There has to be
another way.
This can be the right decision.
Suur tõenäosus.
should /
ought to
I should arrive in time.
He ought to arrive in time.
Mitte päris kindel, kuid võimalik.
could
can
This could be the right decision.
Can this be the right decision?
Mitte eriti suur tõenäosus.
may /
might
They may do it sooner
than you think.
She might do it sooner.
Väga väike tõenäosus.
Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
can
may
could
Can/may/could I offer you some
drink ? - Yes, you can/may.
Loa küsimine. May on viisakam.
can't
may not
mustn't not
am not to
You can't / may not drink here.
You must not drink here.
You are not to drink here.
Keeld
Range keeld
Rangem keeld
Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
can
could
Can you do it for me?
Could you do it for me?
Could on viisakam.
Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
should
ought to
They should
listen to what he says.
They ought to listen to what he says.
Ought to on viisakam.
Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
must
have to
She must come to see.
You have to come to see me.
Võrdsed tähenduselt.
Top
of Form
Reported
speech(he says that, he said that...)
Kaudne
kõne
1.
Saatelause olevikus (he says that ...)
Kõneleja
juttu saab edasi anda otseselt (
direct ) ja
kaudselt (
reported ).
Otsene
kõne: He says: “I am a man“
Kaudne kõne: He says (that) he
is a man.
Kaudsel kõnel võivad muutuda asesõnad ja ka
verbi pöördevormid.
She tells me: „I like your
dress .“
She
tells me (that) she
likes my dress.
2.
Saatelause minevikus (he said that ...)
Kui
saatelause on minevikus, siis võivad samuti muutuda asesõnad ja
verbi pöördevormid.
Pane
tähele!
Oleviku vorm
otseses kõnes muutub mineviku vormiks
kaudses kõnes.
am/is --- was
are -- were
want/like/know/go etc ---
wanted /liked/knew/went etc
do/does --- did
have/has – had
will --- would
can --- could
wanted/liked --- had
wanted/had liked
Direct
speech Jo says:
Reported speech
Jo said:
„I like
tennis .“
„John is going to learn it too.“
„Mary has
given up her
hobby too.“
„I can´t play tennis on Monday“
„I don´t know when I can play it.“
„I will
phone Mary when I can teach her.“
(that) she liked tennis.
(that) John was going to learn it too.
(that) Mary had given up her hobby too.
(that) she couldn´t play tennis on Monday.
(that) she didn´t know when she could play it. (that) she would phone Mary when she could teach her.
- Mõned „lähedust“ väljendavad sõnad kaudses kõnes vahetatakse „kaugust“ väljendavate vastu.
„Lähedust“ väljendavad sõnad
„Kaugust“ väljendavad sõnad
this
these here
now
ago
today
tomorrow yesterday
last
night next week/year
that
those
there
then
before
that day
the next day
the day before
the
previous night
the
following week/year
He
said: „I am coming to the party today.“ --- He said (that) he was
coming
to the party that
day.
They said: „We are going out this evening.“ --- They said
(that) they were
going
out that
evening.
Pane
tähele!
SAY
SOMEBODY
SAY
TO SOMEBODY
TELL SOMEBODY
3.
Küsilaused kaudses kõnes
Kas-küsimused
algavad kaudses kõnes if
või whether.
Kui otseses kõnes esinevad do,
does,
did,
jäävad need kaudses kõnes ära. Sõnade
järjestus on nagu tavalises
lihtlauses st. alus seisab öeldise ees.
Direct speech
Reported speech
Mary asks me: „Do you like tennis?“
She asked: „Is John coming to see me?“
Tony asked: „Did you see Tom?“
Mary asks me if/whether I like tennis.
She asked if John was coming to see her.
Tony asked if I had seen Tom.
- Kaudsetes what, who, where, why, how, when jt-küsimustes jäävad need määrsõnad alles ning alus läheb öeldise ette.
Direct speech
Reported speech
She asked him: „How old are you?“
He asked her: „Why are you
looking at me?“
Tony asked: „What is that?“
She asked him how old he was.
