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This is a post-refereeing final draft . When citing, please  refer to the published version: 
Cohen , S.A. (2011). Lifestyle travellers: Backpacking  as a way of life. Annals of Tourism  
Research
, 38(4), 1535-1555. DOI: 10. 1016 /j.annals.2011.02.002 
 
 
 
LIFESTYLE TRAVELLERS: 
 Backpacking as a way of life 
 
 
Scott A. Cohena 
Bournemouth University , United Kingdom  
acorresponding   author :  School  of  Tourism,  Dorset  House,  Talbot  Campus,  Poole,  Dorset, 
BH12  5BB,  United  Kingdom.  Tel:  +44  1202  961261  Fax:  +44  1202  515707   Email
[email protected] 
 
ABSTRACT  
Scholarship on backpackers speculates some individuals may  extend  backpacking to a way of 
life.  This  article  empirically  explores  this   proposition   using  lifestyle   consumption   as  its 
framing   concept   and  conceptualises  individuals  who  style  their   lives    around   the  enduring 
practice   of  backpacking  as  ‘lifestyle  travellers’.  Ethnographic  interviews  with  lifestyle 
travellers in  India and Thailand offer an  emic  account of the  practices , ideologies and  social  
identity   that  characterise  lifestyle   travel   as  a  distinctive  subtype   within   backpacking. 
Departing from the drifter construct, which (re)constitutes this identity as socially deviant, the 
concept  of  lifestyle  allows  for  a  contemporary   appraisal   of   these   individuals’   patterns   of 
meaningful  consumption and  wider insights  into how ongoing  mobility  can   lead  to   different  
ways of understanding  identities and relating to place
Keywords: lifestyle consumption; backpacker; mobility; drifter; identity 
 
