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Avalik ruum (0)

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Esitatud küsimused

  • Keskkonnategurite seoseid?
  • Millele siis rõhuda?

Kasutajasõbralik avalik ruum ehk 
tõenduspõhine  planeerimine
Loengu eesmärk:
Mõelda teooriapõhiselt järgmiste 
küsimuste üle:
• Mõista, mida inimesed avalikus ruumis 
vajavad ja väärtustavad
• Kuidas aru saada, kas ruum vastab 
nendele vajadustele või mitte
• Mida peaks planeerides arvesse võtma, 
teades tervise/heaolu ja 
keskkonnategurite  seoseid ?
Vajadused/väärtused avalikus 
ruumis – nimetage!
• …
Vajadused avalikus ruumis 
- Mugavus
- Lõdvestumine
- Passiivne hõivatus
- Aktiivne hõivatus
- Avastamine
1) Mugavus – ilmastikutingimustega 
arvestamine
1) Mugavus – hängimine ja inimestega 
kohtumine
2) Lõõgastumine – looduslikud elemendid (taimed, 
voolav vesi) mõjuvad iseäranis soodsalt ( Chicago
Grant Park)
    2) Lõõgastumine -
    turvatunne  
    ( Rooma )
3) Passiivne hõivatus: people  watching  
(Biškek)
3) Passiivne/aktiivne hõiatus – spontaanne 
tänavasport, - muusika
3) Passiivne hõivatus,  kunst , üllatusmoment 
(Chicago)
3) Passiivne hõivatus - vaated
4) Aktiivne hõivatus – avastamine 
(Fisherman’s Wharf, San  Francisco )
4) Aktiivne hõivatus – erinevad funktsioonid 
(Gas  Works  Park,  Seattle )
4) Aktiivne hõivatus – väljakutse, füüsiline 
stimulatsioon, risk, võistluslikkus
4) Aktiivne hõivatus: tänavaüritused
4) Aktiivne hõivatus - kogukonnaaiad (New 
York )
..Firenzes
Tallinnas
http://tiiantai.blogspot.com/2013
/06/juhannus-tallinnassa-osa-i-
kalamaja.html
5) Avastamine – adventure- or junk  
playgrounds
5) Avastamine – ebatavalised  sihtkohad  
(Patarei)
Väärtused avalikus ruumis
Demokraatia – avaliku ruumi roll on kaitsta 
kõigi kasutajagruppide õigusi (Miks? Mida 
see tähendab?)
Avalik ruum ja tähendused
• …sügavad ja olulised seosed minu ja…
…mu lähedaste
..maailma
..väärtuste
…ajaloo
…tulevikuootuste
…maailmavaate
.. unistuste  jne vahel
Individuaalselt tähenduslik ruum. 
Inimesed saavad vihaseks, kui 
tähenduslikele ruumidele kallale 
kiputakse
Kui tähendustele apelleerimine ruumi tegelikku 
kujundajat ei mõjuta, millele siis rõhuda?
• Füüsiline ja  psühholoogiline  tervis
• Heaolu
• Liikumine
•  Stress
• Meeleolu
• Tähelepanuressursi  taastumine
• Keskendumisvõime
Examples : green  areas  and well-
being
•  Nature , in comparison to  urban  environments,  affect  
positively the mood (Hartig et al., 2003; Hartig,  Mang
Evans , 1991; Morita et al., 2007; Tsunetsugu et al. 
2013),  concentration  and  performance  (van den 
Berg , Koole, & van der Wulp, 2003; Hartig et al. 2003, 
1991; Laumann et al., 2003).
•  Studies  exploring the  relationship   between  physiological 
stress and environment demonstrate, that being in 
forest  lowers  blood   pressure  and pulse, cortisol level, 
supresses the  activity  of sympathetic nervous system 
and stimulates parasympathetic nervous system (Lee et 
al., 2012; Park, Tsunetsugu, Kasetani, Kagawa, & 
Miyazaki, 2010; Tsunetsugu et al., 2013).
Satisfaction with the neighborhood and  perceived  
safety  –  related  to the perceived health
• General dissatisfaction with the neighborhood is 
related to poorer self- reported  health state; also if 
the personality variables are taken into  account
• Also the self-reported health state is related to the 
perceived self- estimated  safety of the 
neighborhood, as well to the  trust  toward the 
neighbours
•  Similar   results  from  different  studies from different 
countries (Echeverria et al., 2008; Gary et al., 
2007; Hill et al., 2005; Kim, 2008; Latkin & Curry, 
2003;  Ross  & Mirowsky, 2009; Oshio ja Urakawa, 
2012)
Public  space and stress
• Being in urban nature and its  relations  to stress was 
studied;  including  psychological and physiological 
aspects of stress 
- It was  found  that  even  a short   period  of time  spent  in 
a large urban park or urban forest has a  positive  
impact to  physical  an psychological well-being, 
measured by perceived  relaxation , vitality, mood, 
creativity and cortisol level 
General potential for relaxation
Was the most significant in the
 urban forest  setting  
(Tyrväinen et al 2014).  
Urban environment that  makes  us 
move
• The attractiveness, size and closeness of the public space in 
neighborhood is related to the adults’ recreativ  walking  – the 
distance  to the pleasant park prognoses, if people go for a 
walk  at all or not 
• Let’s go deeper: do individuals achieve the so-called „healthy 
level of walking (at  least  150 min per week) (do you? If not, 
why?)  It was found that the distance to the park was less 
important   than  the existence of a park that is large, attractive 
and of high quality is in a walking distance (1,6 km  radius
• The probable reason  for the relationship – bigger  parks   offer  
more diverse possibilities for physical activity (the need for 
active engagement AND stimuation) and more attractive 
environment, that smaller green spaces may not have 
(Sugiyama et al., 2010; Thompson, 2013).
Multiple environmental burdens and neighborhood-
related health of city
residents
• Burdens in urban environment: the streets from the  same  
neighborhood were compared, that differed by the burdens - 
traffic  noise, air pollution,  lack  of public green space
• Residents from high-burden blocks appraised the 
environmental  conditions  more stressful, reported poorer 
health behavior and were less satisfied with their neighborhood 
than residents from low-burden blocks. However , they did not 
differ  in regard to more general health symptoms
• Three  other burdens (behavior-related noise,  litter and dirt in 
public space, lack of urban vegetation), which  could not be 
varied objectively, were assessed by their perceived intensity. 
Regression analyses of the relations between the perceived 
levels of all six burdens and outcomes in the  total  sample 
revealed the  following : Neighborhood satisfaction could be 
predicted from multiple stressors and resources that co- occur  
independently,  while  more general health symptoms were 
related only to perceived air pollution (Honold et al, 2013)
The  effects  of environmental burdens 
may be implicit
•  Exposure  to uncontrollable stimuli produces deficits in  task  performance 
linked  to learned helplessness. Many of  these  stimuli are environmental 
stressors.  Both  acute and chronic exposure to noise, crowding, traffic 
congestion, and pollution are capable of causing learned helplessness in 
adults and  children . Pre-exposure to brief, acute environmental stressors 
that are uncontrollable produces learned helplessness wherein 
participants manifest difficulties in  learning  a new task because of their 
mistaken  belief  that they are incapable of influencing their environment. 
•  Another  index of learned helplessness, less persistence in the  face  of 
challenge also follows acute exposure to uncontrollable environmental 
stressors. 
• Depressed affect may co-occur with learned helplessness under certain 
circumstances.  Field  studies of chronic environmental stressors  reveal  
parallel   trends . Chronic environmental stressors also heighten 
vulnerability  to the induction of learned helplessness by acute, 
uncontrollable stimuli (Evans, Stecker, 2004)
Children’s „ places “ and „spaces“ 
(Min & Lee, 2006)
• Children  living  in a large high- rise , high- density  planned neighborhood of 5277 
families reveal that children find most of their psychologically valued settings 
within  the neighborhood outdoor spaces  such  as designated play areas and 
developed  parks. 
• They are  aware  of differences in  experience  between such valued ‘places’ and 
other ‘spaces’. They choose the places because these places offer some key 
environmental attributes— spatial , physical, and  social —that  support  behaviors that 
children want to engage in. 
• Due to these attributes, behaviors in places are different from behaviors in other 
spaces, with the  former  being more purposive, social, creative, and  dependent  on 
particular affordances of the setting. 
• This observational analysis showed that settings children  mention  to be important 
to  them  are utilized more often (about twice as much) than their counterparts, 
showing a variety of behaviors, incorporating more intentional activities (as 
opposed to transient, short-lived  ones ), encouraging group behaviors (as opposed 
to single- person  activities), and  providing  children with a sense of their own 
territorial play area. 
• The  study  demonstrates that in children’s neighborhood environment, emergence 
of such important places is related to use pattern and  there  are some key 
attributes and  core  behaviors  greatly   contributing to children’s place experience.
DIY: Risti uuring

