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Grammatika inglise keel (11)

4 HEA
Punktid
Inglise keel - Kõik luuletused, mis on inglise keeles

INGLISE KEELE GRAMMATIKA

Present Simple

Lihtoleviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
make
He/she/it
speaks
We/you/they
go
I
do not make
He/she/it
does not speak
We/you/they
do not go
Do I
make?
Does he/she/it
speak?
Do we/you/they
go?

NB! ERANDID!

  • Verbidele, mis lõpevad –ss, -h, -ch, -tch, -x või –o-ga, lisatakse ainsuse kolmdandas pöördes –es.
    he does
    he goes
    he misses
    he watches
    he mixes
  • Verbid , mis lõpevad –y-ga, mille ees on konsonant , muudavad y i-ks enne –es lisamist.
    fly – he flies
    carry – he carries
    Võrdle: say – he says

 


Lihtolevik väljendab:

  • Antud momendil toimuvat tegevust, mis ei väljenda kestvat aega, näiteks see, hear , know .
    I see that man who you are pointing at.
  • Üldist, kogu aeg toimuvat või korduvat tegevust, pole oluline, kas tegevus toimub rääkimise hetkel.
    Teachers teach in schools .
    He usually goes to gym on Monday .
  • Tegevust mingil ajal.
    I go to school at 8 o´ clock .
    You have to pay taxes once a month .
  • Kõigile tuntud fakte.
    Life passes by quickly.

Top of Form

Present Continuous

Kestva oleviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
am speaking
He/she/it
is going
We/you/they
are making
I
am not speaking
He/she/it
is not going
We/you/they
are not making
Am I
speaking?
Is he/she/it
going?
Are we/you/they
making?

 

NB! ERANDID!

  • Verbidel, mis lõppevad e-ga kaob, -ing lisamisel e ära.
    take - taking
    make – making
  • Lühikeste silpidega verbidel kahekordistub kaashäälik.
    get - getting
    swim - swimming
  • Y-ga lõppevatel verbidel, y ei kao ära.
    study - studying
    cry – crying
  • . -die / tie / lie muutuvad
    dying / tying / lying


Kestev olevik väljendab:

  • Tegevust või muutust, mis toimub antud hetkel ega pole veel lõppenud.
    I am making a cake at the moment.
    I can´t help you right now, I am working .
  • Tegevust, mis toimub mingil aja perioodil.
    He wants to buy a car that is why he is taking driving lessons.
  • Sageli korduvat tegevust (eriti koos always, continually), mis väljendab kõneleja emotsionaalset hinnangut.
    Mona is always crying.
  • Varsti toimuvat tegevust, mis on enne kokku lepitud, ette kavatsetud.
    We are meeting tonight. We are going to the theatre .

 

 Pane tähele!


Kestvat olevikku kasutatakse tegevusverbides (I am dancing, you are eating etc.). Mõned verbid on mitte-tegevusverbid, näiteks ei saa öelda I am liking või you are knowing, vaid I like ja you know.
Järgmiseid verbe ei kasutata tavaliselt kestvas olevikus .
like    love    hate    want    need    prefer    know    realise    suppose    mean    understand    believe    remember    belong    contain    consist    depend    seem

Past Simple

Lihtmineviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
asked
He/she/it
went
We/you/they
made
I
did not ask
He/she/it
did not go
We/you/they
did not make
Did I
ask?
Did he/she/it
go?
Did we/you/they
make?


Lihtminevik väljendab:

  • Üksikut tegevust või üksteisele järgnevaid tegevusi, mis on lõpetatud enne kõnemomenti või on toimunud minevikus kindlal ajal (in 1984, yesterday , last year etc).
    I saw my grand- mother yesterday.
    Lisa went to the cinema , after that she went home right away .
    John wrote us two months ago. 
  • Harjumust või korduvat tegevust minevikus.
    John always wore a hat.
    They played football every Monday. 
  • Tegevust, mis toimus teatud ajaperioodil, kuid on kõnemomendiks lõppenud.
    He lived in this apartment for 5 years .

Top of Form
Bottom of Form

Present Perfect

Täismineviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
have asked
He/she/it
has gone
We/you/they
have made
I
have not asked
He/she/it
has not gone
We/you/they
have not made
Have I
asked?
Has he/she/it
gone?
Have we/you/they
made?


Täismineviku väljendab:

  • Tegevust, mis toimus enne kõnemomenti, kuid mille tagajärg on kõnelejale tähtis.
    John has arrived .
    I have finished writing a letter .
    Oh God! I have cut my finger .
  • Tegevust, mis algas enne kõnemomenti, kestab selleni või jätkub edasi. Tegevus võib olla määratletud sõnadega since , for.
    They have lived here for two years.
  • Tegevust, mis lõpeb enne mingit tegevust või muutust tulevikus, näiteks ajamääruslausetes, kus kasutatakse sidesõnu when, until , till , before jt.
    Katie will go for a walk when she has finished her homework .

 

 Pane tähele!


Täisminevikku saab kasutada koos just, already , yet.
Hello ! Have you just called me?
When is Tom leaving? He has already gone.
I have not eaten yet.
Top of Form

Present Perfect Continuous

Kestva täismineviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
have been asking
He/she/it
has been going
We/you/they
have been making
I
have not been asking
He/she/it
has not been going
We/you/they
have not been making
Have I
been asking?
Has he/she/it
been going?
Have we/you/they
been making?


Kestev täisminevik väljendab:

  • Tegevust, mis on hiljuti või alles lõppenud, kuid mille algust ega lõppu pole teada.
    You are wet. Have you been running in the rain?
    They have been talking to Mary and they have decided...
  • Tegevust, mis algas enne kõnemomenti, kestab selleni või peale seda. Sel juhul rõhutakse tegevuse kestvusele (how long, for, since etc).
    How long have you been learning Italian ?
    I have been drawing for almost two hours now.

Top of Form

Past Continuous

Kestva mineviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
was asking
He/she/it
was going
We/you/they
were making
I
was not asking
He/she/it
was not going
We/you/they
were not making
Was I
asking?
Was he/she/it
going?
Were we/you/they
making?