He asked her why she was looking at him.
Tony asked what that was.
4.
Käsud, palved, soovitused, õnnitlused, soovid jne
• Jaatava
lause puhul on lause järjekord järgnev: tell + sihitis + to -
verb
The
teacher said:
„
Stand up.“ --- The teacher told us to
stand up.
• Eitav lause: tell + sihitis + not + to - verb
She said: „Don´t eat this.“ --- She
ordered not
to
eat that.
Direct speech
Reported speech
He said: „Don´t cry.“
My mother said to me: „
Clean your
room .“
He said: „Merry
Christmas .“
He asked not to cry.
My mother ordered me to clean my room.
He wished me merry Christmas.
Top
of Form
Conditional
sentences(If I do, If I did)
Tingimuslaused
Tingimuslaused koosnevad kahest osast:
If
(tingimus), (tingimus realiseerub)
kõrvallause pealause
Inglise keeles on kolm
tingimuslause tüüpi.
1.
tüüp – reaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus
Tingimus (if)
Verb lihtolevikus, kestvas olevikus või täisminevikus (do, is doing, have done)
Tulemus
verb lihtolevikus või lihttulevikus
If she
phones me,
If he isn´t going,
If she has given a promise,
you will answer the phone. I will go there
myself . she has to
keep it.
2.
tüüp –
ebareaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus
Tingimus (if)
Verb lihtminevikus (did)
Pane tähele! Verb be on kõigis pööretes were (I/you/he/we/they were)
Tulemus
Would/should+verb
Could/might+verb
If she phoned me,
If I were a
bird ,
If she hadn´t a husband,
you should answer the phone.
I would fly away.
she could marry me.
3.
tüüp – ebareaalne tingimus minevikus
Tingimus (if)
Verb enneminevikus (had done)
Tulemus
Would/should+have+ Past Participle
Could/might+have+ Past Participle
If she had phoned me,
If I had been a bird,
If she hadn´t had a husband,
you should have answered the phone.
I would have flown away.
she could have
married me.
Noun
Nimisõna
Nimisõna
võib olla nii
loendatav (countable) või
loendamatu (uncountable).
Loendatav
Countable
Loendamatu
Uncountable
I eat an
apple a day.
I like apple
s.
Apple (õun) on loendatav. Seda saab lugeda: 1 õun, 2 õuna jne.Ta võib olla nii ainsuses kui mitmused.
I drink water every day.
I like water.
Water (vesi) on loendamatu. Seda ei saa loendada: 1 vesi, 2 vett.
Mitmuse
moodustamine
- Tavaliselt lisatakse sõna lõppu –s.
a car
a bird
a book
a day
cars
birds
books
days
-
- kui ainsuse lõpus on –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, siis lisatakse mitmuse lõpp –es.
a bus
a class
a beach
a box
buses
classes
beaches
boxes
-
- kui ainsuse lõpus on kaashäälik, millele järgneb -y , siis mitmuses y muutub i ja lisandub –es.
a country
a cry
a lorry
a factory
countries
cries
lorries
factories
-
- kui ainsuse lõpus on täishäälik, millele järgneb –y, siis mitmuses lisandub –s.
a boy
a guy
a monkey
a key
boys
guys
monkeys
keys
-
- o-lõpulistele nimisõnadele lisatakse –s.
a piano
a radio
a kilo
pianos
radios
kilos
-
Erandid!
a potato
a tomato
a negro
a hero
potatoes
tomatoes
negroes
heroes
-
- f(e)-lõpulistele sõnadele mitmuses lisatakse –s.
a roof
a safe
roofs
safes
-
Erandid!
a leaf
a thief
a wife
a knife
a shelf
a half
leaves
thieves
wives
knives
shelves
halves
-
Pane
tähele!