Document Outline

  • Slide 1
  • Loengu eesmärk:
  • Vajadused/väärtused avalikus ruumis – nimetage!
  • Vajadused avalikus ruumis
  • 1) Mugavus – ilmastikutingimustega arvestamine
  • 1) Mugavus – hängimine ja inimestega kohtumine
  • Slide 7
  • 2) Lõõgastumine - turvatunne ( Rooma )
  • 3) Passiivne hõivatus: people watching (Biškek)
  • Slide 10
  • 3) Passiivne hõivatus, kunst , üllatusmoment (Chicago)
  • 3) Passiivne hõivatus - vaated
  • Slide 13
  • Slide 14
  • Slide 15
  • 4) Aktiivne hõivatus: tänavaüritused
  • 4) Aktiivne hõivatus - kogukonnaaiad (New York)
  • ..Firenzes
  • Tallinnas
  • 5) Avastamine – adventure- or junk playgrounds
  • 5) Avastamine – ebatavalised sihtkohad (Patarei)
  • Väärtused avalikus ruumis
  • Avalik ruum ja tähendused
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Examples: green areas and well-being
  • Slide 27
  • Public space and stress
  • Urban environment that makes us move
  • Slide 30
  • Slide 31
  • The effects of environmental burdens may be implicit
  • Children’s „places“ and „spaces“ (Min & Lee, 2006)
  • DIY: Risti uuring
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