Kestev minevik väljendab:

  • Tegevust, mis toimus minevikus mingil kindlal ajal. Tegevuse aeg on antud või tuleb välja kontekstist.
    Yesterday John was reading when the bell rang.
    While we were eating the policeman came to announce very important news.
  • Mineviku tegevust, mida vaadeltakse tulevikus toimuvana ( eriti verbidega leave, start, go, come ).
    She bought some new pens and paper , for she was going to school for the first time the next day.
    They packed their suitcases, for they were coming back home the next week.

Past Perfect

Ennemineviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
had asked
He/she/it
had gone
We/you/they
had made
I
had not asked
He/she/it
had not gone
We/you/they
had not made
Had I
asked?
Had he/she/it
gone?
Had we/you/they
made?


Enneminevik väljendab:

  • Tegevust, mis lõppes enne teatud aega või enne teist tegevust minevikus.
    She had seen the play before.
    Mary and Tom had already started playing cards when June arrived.
  • Tegevust, mis algas enne antud aega minevikus, kestis peale antud aega või lõppes just enne seda. Tegevus on määratletud ajaga, näiteks since, for.
    Mona had gone in university for 2 years before she met her future husband .
    Tom had played football since July .

Top of Form

Past Perfect Continuous

Kestva ennemineviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
had been asking
He/she/it
had been going
We/you/they
had been making
I
had not been asking
He/she/it
had not been going
We/you/they
had not been making
Had I been
asking?
Had he/she/it been
going?
Had we/you/they been
making?


Kestev enneminevik väljendab:

  • Tegevust, mis algas enne antud aega minevikus, kestis peale antud aega või lõppes just enne seda. Tähelepanu pööratakse tegevuse kestvusele.
    By the time we left France we had been living in Lion for two months.
    Tom gave up smoking year ago. He had been smoking for 10 years.
    She was very tired. She had been working all day.

Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form

Future Simple

Üldtuleviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I/we
will ask
He/she/it
will go
You/they
will make 
I/we
will not ask
He/she/it
will not go
You/they
will not make
Will
I ask?
Will
he/she/it go?
Will
we/you/they make?

 

Pane tähele!


Üldtuleviku moodustamiseks kasutatakse abiverbe will/ shall . Traditsiooniliselt esineb shall ainsuse ja mitmuse 1. pöördes ( I, we ). Kaasaegses inglise keeles kasutatakse will kõigis pööretes ning shall, et küsida kellegi arvamust, kuid tendents on kasutada abiverbi will kõigis pööretes. Will/shall-tuleviku asemel saab kasutada mitmetel juhtudel going to-tulevikku.

Üldtulevik väljendab:

  • Ühekordset, korduvat või harjumuspärast tegevust tulevikus.
    I will meet John in the station .
    My birthday will come again .
  • Tegevust või situatsiooni, mis kestab tulevikus.
    He will hate you for that.
    She will love you some day.
  • Otsust, mis on tehtud kõnelemise hetkel.
    The window is closed. I will open it.
    They are hungry. They will eat something .

 Pane tähele!


Me kasutame going to-tulevikku siis, kui oleme juba enne otsustanud midagi teha või vastavalt olukorrale näeme, et midagi on varsti juhtumas.
Mary and John have decided to organise a party . They are going to invite lots of friends .
Look ! They are breaking up. I am sure that Nancy is going to burst into tears.
Top of Form

Future Continuous

Kestva tuleviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
will be asking
He/she/it
will be going
We/you/they
will be making
I
will not be asking
He/she/it
will not be going
We/you/they
will be not making
Will I
be asking?
Will he/she/it
be going?
Will we/you/they
be making?


Kestev tulevik väljendab:


Top of Form

Future Perf + Cont (I will have done, I will have been doing)

Future Perfect (I will have done )
Ennetuleviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
will have asked
He/she/it
will have gone
We/you/they
will have made
I
will not have asked
He/she/it
will not have gone
We/you/they
will not have made
Will I
have asked?
Will he/she/it
have gone?
Will we/you/they
have made?


Ennetulevik väljendab:

  • Tegevust tulevikus, mis lõppeb enne teist tulevikutegevust või enne teatud aega.
    By next July, I will have finished with this job.
    When you arrive, she will have done her homework. 
  • Tegevust, mis algab enne teatud momenti tulevikus, kestab selleni või ka pärast seda.
    I will have worked in Paris for two years by the time my contract finishes .

Future perfect continuous (I will have been doing)
Kestva ennetuleviku moodustamine


Jaatav vorm
Eitav vorm
Küsiv vorm
I
will have been asking
He/she/it
will have been going
We/you/they
will have been making
I
will not have been asking
He/she/it
will not have been going
We/you/they
will not have been making
Will I
have been asking?
Will he/she/it
have been going?
Will we/you/they
have been making?


Kestev ennetulevik väljendab:

  • Tegevust tulevikus, mis kestab mingi teise tegevuseni, mingi ajani või ka peale seda.
    By the end of March she will have been lying in the hospital for two months.
    He will have been writing for an hour by the time Mary calls him.

 
Top of Form

Passive (is,was done; be, been, being done)

REEGEL:

  • Inglise keeles laused võivad olla kahes tegumoes: aktiivis ja passiivis.
    My child drew a picture . ( aktiiv ; lauses on alus, kes on ka tegija ) (alus) (öeldis) ( sihitis )
    The picture was drawn. (passiiv; lauses on alus, kuid see ei ole tegija) (alus) (öeldis)
  • Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegija on teadmata või tema mainimine ei ole oluline.