Nimisõnad,
millel on ebareeglipärane
mitmus :
a man
a
woman a
foot a penny
a deer
a
sheep an ox
a child
a mouse
a goose
a tooth
men
women
feet
pence(
kogusumma ), pennies(üksikud mündid)
deer
sheep
oxen
children mice geese
teeth
Omastav
kääne
Inglise
keeles on nimisõnadel ainult üks käändelõpuga kääne –
omastav kääne.
Ainsuses olevatele nimisõnadele lisatakse lõppu ülakoma ja s (`s).
Tom`s sister
the dog`s tail
the bird`s sing
Mitmuses olevatele s-lõpulistele nimisõnadele lisatakse ainult ülakoma.
my brothers ` room
the girls ` bags
Pane
tähele!
Erandid!
Kui
mitmuses oleval nimisõnal puudub
–s,
siis lisatakse samuti ülakoma ja s.
mice`s cheese
women`s shoes
Pane
tähele!
Kui
omastavat käänet kasutatakse tavaliselt elusolenditega, siis
kuuluvust saab väljendada asjade, nähtuste ja ka elusolendite puhul
ka of-konstruktsiooniga
(eessõna of ja nimisõna).
the legs of
the table
the name of
that book
a photo of cats
a friend of
Tom
Articles
Artikkel
Inglise
keeles on kaks artiklit : umbmäärane artikkel a,
an
(the indefinite article) ja määrav artikkel the
(the definite article).
Loendatavad nimisõnad
Loendamatud nimisõnad
Ainsus
Mitmus
Umbmäärane artikkel
This is a cat.
There is a rose on the table.
Määrav artikkel
The cat is eating.
The rose is in the vase.
The cats are drinking milk .
The roses are red.
Give me the milk.
The snow is covering the earth.
Ilma artiklita
Cats are small animals.
Roses are beautiful flowers.
Milk is healthy.
I like snow.
Pane
tähele!
Me
saame kasutada mitmuses oleva loendatava sõnaga ka artikli asemel
sõna some, mis väljendab:
some=a number of/a few/a pair of
I have seen some good films . – Ma olen näinud paari head filmi.
Some friends of yours are asking about you. – Mõned sinu sõbrad küsivad sinu järgi.
some=mõned, mitte kõik
Some teachers are children`s favorite. – Mõned õpetajad on laste lemmikud.
1.
Umbmäärase artikli kasutamine
- Umbmäärast artiklit kasutatakse asja või olendi esmakordsel mainimisel. Tihti kasutatakse sel juhul vorme there is, this is.
There is a dog in our garden . – Meie aias on (üks) koer.
This is a lion. – See on lõvi.
- Umbmäärane artikkel näitab eset või olendit teiste seas.
Give me a paper! – Anna mulle (üks) paber!(ükskõik missugune paber)
- Umbmäärase artikliga saab ka üldistada.
A lion is dangerous . – (Iga) Lõvi on ohtlik.
- Umbmäärast artiklit saab kasutada, rääkides elukutsest või rahvusest.
Mona is a teacher. – Mona on õpetaja.
He is an Englisman. – Ta on inglane. (Rahvusest saab rääkida ka omadussõnaga, siis ei ole artiklit. Näit: She is Estonian.)
- Umbmäärast artiklit võib kasutada ka numbrilise väärtusena.
I haven`t said a word. – Ma ei ole öelnud sõnagi.
2.
Määrava artikli kasutamine
- Määravat artiklit kasutatakse, kui esemest või olendist on juba eelnevalt juttu olnud.
There is a dog in our garden. – Meie aias on (üks) koer.
The dog is friendly . – (See) Koer on sõbralik.
- Määravat artiklit kasutatakse ka juhul, kui räägitatakse juba enne teadaolevast esemest või olendist.
The candle is always on the table. – Küünal on alati laua peal.
Let`s go the cinema. – Lähme kinno .
- Määrav artikkel esineb siis, kui on tegemist järgarvuga, ülivõrdes oleva omadussõnaga või sõnadega same , right, wrong, following.
You are the best ! – Sa oled parim!
