Jamaika referaat

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Jamaika referaat (1)

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Jamaica
report
FORM: 10A
2009
Contents

Introduction ............................................................3

History.....................................................................4

Geography ...............................................................6

Economy .................................................................7

Crime .......................................................................8

Sport ........................................................................9

Language ...............................................................10

Conclusion.............................................................11

New words ............................................................12
10.References...........................................................13
Introduction
Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres in length and as much as 80 kilometres in width , amounting to 11, 100 km2. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in North America, after the United States and Canada . Kingston is the largest city in Jamaica and the country’s capital. I am interested in this country and it is my favourite country.
History
The Arawak and Taino indigenous people originating from South America settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494 there were over 200 villages ruled by caciques. The south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour.
Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494. Columbus’ probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay.
The capital was moved to Spanish Town, now located in the parish of St. Catherine, as early as 1534. It was then called „Villa de la Vega“. Spanish Town has the oldest Cathedral in the British colonies.
The English Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables seized the island in 1655. In 1660 the population of Jamaica was about 4 500 whites and some 1 500 blacks. As early as the 1670s, blacks formed a majority of the population. During its first 200 years of British rule , Jamaica became one of the world’s leading sugar -exporting, slave -dependent nations, producing more than 77 000 tons of sugar annually between 1820 and 1824.
The population in 1834 was 371 070 of whom 15 000 were white, 5 000 free black, 40 000 coloured or mixed race , and 311 070 slaves.
Strong economic growth , averaging approximately 6% per annum , marked the first ten years of independence under conservative goverments which were led successively by Prime Ministers Alexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster and Hugh Shearer. The growth was fueled by strong investments in bauxite/ alumina , tourism , manufacturing industry and, to a lesser extent, the agricultural sector.
Economix deterioration continued into the mid-1980s; The first and third largest alumina producers, Alpart and Alcoa, closed and there was a significant reduction in production by the second largest producer, Alcan. In addition , tourism decreased and Reynolds Jamaica Mines, Ltd. Left the Jamaican industry.
Geography
Jamaica is the third largest island and the fourth largest country in the Caribbean. The island is home to the Blue Mountains indland and is surrounded by a narrow coastal plain. Most major towns and cities are located on the coast. The Kingston Harbour is one of the largest natural harbours in the world.
The climate in Jamaica is tropical , with hot and humid weather, although higher inland regions are more temperate. Some regions on the south coast, such as the Liguanea Plain, are relatively dry rain-shadow areas . Jamaica lies in the hurricane belt of the Atlantic Ocean, as a result , the island sometimes experiences significant storm damage.
Economy
Jamaica is a mixed economy with both state enterprises and private sector businesses. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining , manufacturing, tourism, and financial and insurance services . Tourism and mining are the leading earners of foreign exchange. An estimated 1.3 million foreign toruists visit Jamaica every year.
Jamaica's the number two exporter of Bauxite in the world, falling short only to the much larger Australia .
The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services. The country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. The global economic slowdown, particularly after the terrorist attacks in the US on 11 September 2001, stunted economic growth; the economy rebounded moderately in 2003, with one of the best tourist seasons on record. But the economy faces serious long- term problems: high interest rates; increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding, exchange rate ; a sizable merchandise trade deficit; large- scale unemployment; and a growing internal debt , the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy. Inflation, previously a bright spot , is expected to remain in the double digits. Depressed economic conditions have led to increased civil unrest, including gang violence fueled by the drug trade. In 2004, the government faces the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt payments while simultaneously attacking a serious and growing crime problem that is hampering economic growth.
Crime
Some areas of Jamaica, particularly cities such as Kingston, experience high levels of crime and violence. Jamaica has had one of the highest murder rates in the world for many years. Former Prime Minister P.J. Patterson described the situation as „ a national challenge of unprecedented proportions“. In 2005, Jamaica had 1674 murders for a murder rate of 58 per 100 000 people. It’s terrible. That year, Jamaica had the highest murder rate in the world. In November 2008, Jamaica’s parliament voted to retain the death penalty, which is performed by hanging .
In 2008 was widespread by private citizens homosexuals. Homosexuality is illegal in Jamaica, incurring a prison sentence. Many Jamaicans are intersex people, and several mob attacks agains bisexual people have been reported . Attacks on bisexual people are even encouraged in some popular Jamaican dancehall songs that have been called murder music. The country has been called „the most homophobic place on earth“.
Sport
Sport has a very important part in Jamaica. The island’s athletes tend to perform to a standrad well above what might ordinarily be expected of such a small country. While the most popular local sport is cricket, on the international stage Jamaicans have tended to do particularly well at Track and Field .
Since independence Jamaica has consistently produced world class athletes in track and field. In Jamaica involvement in athletics begins at a very young age. Most high schools maintain rigorous athletics programs with their top athletes competing in national competitions and international meets. In Jamaica it is not uncommon for young athletes to attain press coverage and national fame long before they arrive on the international athletics stage.
As we know world famous sprinter Usain Bolt, there are more than dozens of world class sprinters. World record holder Usain Bolt in the 100m for men at 9.58 second, and 200m for men at 19.19second. Other noteworthy Jamaican sprinters include Arthur Wint-the first Jamaican Olympic Gold Medalist, Donald Quarrie-Olympic Champion and former 200m world record holder. There are many other famous athletes in Jamaica.
Jamaica has also produced several world class amateur and professional boxers including Tervor Berbick and Mike McCallum. Second generation Jamaican athletes have continued to make a significant impact on the sport internationally, especially in the United Kingdom where the list of top British boxers born in Jamaica or of Jamaican parents includes David Haye, Lennox Lewis and so on.
Association football and horse -racing are other popular sports in Jamaica. The national football team qualified for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.
Usain Bolt Cricket players
Language
The official language of Jamaica is English. However , Jamaicans also speak an English-African creole known as Jamaican Patois. Patois is known widely as a reuslt of its musical influence and rhythm in the words of the language and lyrics of Reggae music. Jamaican is quite similar to English. Jamaican is still viewed today as bad or poor English. The written language can never be judged as right or wrong because there are no grammatical rules. There are no tools like dictionaries because Patois is not considered an official language. Some examples of the differences in spelling of common words are below :
English: thing
Patois Variations: t’ing, ting
English: nothing
Patois Variations: nutten, not’n, notin’
English: no
Patois Variations: nuh, noh, nu
English: I am leaving today
Patois: Mi a-go lef today
Conclusion
Jamaica has mixed economy and culture. Finally , I would like to say that Jamaica is an interesting country where you can find everything for your taste. I think everyone who wants to relax should go to Jamaica. There are beautiful beaches, interesting culture and good opportunities.
New Words
1.indigenous - põlis
2. approximately - umbkaudu
3. bauxite - boksiit
4. extent - ulatus
5. deterioration - allakäik
6. reduction - vähenemine
7. indentured servant - lepinguline teenija
8. derive - tuletama
9. remittances - võlamaksed
10. merchandise - kaubaartikkel
11. ailing - valus
12. rigorous - karm
References

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