MOODUSTAMINE


Passiivi ajavormid moodustatakse be pöördelistes vormidest antud ajas ja lisatakse põhiverbi mineviku kesksõna
(Past Participle). Kui tegija on teada ja tahetakse teda ära mainida, siis kasutatakse eessõna by, millele järgneb tegija.
Ajavorm
Tense form
Aktiiv
Active voice
Passiiv
Passive voice 
Present simple
Present cont .
Present perf .
Present perf. cont.
Mary teaches me.
Mary is teaching me.
Mary has taught me.
Mary has been teaching me.
I am taught by Mary.
I am being taught by Mary.
I have been taught by Mary.
I have been taught by Mary.
Past simple
Past cont.
Past perf.
Past perf. cont.
Mary taught me.
Mary was teaching me.
Mary had taught me.
Mary had been teaching me.
I was taught by Mary.
I was being taught by Mary.
I had been taught by Mary.
I had been taught by Mary.
Future simple
Future cont.
Future perf.
Future perf. cont.
Mary will teach me.
Mary will be teaching me.
Mary will have taught me.
Mary will have been teaching me.
I will be taught by Mary.
I will be taught by Mary.
I will have been taught by Mary.
I will have been taught by Mary.
Top of Form

Modals (can, could, may might etc)

Modaalverbid


Modaalverbid on can, could , may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would. Nad väljendavad võimet, luba, soovi jne teha midagi. Kõiki modaale ei saa kasutada inglise keele kõikides aegades, seetõttu on olemas modaalide asemikud (substitutes).
Modal Verb
Substitute
Example
must
to have to
I must talk . = I have to talk.
must not
not to be allowed to
I must not talk = I am not allowed to talk
can
to be able to
I can talk. = I am able to talk.
may
to be allowed to
I may talk. = I am allowed to talk.
need
to have to
I need to talk. = I have to talk.
need not
not ta have to
I need not talk. = I don't have to talk.
shall / should / ought to
to be supposed to / to be expected to / to be to
I shall / should / ought to talk. = I am supposed to talk. / I am expected to talk. / I am to talk.

Modaalverbide tähendused

  • Tõenäosus


Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
must
can
They must be happy about it.
There has to be another way.
This can be the right decision.
Suur tõenäosus.
should /
ought to
I should arrive in time.
He ought to arrive in time.
Mitte päris kindel, kuid võimalik.
could
can
This could be the right decision.
Can this be the right decision?
Mitte eriti suur tõenäosus.
may /
might
They may do it sooner than you think.
She might do it sooner.
Väga väike tõenäosus.
  • Luba, keeld

Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
can
may
could
Can/may/could I offer you some drink ? - Yes, you can/may.
Loa küsimine. May on viisakam.
can't
may not
mustn't not
am not to
You can't / may not drink here.
You must not drink here.
You are not to drink here.
Keeld
Range keeld
Rangem keeld

Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
can
could
Can you do it for me?
Could you do it for me?
Could on viisakam.
  • Soovitus

Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
should
ought to
They should listen to what he says.
They ought to listen to what he says.
Ought to on viisakam.
  • Käsk

Modal verb
Example
Tähendus
must
have to
She must come to see.
You have to come to see me.
Võrdsed tähenduselt.
Top of Form

Reported speech(he says that, he said that...)

Kaudne kõne


1. Saatelause olevikus (he says that ...)
Kõneleja juttu saab edasi anda otseselt ( direct ) ja kaudselt ( reported ).
Otsene kõne: He says: “I am a man“
Kaudne kõne: He says (that) he is a man.
Kaudsel kõnel võivad muutuda asesõnad ja ka verbi pöördevormid.
She tells me: „I like your dress .“
She tells me (that) she likes my dress.
2. Saatelause minevikus (he said that ...)
Kui saatelause on minevikus, siis võivad samuti muutuda asesõnad ja verbi pöördevormid.

Pane tähele!


Oleviku vorm otseses kõnes muutub mineviku vormiks kaudses kõnes.
am/is --- was
are -- were
want/like/know/go etc --- wanted /liked/knew/went etc
do/does --- did
have/has – had
will --- would
can --- could
wanted/liked --- had
wanted/had liked

 


Direct speech
Jo says:
Reported speech
Jo said:
„I like tennis .“
„John is going to learn it too.“
„Mary has given up her hobby too.“
„I can´t play tennis on Monday“
„I don´t know when I can play it.“
„I will phone Mary when I can teach her.“
(that) she liked tennis.
(that) John was going to learn it too.
(that) Mary had given up her hobby too.
(that) she couldn´t play tennis on Monday.
(that) she didn´t know when she could play it. (that) she would phone Mary when she could teach her.
  • Mõned „lähedust“ väljendavad sõnad kaudses kõnes vahetatakse „kaugust“ väljendavate vastu.

„Lähedust“ väljendavad sõnad
„Kaugust“ väljendavad sõnad
this
these
here
now
ago
today
tomorrow
yesterday
last night
next week/year
that
those
there
then
before
that day
the next day
the day before
the previous night
the following week/year
He said: „I am coming to the party today.“ --- He said (that) he was coming to the party that day.
They said: „We are going out this evening.“ --- They said (that) they were going out that evening.

Pane tähele!


SAY SOMEBODY
SAY TO SOMEBODY
TELL SOMEBODY
3. Küsilaused kaudses kõnes
Kas-küsimused algavad kaudses kõnes if või whether. Kui otseses kõnes esinevad do, does, did, jäävad need kaudses kõnes ära. Sõnade järjestus on nagu tavalises lihtlauses st. alus seisab öeldise ees.
Direct speech
Reported speech
Mary asks me: „Do you like tennis?“
She asked: „Is John coming to see me?“
Tony asked: „Did you see Tom?“
Mary asks me if/whether I like tennis.
She asked if John was coming to see her.
Tony asked if I had seen Tom.
  • Kaudsetes what, who, where, why, how, when jt-küsimustes jäävad need määrsõnad alles ning alus läheb öeldise ette.

