1)Main machinery
On a
ship , the
engine room , or ER, is the propulsion machinery spaces of the
vessel . To
increase the
safety and damage survivability of a vessel, the machinery
necessary for operations may be
segregated into various spaces. The engine room is one of
these spaces, and is generally the
largest
physical compartment of the machinery space. The engine room
houses the vessel's prime
mover,
usually some variations of a
heat engine -
diesel engine, gas or steam
turbine . On some
ships, the machinery space may
comprise more
than one engine room,
such as
forward and aft,
or port or starboard engine
rooms , or may be simply numbered.
1.1)Main engine
The engine room of a
motor vessel
typically contains
several engines for
different purposes.
Main, or propulsion engines are used to
turn the ship's
propeller and
move the ship
through the
water. They typically
burn diesel oil or
heavy fuel oil, and may be
able to switch
between the
two.
There are many propulsion
arrangements for motor vessels, some including multiple
engines, propellers, and gearboxes.
Large engines
drive electrical generators that provide
power for the ship's electrical systems.
Large ships typically have three or more synchronized generators to ensure
smooth operation.
The combined output of a ship's generators is well
above the actual power requirement to
accommodate
maintenance or the loss of one
generator .
1.1.1)Diesel engine
The diesel engine (also
known as a compression-
ignition engine) is an
internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition and burn the fuel that has been
injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with
spark -ignition engines such as a petrol
engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to gasoline), which use a
spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.
1.1.1.1)
A two-
stroke , two-
cycle , or two-cycle engine is a type of internal combustion
engine which completes a power cycle in only one
crankshaft revolution and with two
strokes , or up and down movements, of the
piston in comparison to a "
four -stroke
engine", which uses four strokes. This is accomplished by the end of the combustion
stroke and the
beginning of the compression stroke
happening simultaneously and
performing the intake and
exhaust (or scavenging)
functions at the
same time.
1.1.1.2)
A four-stroke engine (also known as four-cycle) is an internal combustion engine
in which the piston completes four separate strokes which comprise a
single thermodynamic cycle. A stroke refers to the
full travel of the piston along the
cylinder , in
either direction.
While risqué slang
among some
automotive enthusiasts
names these
respectively the "suck," "squeeze," "
bang " and "blow" strokes.[1] they are more
commonly termed
1.1.1.3)
High-
speed (
approximately 1,000 rpm and
greater ) engines are used to power
trucks (lorries),
buses , tractors, cars, yachts, compressors, pumps and small electrical
generators. As of 2008, most high-speed engines have
direct injection. Many modern
engines,
particularly in on-highway applications, have common rail direct injection,
which is cleaner
burning .
1.1.1.4)
Medium-speed engines are used in large electrical generators, ship propulsion and
mechanical drive applications such as large compressors or pumps. Medium speed diesel
engines operate on either diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil by direct injection in the same
manner as low-speed engines.
1.1.1.5)
Also known as
slow -speed, or traditionally oil engines, the largest diesel engines
are primarily used to power ships,
although there are a few
land -
based power generation
units as well. These extremely large two-stroke engines have power outputs up to
approximately 85 MW (114,000 hp), operate in the range from approximately 60 to 200
rpm and are up to 15 m (50 ft)
tall , and can
weigh over 2,000 short tons (1,800 t).
1.1.2)A steam turbine is a
device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it
to do mechanical
work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was
invented by Sir
Charles Parsons in 1884.[1]
Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an
electrical generator – about 90% of all electricity generation in the United
States (1996) is by use
of steam turbines.[2] The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its
improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of multiple stages in the expansion of
the steam, which
results in a closer
approach to the
ideal reversible expansion process.
1.1.3) A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It
has an
upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion
chamber in-between.
The
basic operation of the gas turbine is
similar to that of the steam power
plant except that air is
used instead of water.
Fresh atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to
higher pressure . Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the combustion
generates a high-temperature flow.
1.1.4) A diesel-
electric transmission system includes a diesel engine connected to an electrical
generator, creating electricity that powers electric
traction motors. No
clutch is
required .
Before diesel engines
came into widespread use, a similar system, using a petrol (gasoline)
engine and called petrol-electric or gas-electric, was sometimes used.
1.1.5) A turbocharger, or turbo (colloquialism), from the
Greek "τύρβη" ("turbulence") is a
turbine- driven forced induction device that
makes an engine more efficient and produce more
power for its
size by forcing
extra air into the combustion chamber.[1][2] A turbocharged engine
is more
powerful and efficient than a naturally aspirated engine, because the turbine forces more
air, and proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber than atmospheric pressure
alone .
1.2) A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust.
A pressure
difference is produced between the forward and
rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped
blade , and a fluid (such as air or water) is accelerated
behind the blade. Propeller
dynamics can
be modelled by
both Bernoulli 's principle and
Newton 's third law. A
marine propeller is
sometimes colloquially known as a screw propeller or screw.
1.2.1A controllable
pitch propeller (CPP) or variable pitch propeller is a type of propeller with
blades that can be rotated
around their long
axis to
change their pitch. If the pitch can be set to
negative values , the reversible propeller can also create
reverse thrust for braking or
going backwards
without the need of
changing the direction of shaft revolutions.
1.2.2) Fixed Pitch Propellers are recommended when optimal efficiency,
reliability , and
robustness is required. Each ship’s hull has its own
characteristics . In
order to achieve the
highest possible
total efficiency of the vessel, the propeller must be a
perfect match with the
engine and the hull. A fixed pitch propeller is the
choice when
optimum efficiency, reliability and
robustness are required. Fixed pitch propellers are usually installed for
ocean sailing vessels, for
example
Container vessels
Tankers
Bulk carriers
Dry
cargo vessels
1.3) The
Rolls -Royce gearbox range is based on the single-input single-output design with
built -
in clutch and thrustblock - and a
wide variety of power-take-offs that
enable large-shaft
generators to be driven - and electric motors to
feed power for get-you-home propulsion or as
part of a hybrid propulsion system.
The input shaft is
provided with keyway for mounting of the flexible coupling and the output
shaft with a cylindrical shaft or flange.
2) Auxiliary machinery
2.1)Generator
As you
know that a ship is a
mobile power plant or a
moving mini-city. Air
comp these moving
giants have a pre-
designed and erected compressed air system, which facilitates many
activities onboard a ship.
There are mostly 4 to 8 and sometimes 10 air compressors
found onboard. These air compressors
take suction from the engine room atmosphere which is
already under a slight positive pressure.
2.1.1) DC (direct
current ) marine systems save up to 20
percent fuel and make ships directly
compatible with
solar and wind energy.
The
concept of a total DC power system
arose when ABB
considered the most energy
intensive part of
operating a vessel:
running the propulsion and thrusters. This power must be processed as
a DC input to the variable frequency
inverter that performs the speed
control of the motor.
Actually distributing at a DC level eliminates the
losses in a switchboard and transformer.
2.1.2)Alternator
Alternators provide
Alternative Current on ship. There are numerous
ways of generating
Alternating current on board but the
basis arrangement of the alternator remains the same. This
article explains the
construction of an alternator and also the principle and
working that
drives it.
Kõik kommentaarid