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Lecture1 Introduction to psychology (0)

1 Hindamata
Punktid

Marii Haak
2017
To start with…
• Two main concepts to understand
- Psychology
Psyche  
How do you define them? 
What is psychology?
• The  study  of the  soul  and mind (psyche  logos )
• Psychology is the  scientific  study of the  behavior  
of the individuals (what we do)  and their  mental  
processes  
(inner thoughts and  feelings )
•  Studies  human behavior, inner experiences and 
circumstances under they occur  
• Is psychology a study of differences   between  
people or  rather  a study of similarities? 
- General tendencies
Primary goal
• The primary goal of psychology is to improve the 
understanding  of behavior and cognition of our self and 
other people
Why do we do what we do?
Why do we think what we think?
Why do we  feel  what we feel?
• The aim is to…
•  Describe behavior – what is the nature of this behavior?
• Understand and  explain  behavior  - why does it occur?
•  Predict  behavior– can we  forecast when and under what 
circumstances it will occur?
•  Change behavior  how can we change behaviour
For discussion there is a 
clear connection between 
behavior and mental 
processes, but the mental 
processes are not 
objectively observable 
through  behavior.
Why?   
What is psyche?
• A soul or a spirit? 
• Psyche is a reflection of actuality in the 
mind, cognition of the environment and 
ourselves 
• Psyche as a form of interaction with oneself 
or an environment based on an individual  
experience 
More for discussion..
• What is the aim of psyche?
• Is it possible to change psyche? If yes, how?
• Is it possible that the same phenomenon is 
once psychical and  another  time not? 
• What is a mental  disorder
• Do we have free will, or are we driven by our 
environment, biology, and nonconscious 
influences ?

Psychology as a science  
• Psychology is a science that gathers facts 
systematically, organizes them into general 
principles and formulates theories out of 
these  factual data
Is psychology rather a new or an old science? 
Scientific and pre-scientific psychology
Interpreting data
•  Qualitative vs quantitative studies 
•  Results  are interpreted statistically significant even 
when the effect size is small 
• Results must be repeatable 
• Results are interpreted as tendencies or 
differences in means – it’s not an universal  truth 
Psychology everywhere
• Where do you acquire psychological 
knowledge ?
- Is it trustworthy?
• Think critically as the information may be 
scientifically uncontrolled or transformed during 
times  
Research in psychology
• Basic research ( biological , developmental
cognitive , personality, social)
• Applied research ( organizational , sports, 
school, counseling,  clinical )
Areas of Psychology
Specializations in psychology
Specializations in psychology
• Most psychologists are involved in the areas  
of clinical and counseling psychology.
• The primary focus of clinical psychologists is 
the diagnosis and treatment of mental and 
behavioral disorders. 
What is a main  difference  between a 
psychologist and psychiatrist? 

Modern psychology
PSYCHOANALYSES (psychoanalytic perspective)
Sigmund Freud ( 1856  – 1939)
• Our behaviour comes from unconscious  drives  and 
problems arise from unsolved conflicts in the 
unconscious mind
•  Usually  stemming from our childhood
• Used  dream  analyses to explore unconscious mind
Behaviorist perspective
• Was  founded  by John B. Watson .
• Focuses on our observable behaviours 
(thoughts and  hidden  parts of the mind are 
not  relevant
that can be measured 
objectively
• Observes the  influence  of rewards and 
punishments
• Classical and  operant conditioning 
Humanistic perspective
• Focuses on self-  growth
• Attempt to seek  self-actualization by trying to 
achieve the maximum  potential of each individual
• Involves active  listening  and unconditional 
positive   approach
• Believes that positive  thinking  supports self-
development
Maslow hierarchy of needs
• Self-actualization
Only 1% of the population
Why?
Cognitive perspective
• Focuses on how do we think or encode 
information and how do we see the world 
in general
• Human behavior cannot  be fully  understood  
without analyzing how people acquire , 
store and process information.
Biological perspective
Neuroscience  perspective
• How do our biological features influence 
our way of thinking and behaving?
• Focus on how the  physical   body  and  brain  
creates our emotions , memories and 
sensory experiences

Why this little boy is 
wearing a costume?
Explain from  different  
perspectives!
What approach is the best ?
• Combination of approaches
• Some topics/issues have become dominated 
by a certain approach, so this will lead our 
thinking, but all should be in our 
consideration  
21st century  - holistic approach?
Current trends  in psychology
•  Fast development of applied research
• Positive psychology
Eastern philosophy influences (mindfulness)
• Neurosciences (understanding how the 
brain and body create thoughts, emotions, 
memories, etc.)
Vasakule Paremale
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