Direct speech
Reported speech
She asked him: „How old are you?“
He asked her: „Why are you looking at me?“
Tony asked: „What is that?“
She asked him how old he was.
He asked her why she was looking at him.
Tony asked what that was.
4. Käsud, palved, soovitused, õnnitlused, soovid jne
• Jaatava lause puhul on lause järjekord järgnev: tell + sihitis + to - verb 
          The teacher said: „ Stand up.“ --- The teacher told us to stand up.
• Eitav lause: tell + sihitis + not + to - verb
          She said: „Don´t eat this.“ --- She ordered not to eat that.
Direct speech
Reported speech
He said: „Don´t cry.“
My mother said to me: „ Clean your room .“
He said: „Merry Christmas .“
He asked not to cry.
My mother ordered me to clean my room.
He wished me merry Christmas.
Top of Form

Conditional sentences(If I do, If I did)

Tingimuslaused


Tingimuslaused koosnevad kahest osast:
          If (tingimus), (tingimus realiseerub)
          kõrvallause pealause
Inglise keeles on kolm tingimuslause tüüpi.
1. tüüp – reaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus
Tingimus (if)
Verb lihtolevikus, kestvas olevikus või täisminevikus (do, is doing, have done)
Tulemus
verb lihtolevikus või lihttulevikus
If she phones me,
If he isn´t going,
If she has given a promise,
you will answer the phone. I will go there myself . she has to keep it.
2. tüüp – ebareaalne tingimus olevikus või tulevikus
Tingimus (if)
Verb lihtminevikus (did)
Pane tähele! Verb be on kõigis pööretes were (I/you/he/we/they were)
Tulemus
Would/should+verb
Could/might+verb
If she phoned me,
If I were a bird ,
If she hadn´t a husband,
you should answer the phone.
I would fly away.
she could marry me.
3. tüüp – ebareaalne tingimus minevikus
Tingimus (if)
Verb enneminevikus (had done)
Tulemus
Would/should+have+ Past Participle
Could/might+have+ Past Participle
If she had phoned me,
If I had been a bird,
If she hadn´t had a husband,
you should have answered the phone.
I would have flown away.
she could have married me.

Noun

Nimisõna


Nimisõna võib olla nii loendatav (countable) või loendamatu (uncountable).
Loendatav
Countable
 Loendamatu
Uncountable
I eat an apple a day.
I like apples.
Apple (õun) on loendatav. Seda saab lugeda: 1 õun, 2 õuna jne.Ta võib olla nii ainsuses kui mitmused.
I drink water every day.
I like water.
Water (vesi) on loendamatu. Seda ei saa loendada: 1 vesi, 2 vett.

Mitmuse moodustamine


  • Tavaliselt lisatakse sõna lõppu –s.
    a car
    a bird
    a book 
    a day
    cars 
    birds  
    books  
    days

  • kui ainsuse lõpus on –s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, siis lisatakse mitmuse lõpp –es.
    a bus
    a class
    a beach
    a box
    buses
    classes
    beaches
    boxes

  • kui ainsuse lõpus on kaashäälik, millele järgneb -y , siis mitmuses y muutub i ja lisandub –es.
    a country
    a cry
    a lorry
    a factory
    countries
    cries
    lorries
    factories

  • kui ainsuse lõpus on täishäälik, millele järgneb –y, siis mitmuses lisandub –s.
    a boy
    a guy
    a monkey
    a key
    boys
    guys
    monkeys
    keys

  • o-lõpulistele nimisõnadele lisatakse –s.
    a piano
    a radio
    a kilo
    pianos
    radios
    kilos

  • Erandid!
    a potato
    a tomato
    a negro
    a hero
    potatoes
    tomatoes
    negroes
    heroes

  • f(e)-lõpulistele sõnadele mitmuses lisatakse –s.
    a roof
    a safe
    roofs
    safes

  • Erandid!
    a leaf
    a thief
    a wife
    a knife
    a shelf
    a half
    leaves
    thieves
    wives
    knives
    shelves
    halves

Pane tähele!


Nimisõnad, millel on ebareeglipärane mitmus :
a man
a woman
a foot
a penny
a deer
a sheep
an ox
a child
a mouse
a goose
a tooth
men
women
feet
pence( kogusumma ), pennies(üksikud mündid)
deer
sheep
oxen
children
mice
geese
teeth
Omastav kääne

Inglise keeles on nimisõnadel ainult üks käändelõpuga kääne – omastav kääne.
  • Ainsuses olevatele nimisõnadele lisatakse lõppu ülakoma ja s (`s).
    Tom`s sister
    the dog`s tail
    the bird`s sing
  • Mitmuses olevatele s-lõpulistele nimisõnadele lisatakse ainult ülakoma.
    my brothers ` room
    the girls ` bags

      Pane tähele!


    Erandid!
    Kui mitmuses oleval nimisõnal puudub –s, siis lisatakse samuti ülakoma ja s.
    mice`s cheese
    women`s shoes

      Pane tähele!


    Kui omastavat käänet kasutatakse tavaliselt elusolenditega, siis kuuluvust saab väljendada asjade, nähtuste ja ka elusolendite puhul ka of-konstruktsiooniga (eessõna of ja nimisõna).
    the legs of the table
    the name of that book
    a photo of cats
    a friend of Tom

    Articles

    Artikkel


    Inglise keeles on kaks artiklit : umbmäärane artikkel a, an (the indefinite article) ja määrav artikkel the (the definite article).
    Loendatavad nimisõnad
    Loendamatud nimisõnad
    Ainsus
    Mitmus
    Umbmäärane artikkel
    This is a cat.
    There is a rose on the table.
    Määrav artikkel
    The cat is eating.
    The rose is in the vase.
    The cats are drinking milk .
    The roses are red.
    Give me the milk.
    The snow is covering the earth.
    Ilma artiklita
    Cats are small animals.
    Roses are beautiful flowers.
    Milk is healthy.
    I like snow.

    Pane tähele!