INTRODUCTION  
Within  the  social  world  of  backpacking,   there    exist   a  small   proportion   of  tourists  who 
travel as a lifestyle for  years  on end. Reminiscent of Cohen’s (1972) seminal ‘drifter tourists’, 
but subverting connotations of aimlessness implicit in this  term , these extreme tourists, who I 
reconceptualise  as  ‘lifestyle  travellers’,   move    beyond   an  episodic  consumption  of 
backpacking. Backpacking is instead  extended  to an ongoing lifestyle practice that on a micro 
level provides  both  a  unique   sense  of self to its practitioners and on a  macro  level comprises a 
distinct   and  recognisable  social  identity.  Lifestyle  travel  in  a  broader  sense  can  take  on 
different   forms ,  whether,  for  instance ,   through  backpacking, ocean  yacht   cruising  ( Macbeth
2000)  or  caravanning  (White  &  White,  2004).  What  these  forms  of  travel  have  in  common 
that  distinguishes   them   from  many   other   lifestyle  choices  is  sustained   physical   mobility. 
Whilst  social  scientists  dispute  just  how  ‘new’  mobilities  are  to  our  lives  ( Creswell ,  2010; 
Sheller  &  Urry,  2006),  less  disputable  is  that  globalisation,  with  mobility  as  a   crucial  
characteristic, is  leading  to different ways of understanding identities and relating to place. As 
such ,  the   current    paper   not  only  contributes  the   first   empirical   material   to  advance  past 
speculative  evidence  that backpacking can extend to a way life (Noy & Cohen, 2005; Welk, 
2004;  Westerhausen,  2002),  but  it  also  contextualises  this  form  of  lifestyle  travel  within  a 
wider discussion in the social  sciences  of how physical mobility can  affect  and  challenge  the 
ways in which we  experience  ourselves,  others  and  places  over time.  Based  on ethnographic 
interviews  with  lifestyle  travellers  in  India  and  Thailand  in  2007,  I  use  theory  on  lifestyle 
consumption to frame a nuanced understanding of the practices, ideologies and social identity 
that characterise lifestyle travel as a distinctive subtype within backpacker tourism.  
Although  backpacking as a lifestyle has  clear  conceptual  links  to Cohen’s (1972) drifter, 
the  social  world  surrounding  ‘non-institutionalised   tourist   roles’  has  changed  significantly 
since  the inception of the drifter model. Cohen (1972, p. 168) describes a drifter as venturing 
‘furthest   away   from  the   beaten   track  and  from  the  accustomed  way  of  life  of  his  home 
country …The drifter has no  fixed  itinerary or timetable and no well-defined  goals  of travel.’ 
Drifters  are   further    understood   as  tourists  who  ‘ roam   internationally,   living   with  the 
indigenous population and  taking  odd  jobs  to  keep  themselves  going ’ ( Adler  & Adler, 1999, 
p. 54). Like the ‘hippie counterculture’ of the  1960s -70s in general, the arguably derogatory 
drifter  label  connotes  a  social  deviancy  undertaken  by  ‘dropouts’  from  affluent  societies 
(O’Reilly, 2006). Although Vogt’s (1976) ‘ wanderer ’ and  Riley ’s (1988) ‘international long-
term  budget  travellers’ represent  similar  attempts to  cast  a terminological net around this type 
of tourist, it is the drifter concept that inspires ‘one of the prevalent trends of contemporary 
tourism’ (Cohen, 1973, p. 90), backpacker tourism. 
The  succinct  and  less  pejorative  epithet  ‘backpacker’  gained  momentum  from  the   late  
1990s (O’Reilly, 2006) as a descriptor for predominantly young, budget tourists on extended 
holiday  (Loker- Murphy  & Pearce, 1995). More recently, Maoz and Bekerman (2010, p. 426) 
describe  backpackers as ‘relatively young tourists who  tend  to gather in ghettos or enclaves: 
places  where  large  numbers  congregate  to  experience  home  comforts  and  the  company  of 
tourists  of  similar  interests.’  This   latter   enclavic   focus   reflects  an  institutionalisation  of  the 
backpacking  phenomenon , a mainstreaming decried by some authors (Cohen, 2003; O’Reilly, 
2006) for its  alignment  with the  stigma  of mass tourism. The homogenisation of backpacking 
with  the  rubric  of  mass  tourism,   however ,  is  derailed  by  scholarship  that  teases  out 
heterogeneity  from  within  the  backpacker  umbrella  concept  (Ateljevic  &  Doorne,  2005; 
Uriely,  Yonay,  &  Simchai,  2002).  Sørensen  (2003)  calls  for  continued  research  on   specific  
subtypes within the backpacker market.  
Westerhausen (2002, p. 146)  notes  ‘for a sizeable minority, being on the  road  becomes a 
preferred  way of life to which they will  return  whenever the  opportunity  presents itself.’ Noy 
and Cohen (2005) further highlight that such ‘lifelong wanderers’ have rarely been the  subject  
of empirical research. Whilst many backpackers are in a moratoric or transitional phase of life 
(Maoz & Bekerman, 2010), such as on a ‘gap   year ’ or ‘overseas experience’, which may be 
temporally  viewed  as  an   episode ,  Uriely  et  al.  (2002)  do  observe  evidence  of  ‘serial 
backpacking’,  in  which  multiple  backpacking   trips   may  be  pursued  after  an  initial 
backpacking  experience,  sometimes  reflecting  changing  motivations   across   a  ‘backpacking 
biography ’ or a  single  trip. Whereas Uriely (2005) leverages these observations  to further a 
 

late  modern  understanding  of  the  phenomenon  as  pluralised,  he  does  not  pursue  how  these 
diverse and episodic  experiences  may be  assembled  into a  mobile  lifestyle that offers a unique 
sense  of  identity  to  its  adherents  and  forms  a  recognisable  social  identity  within  a  broader 
social matrix.  
Indeed,  lifestyle  travel  is  a  phenomenon  that  illustrates  a  de-differentiation  of   everyday  
life and tourist experiences, a  process  that Uriely (2005) identifies as characteristic of tourism 
in  late  modernity.  But   rather    than   tourism  permeating  everyday  places  where  individuals 
reside ,  through,  for  instance,  simulated  environments  and   virtual    reality ,  lifestyle  travellers 
make  tourism  an  everyday  practice  through  the  ongoing  physical  mobility  of  backpacking. 
Although Pearce and Lee (2007) do refer to ‘travel  career  patterns’ to try to encapsulate how 
tourists  may   develop   across  time,  lifestyle  travel  is  distinctly  not  akin  to  career,  which 
metaphorically  implies  a   logic   of   production .  As  such,  Uriely  et  al.’s  (2002)   reference   to  a 
backpacking  biography  presents  an  apt  departure  point  in  the  backpacking   literature   for 
exploring how the episodic consumption of backpacking can be assembled into a meaningful 
and identifiable lifestyle. 

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