She said the same thing as you did. – Ta ütles seda sama asja, mis sinagi.
- Määravat artiklit kasutatakse ka ilmakaartest ja muusikainstrumentidest rääkides.
I can play the violin. – Ma oskan mängida viiulit.
The wind blows from the east . – Tuul puhub idast.
3.
Loendamatud nimisõnad
- Kui loendamatuid nimisõnu kasutatakse üldises tähenduses, siis artikkel puudub.
Time went quickly. – Aeg möödus kiiresti.
Gold is expensive . – Kuld on kallis.
- Kui aga loendamatud nimisõnad on täpselt määratletud, tuleb kasutada määravat artiklit the.
The gold in your hand is very expensive. - See kuld, mis on su käes, on väga kallis.
The music of this concert is boring. – Selle kontserdi muusika on igav.
- Kui loendamatute nimisõnade juurde kuuluvad sõnad, mis väljendavad rahvust, päritolu või ajastut, siis artiklit ei tarvitata.
I am listening Estonian music. - Ma kuulan eesti muusikat.
4.
Pärisnimed
5.
Artikli puudumine
- Ilma artiklita on:
1. aastaajad, kuud, nädalapäevad, pühad
I love spring . – Ma armastan kevadet.
Come to see me on Friday . – Tule mind vaatama reedel.
2. söögiaegade nimetused
We have dinner at 7 o`clock. – Me sööme õhtust kell seitse .
3. sõnad school, college, hospital, bed, church , prison üldises tähenduses
I am going to bed. – Ma lähen voodisse.
Mary goes to school. – Mary käib koolis.
4. keeled
I speak Estonian, English , French and Russian . – Ma räägin eesti, inglise, prantsuse ja vene keelt.
5. mängud
I hate basketball. – Ma vihkan korvpalli.
6. sõnad mother, father, kui neid kasutavad sama pereliikmed
Tell mother that I will be late today. – Ütle emale, et ma jään täna hiljaks.
Top
of Form
Adjective
Omadussõna
Omadussõna
kasutatakse kahel moel:
- nimisõna täiend
a smart girl
a pretty boy
- verbi be öeldistäide
The girl is smart.
The boy is pretty.
Omadussõnal
ei ole inglise keeles mitmust.
smart
girls
pretty boys
Omadussõnal
on kolm võrdlusastet:
Algvõrre
The positive degree
Keskvõrre
The comparative degree
Ülivõrre
The superlative degree
small
funny
beautiful
reasonable
smaller
funnier
more beautiful
more reasonable
the smallest
the funniest
the most beautiful
the most reasonable
1.
Võrdlemine –er ja –est abil
- Ühesilbilised omadussõnad
small - smaller – the smallest
short – shorter – the shortest
Pane
tähele!
Lühikese
täishääliku ees lõppkaashäälik kahekordistub.
big –
bigger
– the
biggest
hot
– hotter
– the
hottest
- Kahesilbilised omadussõnad
Pane
tähele!
Ainult
y-,
er-,
ow-
ja le-lõpulistele
omadussõnadele lisatakse –er
ja –est
võrdlus.
clever – cleverer
– the
cleverest
„Tumm”
e
jäetakse –er
ja –est
ees ära.
brave – braver
– the
bravest
Sõna lõpus y
muutub i-ks.
funny
– funnier
- the funniest
2.
Võrdlemine more ja most abil
Kõik
ülejäänud omadussõnad moodustatakse more
ja most
abil.
beautiful – more
beautiful –the
most
beautiful
reasonable – more
reasonable - the
most
reasonable
expensive – more
expensive - the
most
expensive
Erandid
!
Algvõrre
The positive degree
Keskvõrre
The comparative degree
Ülivõrre
The superlative degree
good
bad
old
little (väike)
little (vähe)
late
near
much
many
better
worse
older
elder (peresisene võrdlus)
smaller
less
later
nearer
more
more
the best
the worst
the oldest
the eldest (peresisene võrdlus)
the smallest
the least
the latest (kõige hilisem)
the last (kõige viimane)
the nearest (kõige lähem)
the next (järgmine)
the most
the most
Omadussõnad
lõppudega –ing ja –ed
Omadussõna –ing
Adjective –ing
-Ing omadussõna kirjeldab eset või olendit.