    Me saame kasutada mitmuses oleva loendatava sõnaga ka artikli asemel sõna some, mis väljendab:
  • some=a number of/a few/a pair of
    I have seen some good films . – Ma olen näinud paari head filmi.
    Some friends of yours are asking about you. – Mõned sinu sõbrad küsivad sinu järgi.
  • some=mõned, mitte kõik
    Some teachers are children`s favorite. – Mõned õpetajad on laste lemmikud.
    1. Umbmäärase artikli kasutamine
    •  Umbmäärast artiklit kasutatakse asja või olendi esmakordsel mainimisel. Tihti kasutatakse sel juhul vorme there is, this is.
      There is a dog in our garden . – Meie aias on (üks) koer.
      This is a lion. – See on lõvi. 
    • Umbmäärane artikkel näitab eset või olendit teiste seas.
      Give me a paper! – Anna mulle (üks) paber!(ükskõik missugune paber) 
    • Umbmäärase artikliga saab ka üldistada.
      A lion is dangerous . – (Iga) Lõvi on ohtlik. 
    • Umbmäärast artiklit saab kasutada, rääkides elukutsest või rahvusest.
      Mona is a teacher. – Mona on õpetaja.
      He is an Englisman. – Ta on inglane. (Rahvusest saab rääkida ka omadussõnaga, siis ei ole artiklit. Näit: She is Estonian.) 
    • Umbmäärast artiklit võib kasutada ka numbrilise väärtusena.
      I haven`t said a word. – Ma ei ole öelnud sõnagi.

     
    2. Määrava artikli kasutamine
    • Määravat artiklit kasutatakse, kui esemest või olendist on juba eelnevalt juttu olnud.
      There is a dog in our garden. – Meie aias on (üks) koer.
      The dog is friendly . – (See) Koer on sõbralik. 
    • Määravat artiklit kasutatakse ka juhul, kui räägitatakse juba enne teadaolevast esemest või olendist.
      The candle is always on the table. – Küünal on alati laua peal.
      Let`s go the cinema. – Lähme kinno
    • Määrav artikkel esineb siis, kui on tegemist järgarvuga, ülivõrdes oleva omadussõnaga või sõnadega same , right, wrong, following.
      You are the best ! – Sa oled parim!
      She said the same thing as you did. – Ta ütles seda sama asja, mis sinagi. 
    • Määravat artiklit kasutatakse ka ilmakaartest ja muusikainstrumentidest rääkides.
      I can play the violin. – Ma oskan mängida viiulit.
      The wind blows from the east . – Tuul puhub idast.

     
    3. Loendamatud nimisõnad
    • Kui loendamatuid nimisõnu kasutatakse üldises tähenduses, siis artikkel puudub.
      Time went quickly. – Aeg möödus kiiresti.
      Gold is expensive . – Kuld on kallis. 
    • Kui aga loendamatud nimisõnad on täpselt määratletud, tuleb kasutada määravat artiklit the.
      The gold in your hand is very expensive. - See kuld, mis on su käes, on väga kallis.
      The music of this concert is boring. – Selle kontserdi muusika on igav. 
    • Kui loendamatute nimisõnade juurde kuuluvad sõnad, mis väljendavad rahvust, päritolu või ajastut, siis artiklit ei tarvitata.
      I am listening Estonian music. - Ma kuulan eesti muusikat.

     
    4. Pärisnimed
    • Ilma artklita on:
      1. isikunimed
      I met John Money . – Ma kohtusin John Money-ga.
      2. geograafilised nimed
      I live in Estonia. – Ma elan Eestis.
      3. tänavad, väljakud, pargid ja muud hooned
      Gonsiori street starts near department store.
      Kadrioru Park is the biggest park in Tallinn.
    • Määrava artikliga on:
      1. jõed, mered, ookeanid
      the Pärnu river
      the Baltic Sea
      2. mäeahelikud
      the Alps
      3. ajalehed
      the Postimees
      the Ekspress
      4. teatrid ja kinod
      the Plaza
      5. hotellid
      the Metropol
      the Domina
      6. laevad
      the Victoria
      the Regina Baltica
      7. riikide nimed, mis koosnevad üldnimedest
      the United States of America, the USA
      the Republic of Estonia
      8 .mitmuses olevad perekonnanimed
      the Blacks

     
    5. Artikli puudumine
    • Ilma artiklita on:

      1. aastaajad, kuud, nädalapäevad, pühad
      I love spring . – Ma armastan kevadet.
      Come to see me on Friday . – Tule mind vaatama reedel.
      2. söögiaegade nimetused
      We have dinner at 7 o`clock. – Me sööme õhtust kell seitse .
      3. sõnad school, college, hospital, bed, church , prison üldises tähenduses
      I am going to bed. – Ma lähen voodisse.
      Mary goes to school. – Mary käib koolis.
      4. keeled
      I speak Estonian, English , French and Russian . – Ma räägin eesti, inglise, prantsuse ja vene keelt.
      5. mängud
      I hate basketball. – Ma vihkan korvpalli.
      6. sõnad mother, father, kui neid kasutavad sama pereliikmed
      Tell mother that I will be late today. – Ütle emale, et ma jään täna hiljaks.

    Top of Form

    Adjective

    Omadussõna



    Omadussõna kasutatakse kahel moel: 
    • nimisõna täiend
      a smart girl
      a pretty boy 
    • verbi be öeldistäide
      The girl is smart.
      The boy is pretty.

    Omadussõnal ei ole inglise keeles mitmust.
    smart girls
    pretty boys
    Omadussõnal on kolm võrdlusastet:
    Algvõrre
    The positive degree
    Keskvõrre
    The comparative degree
    Ülivõrre
    The superlative degree
    small
    funny
    beautiful
    reasonable
    smaller
    funnier
    more beautiful
    more reasonable
    the smallest
    the funniest
    the most beautiful
    the most reasonable


    1. Võrdlemine –er ja –est abil
    • Ühesilbilised omadussõnad
      small - smaller – the smallest
      short – shorter – the shortest

    Pane tähele!


    Lühikese täishääliku ees lõppkaashäälik kahekordistub.
    big – bigger – the biggest
    hot – hotter – the hottest
    • Kahesilbilised omadussõnad

    Pane tähele!


    Ainult y-, er-, ow- ja le-lõpulistele omadussõnadele lisatakse –er ja –est võrdlus.
    clever – cleverer – the cleverest 
    „Tumm” e jäetakse –er ja –est ees ära.
    brave – braver – the bravest
    Sõna lõpus y muutub i-ks.
    funny – funnier - the funniest
    2. Võrdlemine more ja most abil
    Kõik ülejäänud omadussõnad moodustatakse more ja most abil.
    beautiful – more beautiful –the most beautiful
    reasonable – more reasonable - the most reasonable
    expensive – more expensive - the most expensive
     
    Erandid !
    Algvõrre
    The positive degree
    Keskvõrre
    The comparative degree
    Ülivõrre
    The superlative degree
    good
    bad
    old
    little (väike)
    little (vähe)
    late
    near
    much
    many
    better
    worse
    older
    elder (peresisene võrdlus)
    smaller
    less
    later
    nearer
    more
    more
    the best
    the worst
    the oldest
    the eldest (peresisene võrdlus)
    the smallest
    the least
    the latest (kõige hilisem)
    the last (kõige viimane)
    the nearest (kõige lähem)
    the next (järgmine)
    the most
    the most
     

    Omadussõnad lõppudega –ing ja –ed


    Omadussõna –ing
    Adjective –ing
    -Ing omadussõna kirjeldab eset või olendit.
    Omadussõna –ed
    Adjective –ed
    -Ed omdussõna näitab, kuidas keegi tunneb ennast.
    My life is:
    boring
    interesting
    disappointing
    tiring
    I am bored with my job.
    I am interested in music.
    I am disappointed with my friend.
    I am tired of your jokes .

    Adverb

    Määrsõna

    Moodustamine


      Reegel! Enamik määrsõnu moodustatakse omadussõnast, millele lisatakse lõppu –ly.
              omadussõna:   perfect       quick       serious       bad
              määrsõna:       perfectly     quickly    seriously     badly

    Erandid:
    • Omadussõna lõpus olev y, mille ees on konsonant, muutub i-ks.
      funny heavy
      funnily heavily 
    • Omadussõnadel, mille lõpus on –le, kaob –e ära.
      terrible incredible
      terribly incredibly 
    • Omadussõnadel, mille lõpus on –ll, kaob üks l ära.
      full fully

    Pane tähele!


    Kõik sõnad, mis lõpevad –ly-ga , ei ole määrsõnad.
    Näiteks: friendly, lonely, silly, lovely
    Määrsõna (kuidas?)
    Adverb
    Määrsõna kirjeldab verbi. Määrsõna näitab, kuidas miski toimub või midagi juhtub.
    Omadussõna (missugune?)
    Adjective
    Omadussõna kirjeldab nimisõna. Omadussõna käib nimisõna ees või peale mõnda verbi (tavaliselt be).
    Mary sings perfectly.
    Don`t drive so quickly!
    She was seriously injured.
    Mary is a perfect singer .
    Leopard has quick legs.
    She is a serious person.


    Good/well
    Good on omadussõna, aga selle määrsõna on well.
    She is a good singer.
    She sings well.
    Fast / hard /late/hardly
    Fast, hard, late võivad olla nii määrsõnad kui omadussõnad.
    Omadussõna
    Määrsõna
    I have fast legs.
    She is a hard worker .
    They are always late for school.
    I run fast.
    She works hard.
    I arrived late to school.
    Hardly ei ole aga tähenduslikult tuletatud sõnast hard.
    Hardly= väga vähe, peaaegu üldse mitte
    • They were talking all the time. They were hardly listening.
      Can you imagine that Sam and Susy are getting married. They hardly know each other .

     

    Määrsõnade asend


    Viisimäärsõnad
    Viisimäärsõnad seisavad verbi järel. Sihitise korral asetseb sihitise järel.
    She sings perfectly.
    She sings the song perfectly.
    Kohamäärsõnad
    Kohamäärsõnad seisavad lause lõpus, rõhutamise korral lause alguses. Kui esineb ka ajamäärus, siis kohamäärus jääb enne ajamäärust.
    Here we like to get together.
    We will eat and talk here every Friday.
    Kindla aja määrsõnad
    Kindlat aega väljendavad määrsõnad seisavad kas lause lõpus või alguses.
    Tomorrow I will go to Latvia.
    I will sail by boat tomorrow.
    Umbmäärased ajamäärused
    Umbmäärased ajamäärused asetsevad
  • verbi ees;
    I always go to school by bus.
    He usually writes me letters .
  • liitaja korral põhiverbi ees;
    I have almost started smoking.
    Tom has never gone out with a girl.
  • pärast verbi be ning modaalverbe.
    I am often too modest .
    They must always remember the rules .

    Pane tähele!


    Already võib seista ka lause lõpus, sometimes ja soon lause lõpus ja ka alguses.
    I have seen this film already.
    Sometimes I like eating with fingures .
    I like drinking milk sometimes.
    Soon we will go home.
    They will understand me soon.
      Preposition

    Eessõna


      Reegel
            Eessõnad on abiks nimisõna sidumisel teiste sõnadega.
      Üldreegel: Eessõna järel on alati nimisõna, mitte kunagi ei ole see verb.
    Nimisõna alla kuuluvad:
    • nimisõna (dog, money, love)
      nimi (Bangkok, Mary)
      asesõna (you, him, us)
      nimisõnade grupp (my first job)
      gerundium (swimming)

     
    Kohamääruse eessõnad
    WHERE?
    KUS?
    We live in Estonia. 
                 in Tartu. 
                 at Kunda.(väike linn) 
                 in the city. 
                 in this street. 
                 at 5 Kooli street. 
                 near the cinema. 
                 on the first floor.
    They meet at school. 
                   at the cinema. 
                   on the beach.
    The picture is under the table. 
                        above the table. 
                        behind the table. 
                        in front of the table. 
                        between the tables. 
                        at the window. 
                        on the wall .
    Me elame Eestis. 
                   Tartus. 
                   Kundas. 
                   linnas. 
                   sellel tänaval. 
                   Kooli tänav 5. 
                   kino lähedal. 
                   esimesel korrusel.
    Nad kohtuvad koolis. 
                        kinos. 
                        rannas.
    Pilt on laua all. 
             laua kohal. 
             laua taga. 
             laua ees. 
             laudade vahel. 
             akna juures. 
             seinal.
    TO WHERE?
    KUHU?
    I will go to Latvia. 
                to school. 
                to the cinema. 
                into the bus. 
                to the bus. 
                towards the gate
                up to the gate.
    I put it on the table. 
              into my pocket. 
              into the water.
    She sat on the sofa. 
                in an armchair. 
                under the sky.
    Ma lähen Lätti. 
                 kooli. 
                 kinno. 
                 bussi
                 bussi juurde. 
                 värava poole. 
                 väravani.
    Ma panin selle lauale. 
                         taskusse
                         vette.
    Ta istus diivanile. 
                 tugitooli
                 taeva alla.
    FROM WHERE?
    KUST?
    I came back from Latvia 
                       from school. 
                       from the cinema. 
                       from work .
    She took it out of the bag. 
                    from her bag. 
                    from the table.
    We jumped off the horse
                     off the chair .
    Ma tulin tagasi Lätist. 
                         koolist. 
                         kinost. 
                         töölt.
    Ta võttis selle kotist välja. 
                        oma kotist. 
                        laualt.
    Me hüppasime hobuse seljast maha. 
                          tooli pealt maha.
     