Omadussõna –ed
Adjective –ed
-Ed omdussõna näitab, kuidas keegi tunneb ennast.
My life is:
boring
interesting
disappointing
tiring
I am bored with my job.
I am interested in music.
I am disappointed with my friend.
I am tired of your jokes .
Adverb
Määrsõna
Moodustamine
Reegel!
Enamik
määrsõnu moodustatakse omadussõnast, millele lisatakse lõppu
–ly.
omadussõna:
perfect quick serious bad
määrsõna:
perfectly
quickly
seriously
badly
Erandid:
- Omadussõna lõpus olev y, mille ees on konsonant, muutub i-ks.
funny heavy
funnily heavily
- Omadussõnadel, mille lõpus on –le, kaob –e ära.
terrible incredible
terribly incredibly
- Omadussõnadel, mille lõpus on –ll, kaob üks l ära.
full fully
Pane
tähele!
Kõik
sõnad, mis lõpevad –ly-ga
, ei
ole
määrsõnad.
Näiteks:
friendly, lonely, silly, lovely
Määrsõna (kuidas?)
Adverb
Määrsõna kirjeldab verbi. Määrsõna näitab, kuidas miski toimub või midagi juhtub.
Omadussõna (missugune?)
Adjective
Omadussõna kirjeldab nimisõna. Omadussõna käib nimisõna ees või peale mõnda verbi (tavaliselt be).
Mary sings perfectly.
Don`t drive so quickly!
She was seriously injured.
Mary is a perfect singer .
Leopard has quick legs.
She is a serious person.
Good/well
Good
on omadussõna, aga selle määrsõna on well.
She
is a good singer.
She sings well.
Fast / hard /late/hardly
Fast,
hard, late
võivad olla nii määrsõnad kui omadussõnad.
Omadussõna
Määrsõna
I have fast legs.
She is a hard worker .
They are always late for school.
I run fast.
She works hard.
I arrived late to school.
Hardly
ei
ole aga tähenduslikult tuletatud sõnast hard.
Hardly=
väga vähe, peaaegu üldse mitte
- They were talking all the time. They were hardly listening.
Can you imagine that Sam and Susy are getting married. They hardly know each other .
Määrsõnade
asend
Viisimäärsõnad
Viisimäärsõnad
seisavad verbi järel. Sihitise korral asetseb sihitise järel.
She
sings perfectly.
She sings the song perfectly.
Kohamäärsõnad
Kohamäärsõnad seisavad lause lõpus, rõhutamise korral
lause alguses. Kui esineb ka ajamäärus, siis kohamäärus jääb
enne ajamäärust.
Here
we like to get together.
We will eat and talk here
every Friday.
Kindla
aja määrsõnad
Kindlat aega väljendavad määrsõnad seisavad kas lause
lõpus või alguses.
Tomorrow
I will go to Latvia.
I will sail by boat tomorrow.
Umbmäärased
ajamäärused
Umbmäärased ajamäärused asetsevad
verbi ees;
I always go to school by bus.
He usually writes me letters .
liitaja korral põhiverbi ees;
I have almost started smoking.
Tom has never gone out with a girl.
pärast verbi be ning modaalverbe.
I am often too modest .
They must always remember the rules .
Pane
tähele!
Already
võib seista ka lause lõpus, sometimes
ja soon
lause lõpus ja ka alguses.
I
have seen this film already.
Sometimes
I like eating with fingures .
I like drinking milk sometimes.
Soon
we will go home.
They will understand me soon.
Preposition
Eessõna
Reegel
Eessõnad on abiks nimisõna sidumisel teiste
sõnadega.
Üldreegel:
Eessõna järel on alati nimisõna, mitte kunagi ei ole see verb.