    Ajamääruse eessõnad
    WHEN?
    MILLAL?
    We arrived at 7 o`clock. 
                     before dinner. 
                     after dinner. 
                     at the same time. 
                     at Easter
                     on Friday. 
                     on the second of January. 
                     on Monday evening. 
                     in the afternoon. 
                     in 2006. in spring.
    Me saabusime kell seitse. 
                         enne õhtusööki. 
                         peale õhtusööki. 
                         samal ajal. 
                         lihavõttepühal. 
                         reedel. 
                         teisel jaanuaril. 
                         esmaspäeva õhtul. 
                         pärastlõunal. 
                         2006. aastal. kevadel.
    FOR HOW LONG?
    KUI KAUA(KS)?
    I stayed for a year. 
                for two weeks. 
                for lunch
                until/till 5o`clock.
    She was there from Monday to Friday. 
                         from 2 o`clock to/till 5 o`clock.
    They have lived here since last year. 
                                  since 1999.
    They lived here from March to/till July.
    Ma jäin aastaks. 
               kaheks nädalaks. 
               lõunasöögiks. 
               kuni kella viieni .
    Ta oli seal esmaspäevast reedeni. 
                   kella kahest viieni.
    Nad on seal elanud alates eelmisest aastast. 
                                alates aastast 1999.
    Nad elavad seal märtsist juulini.
    BY WHAT TIME?
    MIS AJAKS?
    She will be back by Friday. 
                            by 7 o`clock. 
                            in two hours. 
                            in a week.
    Ta jõuab tagasi reedeks. 
                            kella seitsmeks. 
                            kahe tunni pärast. 
                            nädala pärast.
    Viisimääruse eessõnad
    HOW?
    KUIDAS?
    They went by car. 
                    by bus. 
                     on foot.
    She spoke in French with difficulty. 
                    in a loud voice without difficulty. 
                    in a whisper.
    It is written in Russian. 
                      in pencil.
    Nad läksid autoga. 
                    bussiga. 
                    jalgsi .
    Ta rääkis prantsuse keeles suure vaevaga. 
                 kõva häälega 
                 ilma suurema vaevata. 
                 sosinal.
    See on kirjutatud vene keeles. 
                              pliiatsiga.
    Kindla eesõnaga sõnad
    be absent from – puuduma (kuskilt)
    be afraid of – kartma (kedagi, midagi)
    be angry at – vihane olema (millegi peale)
    be angry with - vihane olema (kellegi peale)
    be fond of – kiindunud olema (kellessegi, millessegi)
    be full of – täis olema (kedagi, midagi)
    be good at – hea olema (milleski)
    be interested in – huvitatuma (kellestki, millestki )
    be keen on – huvituma (kellestki, millestki)
    be kind to – lahke olema (kellegi vastu)
    be late for – hilinema (millekski)
    be pleased with – rahul olema (millegagi)
    be proud of – uhke olema (kellegi, millegi üle)
    be satisfied with – rahul olema (kellegagi, millegagi)
    be short of – puuduses olema (milleski)
    be surprised at – imestama (millegi, kellegi üle)
    agree to – nõus olema (millegagi)
    agree with - nõus olema (kellegagi)
    believe in – uskuma (millessegi, kellessegi)
    belong to – kuuluma (millelegi, kellelegi)
    call on – külastama (midagi, kedagi)
    consist of – koosnema (millestki, kellestki)
    depend on – sõltuma (millestki, kellestki)
    fall in love with – armuma (millessegi, kellessegi)
    happen to – juhtuma (millegagi, kellegagi)
    insist on – nõudma (midagi)
    listen to – kuulama (midagi, kedagi)
    look after – (kellegi) järgi vaatama
    look at – vaatama (kedagi, midagi)
    look for – otsima (kedagi, midagi)
    look forward to – ootama (midagi)
    pay attention to – tähelepanu pöörama (kellelegi, millelegi)
    prevent from – takistama (midagi) tegemast
    say to – ütlema (kellelegi)
    seem to – näima (kellelegi)
    smile at – naeratama (kellelegi, millegi peale)
    speak of – rääkima (kellestki, millestki)
    speak on – rääkima (mingil teemal)
    speak to – rääkima (kellegagi)
    spend on - kulutama (millelegi)
    take part in – osa võtma (millestki)
    talk to – rääkima (kellegagi)
    thank for – tänama (millegi eest)
    think about – mõtlema (kellestki, millestki)
    think of – arvama (kellestki, millestki)
    wait for – ootama (kedagi, midagi)
    Top of Form
    Top of Form

    Pronoun

    Asesõna


    1. Isikulised asesõnad (personal pronouns)
    Alusekääne
    Sihitisekääne
    Ainsus
    I                          mina
    you                      sina/Teie
    he                        tema (m)
    she                      tema (n)
    it                         tema, see
    me                  mind; mulle
    you                 sind; sulle/Teid;Teile
    him                 teda;temale (m)
    her                  teda;temale (n)
    it                     teda;seda; temale;sellele
    Mitmus
    we                      meie
    you                     teie
    they                    nemad
    us                    meid;meile
    you                  teid;teile
    them                neid, neile
    Kasutamine

    Alusekääne
    I like ice-cream.
    They go to school five days a week.
    Sihitisekääne 
    • Otse- või kaudsihitis
      Susy would like to see you today.
      Give me a kiss !
      Call them and ask what is going on.
    • Eessõnade järel
      Everything depends on me.
      Listen to us!

     
    2. Omastavad asesõnad (possessive pronouns)
    Isikulised asesõnad
    Omadussõnaline vorm
    Nimisõnaline vorm
    Ainsus
    I
    you
    he
    she
    it
    my                      minu
    your                    sinu
    his                       tema (m)
    her                      tema (n)
    its                       tema; selle
    mine                    minu (oma)
    yours                   sinu/Teie (oma)
    his                       tema (m, oma)
    hers                     tema (n, oma)
    its                        tema/selle (oma)
    Mitmus
    we
    you
    they
    our                      meie
    your                     teie
    their                     nende
    ours                      meie (oma)
    yours                     teie (oma)
    theirs                     nende (oma)
    Kasutamine

    Omadussõnaline vorm nimisõna ees
    My name is Chris.
    This is your bag.
    I can`t see thier faces.
    Nimisõnaline vorm iseseisvalt
    My name is Chris, mine is Tim.
    This is your bag. That is hers.
    I can`t see thier faces but they can see ours.
    3. Enesekohased asesõnad (reflexive pronouns)
    Ainsus
    myself
    yourself
    himself
    herself
    itself

    Mitmus
    ourselves
    yourselves
    themselves

    Umbisikuline
    one            oneself

    Kasutamine
    End, ennast, endale
    I gave myself a good lesson.
    She hurt herself.
    Ise
    He read the letter himself before others .
    He himself read the letter before others.
    Clean it yourself.
    Clean it yourselves.
    Oneself
    One can`t think of oneself only.

    4. Küsivad asesõnad (interrogative pronouns)
    WHO
    Who am I?
    Who are you?
    Who will take care of you?
    Who would like to see?
    Who are you counting on?
    Who are you waiting for?
    WHOM
    To whom would you like to show it?

    WHOSE
    Whose bag is this?
    Whose is it?
    WHAT
    What is the main purpose of it?
    What do you want to do?
    What are you waiting for?
    What newspaper do you like to read?

    WHICH
    Which of them is your sister?
    Which is the right answer?

    5. Siduvad asesõnad (relative pronouns)
    Siduvaid asesõnu who, whom, whose, that, which kasutatakse nimisõna sidumiseks täiendlausega.
    who, whom – nimisõnadega, mis tähistavad elusolendeid
    whose, that – nimisõnadega, mis tähistavad nii elusolendeid kui asju
    which – põhiliselt asju tähistavate nimisõnadega
    The girl who entered the room is my girlfriend.
    This is the boy whose mother is our teacher.
    Could you pass me some of that bread which you bought today?
    The dress that they gave me as a gift is the most beautiful dress.

    Pane tähele!


    Siduvad asesõnad which ja that võib ära jätta, kui nad on täiendlause sihitiseks, mitte täiendlause aluseks.
    Täiendlause sihitis:
    The song which you wrote of me is very beautiful.
    The song you wrote of me is very beautiful.
    The boy that you smiled at is my brother .
    The boy you smiled at is my brother.
    Täiendlause alus:
    Do you see the singer that songs there?
    The boy that is smiling is my brother.
    6. Näitavad asesõnad (demonstrative pronouns)
    Ainsus
    Mitmus
    this                        see (siin)
    that                       see (seal)
    these                     need (siin)
    those                     need (seal)
    Kasutamine
    Nimisõna ees
    These dresses are fabulous.
    I like this cake more than that cake.
    Ilma nimisõnata
    These are made of food but those are made of plastic.
    That is a beautiful name.

    7. Umbmäärased asesõnad (indefinite pronouns)


    SOME, ANY, NO
    Jaatavas lauses
    Eitavas ja küsivas lauses
    Ainult eitavas lauses
    some
    somebody
    someone
    something
    any
    anybody
    anyone
    anything
    no
    nobody
    no one
    nothing
    none

    Pass me some bread.
    Somebody is watching us.
    Is there any cake left?
    I didn`t see anyone on my way home.
    She has no respect.
    Nobody wants to be his friend.
    EVERY
    Everyone of us is responsible.
    Every student knows what is good-behaviour.
    EACH
    Each girl has her own dreams.
    Each got a present.

    EACH OTHER
    We havn`t seen each other (one another) for years.
    MUCH, MANY, LITLLE, FEW
    Much ja little kasutatakse loendamatute nimisõnadega
    much time
    much snow
    little money
    little rain

    Many ja few kasutatakse loendatavate nimisõnadega
    many girls
    many weeks
    few boys
    few hours

    Much ja many kasutatakse põhiliselt eitavates ja küsivates lausetes. Jaatavas lauses tarvitatakse a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of.
    I don`t need much money.
    Have you seen many films?
    Some people need a lot of money to be happy.
    I have seen lots of films.
    A little (veidi) ja a few (mõned)
    We have only a little sunshine to enjoy.
    I made a few mistakes.

    ALL
    All dreams must come true.
    BOTH
    Both dogs were barking.
    OTHER
    One shirt was green and the other was yellow.
    ANOTHER
    I would like another piece of cake.
    EITHER, NEITHER
    There are guards either side of the bridge.
    Neither of my parents havn`t experienced that in their childhood.
    ONE
    One can`t think of oneself only.
    I would like two kilos of plums, the purple ones. Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
    Bottom of Form
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    Sisaldab inglise keele grammatikat. Kõik on eesti keeles ilusti ära seletatud. Soovitan!

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    Kommentaarid (11)

    VanNuys profiilipilt
    VanNuys: Kõige parem mis siit leidsin:D
    09:12 09-03-2010
    Annu19 profiilipilt
    Annu19: Väga põhjalik konspekt.
    09:48 22-07-2016
    Avetallinnast profiilipilt
    Avetallinnast: Väga hea õppimiseks!
    11:59 22-10-2017



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