Nimisõna
alla kuuluvad:
- nimisõna (dog, money, love)
nimi (Bangkok, Mary)
asesõna (you, him, us)
nimisõnade grupp (my first job)
gerundium (swimming)
Kohamääruse
eessõnad
WHERE?
KUS?
We live in Estonia.
in Tartu.
at Kunda.(väike linn)
in the city.
in this street.
at 5 Kooli street.
near the cinema.
on the first floor.
They meet at school.
at the cinema.
on the beach.
The picture is under the table.
above the table.
behind the table.
in front of the table.
between the tables.
at the window.
on the wall .
Me elame Eestis.
Tartus.
Kundas.
linnas.
sellel tänaval.
Kooli tänav 5.
kino lähedal.
esimesel korrusel.
Nad kohtuvad koolis.
kinos.
rannas.
Pilt on laua all.
laua kohal.
laua taga.
laua ees.
laudade vahel.
akna juures.
seinal.
TO WHERE?
KUHU?
I will go to Latvia.
to school.
to the cinema.
into the bus.
to the bus.
towards the gate .
up to the gate.
I put it on the table.
into my pocket.
into the water.
She sat on the sofa.
in an armchair.
under the sky.
Ma lähen Lätti.
kooli.
kinno.
bussi .
bussi juurde.
värava poole.
väravani.
Ma panin selle lauale.
taskusse .
vette.
Ta istus diivanile.
tugitooli .
taeva alla.
FROM WHERE?
KUST?
I came back from Latvia
from school.
from the cinema.
from work .
She took it out of the bag.
from her bag.
from the table.
We jumped off the horse .
off the chair .
Ma tulin tagasi Lätist.
koolist.
kinost.
töölt.
Ta võttis selle kotist välja.
oma kotist.
laualt.
Me hüppasime hobuse seljast maha.
tooli pealt maha.
Ajamääruse
eessõnad
WHEN?
MILLAL?
We arrived at 7 o`clock.
before dinner.
after dinner.
at the same time.
at Easter .
on Friday.
on the second of January.
on Monday evening.
in the afternoon.
in 2006. in spring.
Me saabusime kell seitse.
enne õhtusööki.
peale õhtusööki.
samal ajal.
lihavõttepühal.
reedel.
teisel jaanuaril.
esmaspäeva õhtul.
pärastlõunal.
2006. aastal. kevadel.
FOR HOW LONG?
KUI KAUA(KS)?
I stayed for a year.
for two weeks.
for lunch .
until/till 5o`clock.
She was there from Monday to Friday.
from 2 o`clock to/till 5 o`clock.
They have lived here since last year.
since 1999.
They lived here from March to/till July.
Ma jäin aastaks.
kaheks nädalaks.
lõunasöögiks.
kuni kella viieni .
Ta oli seal esmaspäevast reedeni.
kella kahest viieni.
Nad on seal elanud alates eelmisest aastast.
alates aastast 1999.
Nad elavad seal märtsist juulini.
BY WHAT TIME?
MIS AJAKS?
She will be back by Friday.
by 7 o`clock.
in two hours.
in a week.
Ta jõuab tagasi reedeks.
kella seitsmeks.
kahe tunni pärast.
nädala pärast.
Viisimääruse
eessõnad
HOW?
KUIDAS?
They went by car.
by bus.
on foot.
She spoke in French with difficulty.
in a loud voice without difficulty.
in a whisper.
It is written in Russian.
in pencil.
Nad läksid autoga.
bussiga.
jalgsi .
Ta rääkis prantsuse keeles suure vaevaga.
kõva häälega
ilma suurema vaevata.
sosinal.
See on kirjutatud vene keeles.
pliiatsiga.
Kindla
eesõnaga sõnad
be
absent from
– puuduma (kuskilt)
be afraid of
– kartma (kedagi, midagi)
be
angry at
– vihane olema (millegi peale)
be
angry with
- vihane olema (kellegi peale)
be
fond of
– kiindunud olema (kellessegi, millessegi)
be
full of
– täis olema (kedagi, midagi)
be
good at
– hea olema (milleski)
be
interested in
– huvitatuma (kellestki, millestki )
be
keen on
– huvituma (kellestki, millestki)
be
kind to
– lahke olema (kellegi vastu)
be
late for
– hilinema (millekski)
be
pleased with
– rahul olema (millegagi)
be
proud of
– uhke olema (kellegi, millegi üle)
be
satisfied with
– rahul olema (kellegagi, millegagi)
be
short of
– puuduses olema (milleski)
be surprised at
– imestama (millegi, kellegi üle)
agree to
– nõus olema (millegagi)
agree
with
- nõus olema (kellegagi)
believe
in
– uskuma (millessegi, kellessegi)
belong
to
– kuuluma (millelegi, kellelegi)
call
on
– külastama (midagi, kedagi)
consist
of
– koosnema (millestki, kellestki)
depend
on
– sõltuma (millestki, kellestki)
fall
in love with
– armuma (millessegi, kellessegi)
happen
to
– juhtuma (millegagi, kellegagi)
insist
on
– nõudma (midagi)
listen
to
– kuulama (midagi, kedagi)
look
after
– (kellegi) järgi vaatama
look
at
– vaatama (kedagi, midagi)
look
for
– otsima (kedagi, midagi)
look forward to
– ootama (midagi)
pay attention to
– tähelepanu pöörama (kellelegi, millelegi)
prevent
from
– takistama (midagi) tegemast
say
to
– ütlema (kellelegi)
seem
to
– näima (kellelegi)
smile
at
– naeratama (kellelegi, millegi peale)
speak
of
– rääkima (kellestki, millestki)
speak
on –
rääkima (mingil teemal)
speak
to
– rääkima (kellegagi)
spend
on
- kulutama (millelegi)
take
part in
– osa võtma (millestki)
talk
to
– rääkima (kellegagi)
thank
for
– tänama (millegi eest)
think
about
– mõtlema (kellestki, millestki)
think
of –
arvama (kellestki, millestki)
wait for
– ootama (kedagi, midagi)
Top
of Form
Top
of Form
Pronoun
Asesõna
1.
Isikulised asesõnad (personal pronouns)
Alusekääne
Sihitisekääne
Ainsus
I mina
you sina/Teie
he tema (m)
she tema (n)
it tema, see
me mind; mulle
you sind; sulle/Teid;Teile
him teda;temale (m)
her teda;temale (n)
it teda;seda; temale;sellele
Mitmus
we meie
you teie
they nemad
us meid;meile
you teid;teile
them neid, neile
Kasutamine
Alusekääne
I
like ice-cream.
They
go
to school five days a week.
Sihitisekääne
- Otse- või kaudsihitis
Susy would like to see you today.
Give me a kiss !
Call them and ask what is going on.
- Eessõnade järel
Everything depends on me.
Listen to us!
2.
Omastavad asesõnad (possessive pronouns)
Isikulised asesõnad
Omadussõnaline vorm
Nimisõnaline vorm
Ainsus
I
you
he
she
it
my minu
your sinu
his tema (m)
her tema (n)
its tema; selle
mine minu (oma)
yours sinu/Teie (oma)
his tema (m, oma)
hers tema (n, oma)
its tema/selle (oma)
Mitmus
we
you
they
our meie
your teie
their nende
ours meie (oma)
yours teie (oma)
theirs nende (oma)
Kasutamine
Omadussõnaline
vorm nimisõna ees
My
name
is Chris.
This
is your
bag.
I
can`t see thier
faces.
Nimisõnaline
vorm iseseisvalt
My
name is Chris, mine
is Tim.
This
is your bag. That is hers.
I
can`t see thier faces but they can see ours.
3.
Enesekohased asesõnad (reflexive pronouns)
Ainsus
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
Mitmus
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Umbisikuline
one oneself
Kasutamine
End,
ennast, endale
I
gave myself
a good lesson.
She hurt herself.
Ise
He
read the letter himself
before others .
He
himself
read the letter before others.
Clean
it yourself.
Clean
it yourselves.
Oneself
One
can`t think of oneself
only.
4.
Küsivad asesõnad (interrogative pronouns)
WHO
Who
am I?
Who
are you?
Who
will take care of you?
Who
would like to see?
Who
are you counting on?
Who
are you waiting for?
WHOM
To
whom
would you like to show it?
WHOSE
Whose
bag is this?
Whose
is it?
WHAT
What
is the main purpose of it?
What
do you want to do?
What
are you waiting for?
What newspaper do you like to read?
WHICH
Which
of them is your sister?
Which
is the right answer?
5. Siduvad asesõnad (relative pronouns)
Siduvaid
asesõnu who,
whom, whose, that, which
kasutatakse nimisõna sidumiseks täiendlausega.
who,
whom
– nimisõnadega, mis tähistavad elusolendeid
whose,
that
– nimisõnadega, mis tähistavad nii elusolendeid kui asju
which
– põhiliselt asju tähistavate nimisõnadega
The
girl who
entered the room is my girlfriend.
This
is the boy whose
mother is our teacher.
Could
you pass me some of that bread which
you bought today?
The
dress that
they gave me as a gift is the most beautiful dress.
Pane
tähele!
Siduvad
asesõnad which
ja that
võib ära jätta, kui nad on täiendlause sihitiseks, mitte
täiendlause aluseks.
Täiendlause
sihitis:
The song which
you wrote of me is very beautiful.
The song you wrote of me is
very beautiful.
The boy that
you smiled at
is my brother .
The boy you smiled at
is my brother.
Täiendlause
alus:
Do you see the singer that songs there?
The boy that
is smiling is my brother.
6.
Näitavad asesõnad (demonstrative pronouns)
Ainsus
Mitmus
this see (siin)
that see (seal)
these need (siin)
those need (seal)
Kasutamine
Nimisõna
ees
These
dresses are fabulous.
I
like this
cake more than that
cake.
Ilma
nimisõnata
These
are made of food but those
are made of plastic.
That
is a beautiful name.
7.
Umbmäärased asesõnad (indefinite pronouns)
SOME,
ANY, NO
Jaatavas lauses
Eitavas ja küsivas lauses
Ainult eitavas lauses
some
somebody
someone
something
any
anybody
anyone
anything
no
nobody
no one
nothing
none
Pass
me some
bread.
Somebody
is watching us.
Is
there any
cake left?
I
didn`t see anyone
on my way home.
She
has no
respect.
Nobody
wants to be his friend.
EVERY
Everyone
of us is responsible.
Every
student knows what is good-behaviour.
EACH
Each
girl has her own dreams.
Each
got a present.
EACH
OTHER
We
havn`t seen each other (one another) for years.
MUCH,
MANY, LITLLE, FEW
Much
ja little
kasutatakse loendamatute nimisõnadega
much
time
much
snow
little
money
little
rain
Many
ja few
kasutatakse loendatavate nimisõnadega
many
girls
many
weeks
few
boys
few
hours
Much
ja many
kasutatakse põhiliselt eitavates ja küsivates lausetes. Jaatavas
lauses tarvitatakse a
lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of.
I
don`t need much
money.
Have
you seen many
films?
Some
people need a
lot of
money to be happy.
I
have seen lots
of
films.
A
little
(veidi) ja a few
(mõned)
We
have only a
little sunshine
to enjoy.
I
made
a few
mistakes.
ALL
All
dreams must come true.
BOTH
Both
dogs were barking.
OTHER
One shirt was green and the other
was yellow.
ANOTHER
I would like another
piece of cake.
EITHER,
NEITHER
There are guards either
side of the bridge.
Neither
of my parents havn`t experienced that in their childhood.
ONE
One
can`t think of oneself only.
I would like two kilos of plums, the
purple ones.
Bottom of
Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
Bottom
of Form
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